Administration In Cats Research Articles

Is acetylsalicylic acid use in cats contraindicated or limited indicated?

Acetylsalic acid, (Aspirin®) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in human and veterinary medicine, especially for its analgesic and antithrombotic effects, mainly in the prevention of cardiovascular complications and in the treatment of various diseases. Aspirin® can not be metabolized in cats because they do not have the enzyme glucuronyl transferase. For this reason, it has a long half-life and a narrow dose range. High dose administration in cats may cause serious toxicity in the liver. Acetylsalicylic acid is known to cause gastric ulcers associated with decreased prostaglandin levels. For these reasons, it is considered toxic to cats. But it also has antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties. It is indicated for use alone or in combination with other antithrombotic drugs in the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombus formation resulting from cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to examine the indicated and contraindicated areas of use of Aspirin®, which is widely considered toxic in cats.

A pilot study of the proarrhythmic effects of pimobendan injection in clinically healthy cats.

Pimobendan is not currently approved for use in cats, although its usefulness in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been suggested. Reports indicate an increase in arrhythmic events following oral administration to healthy cats. Given the greater potency of intravenous administration compared to oral intake, it is conceivable that the incidence of arrhythmias may be increased following pimobendan injection. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the proarrhythmic effects of pimobendan injection in cats. Five clinically healthy cats underwent physical examination, echocardiography, blood pressure measurements, and 24-hour Holter electrocardiography immediately before and after receiving pimobendan as an intravenous bolus dose of 0.15mg/kg twice daily for 3 days. Additionally, a 24-hour Holter electrocardiography recording was conducted on the third day of pimobendan or placebo IV administration to assess heart rate, arrhythmias, and heart rate variability. Following pimobendan administration, there was a significant increase in total 24-hour heart rate. Echocardiography revealed a significant increase in mitral valve annulus systolic velocity (S') on the ventricular septal wall side, indicative of enhanced contractility. Only one cat exhibited paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and an increase in the frequency of arrhythmic events. Conversely, in the remaining cats, a decreasing trend in the number of arrhythmias was observed. These findings indicate that intravenous administration of pimobendan may not be implicated in the onset of arrhythmias. Nevertheless, further research is warranted to explore the effects of intravenous pimobendan administration in cats with myocardial disease.

Clinical Effects and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Intramuscular Dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) in Cats.

This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of and pharmacodynamic response to dexmedetomidine administered intramuscularly (IM) at a dose of 10 μg/kg in healthy cats. Nine adult cats were evaluated before and after administration of the drug, with serial collections of plasma samples. Dexmedetomidine induced deep sedation, with a rapid onset of action and a duration of one hour, reaching a peak between 20 and 30 min after administration. The half-life (T½) was 70.2 ± 48 min, with a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 2.2 ± 1.9 ng/mL and time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of 26.4 ± 19.8 min. The area under the curve (AUC) was 167.1 ± 149.1 ng/mL*min, with a volume of distribution (Vd) of 2159.9 ± 3237.8 mL/kg and clearance (Cl) of 25.8 ± 33.0 mL/min/kg. There was a reduction in heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) in relation to the baseline, with a slight decrease in systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean (MAP) blood pressure in the first hour. Blood glucose increased after 60 min. Dexmedetomidine proved to be effective and safe, with rapid absorption, metabolization, and elimination, promoting good sedation with minimal adverse effects after IM administration in healthy cats.

A Retrospective Study of Sildenafil Administration in 55 Cats with Cardiopulmonary Disease (2009-2021).

Sildenafil is a drug used to successfully manage a variety of cardiopulmonary disorders in people and dogs, but there is limited information on its use in cats. The objective was to review the medical records of cats that received sildenafil as part of their clinical management. Medical records and pharmacy databases were searched for cats that received sildenafil for ≥24 h between 2009 and 2021, and data were collected from medical records. Fifty-five cats received sildenafil for ≥24 h and were included in the study: 43 with primary cardiac disease (acquired, n = 28; congenital, n = 15) and 12 with primary respiratory disease. Side effects possibly attributed to sildenafil were identified in two cats (systemic hypotension, n = 1; polydipsia, n = 1), and sildenafil was discontinued in the cat with hypotension. Sildenafil was discontinued in an additional three cats due to a lack of improvement in clinical signs. No cat was documented to develop worsening pulmonary edema within 72 h of starting sildenafil. Median duration of sildenafil administration was 87 days (range, 2-2362 days). Sildenafil administration in cats appeared to be generally well-tolerated. Studies are needed to determine whether sildenafil administration to cats with cardiopulmonary disease improves the quality of life or survival times.

Feline Comorbidities: Hypersomatotropism-induced diabetes in cats.

Diabetes mellitus is the second-most common feline endocrinopathy, affecting an estimated 1/200 cats. While the underlying causes vary, around 15-25% of cats with diabetes mellitus develop the condition secondarily to progressive growth hormone (GH)-induced insulin resistance. This typically results in a form of diabetes that is challenging to manage, whereby the response to insulin is very variable or high doses are required to achieve even minimal diabetic control. Although uncontrolled chronic excessive GH may result in phenotypic changes that raise suspicion for acromegaly, many cats with hypersomatotropism (HST) do not have these changes. In these situations, a clinician's index of suspicion may be increased by the presence of less dramatic changes such as marked polyphagia, stertor or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The current diagnostic test of choice is demonstration of a markedly increased serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) concentration, but some affected cats will have only a marginal increase; additionally, chronic insulin administration in cats results in an increase in serum IGF1, making the diagnosis less clear cut and requiring additional confirmatory tests. Over the past two decades, HST has increasingly been recognised as an underlying cause of diabetes mellitus in cats. This review, which focuses on diagnosis and treatment, utilises data from observational studies, clinical trials and case series, as well as drawing on the experience of the authors in managing this condition.

Use of amlodipine in the treatment of cats with systemic hypertension in Japan.

An increase in systemic blood pressure causes bleeding and ischemia owing to peripheral vascular breakdown, leading to various forms of organ damage. The brain, eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular system are known target organs for hypertension. To our knowledge, no reports in Japan describe, in detail, the types of antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension in cats or its underlying causes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the use of antihypertensive drugs in domestic cats with hypertension in Japan, the causes of hypertension, and the vital prognosis of these patients. In the present survey, we found that amlodipine was used alone (60/80 cats) or concomitantly (20/80 cats) in all cat patients with hypertension in Japan. We also determined that blood pressure measurements were not yet routinely performed on cats at veterinary clinics in Japan. Furthermore, we have new information suggesting that amlodipine administration in cats with hypertension, which lowers systolic arterial pressure levels to within the normal range (<140 mmHg), may have a negative impact on their survival. Routine blood pressure measurements for cats during their regular health checkups can help identify hypertension, and proper interpretation of blood pressure readings can facilitate suitable treatment measures.

Effects of trazodone and dexmedetomidine on fentanyl-mediated reduction of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in cats

ObjectiveTo screen modulators of biogenic amine (BA) neurotransmission for the ability to cause fentanyl to decrease isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in cats, and to test whether fentanyl plus a combination of modulators decreases isoflurane MAC more than fentanyl alone. Study designProspective, experimental study. AnimalsA total of six adult male Domestic Short Hair cats. MethodsEach cat was anesthetized in three phases with a 1 week washout between studies. In phase 1, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane, and MAC was measured in duplicate using a tail clamp stimulus and standard bracketing technique. A 21 ng mL–1 fentanyl target-controlled infusion was then administered and MAC measured again. In phase 2, a single cat was administered a single BA modulator (buspirone, haloperidol, dexmedetomidine, pregabalin, ramelteon or trazodone) in a pilot drug screen, and isoflurane MAC was measured before and after fentanyl administration. In phase 3, isoflurane MAC was measured before and after fentanyl administration in cats co-administered trazodone and dexmedetomidine, the two BA modulator drugs associated with fentanyl MAC-sparing in the screen. Isoflurane MAC-sparing by fentanyl alone, trazodone–dexmedetomidine and trazodone–dexmedetomidine–fentanyl was evaluated using paired t tests with p < 0.05 denoting significant effects. ResultsThe MAC of isoflurane was 1.87% ± 0.09 and was not significantly affected by fentanyl administration (p = 0.09). In the BA screen, cats administered trazodone or dexmedetomidine exhibited 26% and 22% fentanyl MAC-sparing, respectively. Trazodone–dexmedetomidine co-administration decreased isoflurane MAC to 1.50% ± 0.14 (p < 0.001), and the addition of fentanyl further decreased MAC to 0.95% ± 0.16 (p < 0.001). Conclusions and clinical relevanceFentanyl alone does not affect isoflurane MAC in cats, but co-administration of trazodone and dexmedetomidine causes fentanyl to significantly decrease isoflurane requirement.

Use of wound infusion catheters for postoperative local anaesthetic administration in cats.

The present study aimed to document the use of the wound infusion catheter (WIC) following a variety of surgical procedures in cats, investigating complications and risk factors associated with catheter placement or local anaesthetic (LA) administration. A retrospective, multicentric study was performed. Medical databases of eight veterinary referral hospitals from 2010 to 2021 were searched to identify records of cats where WICs were used. Information regarding signalment, type of surgery, size and type of WIC placed, and LA protocol used, as well as postoperative complications, were retrieved. One hundred and sixty-six cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Feline injection site sarcoma resection was the most common surgery. Overall complications were identified in 22/166 cats (13.2%). Thirteen cats (7.8%) experienced wound-related complications, whereas nine cats (5.4%) experienced drug-delivery complications. The only factor associated with an increased risk of complications was the amount of a single dose of LA delivered through the catheter (P <0.001). An amount higher than 2.5 ml of LA delivered at each administration was associated with an increased risk of complications. All complications were minor and self-limiting. WICs were used for a large variety of surgical procedures with different protocols of LA administration as part of a multimodal analgesic plan in cats. The risk of complications was relatively low and self-limiting, suggesting its safe use in cats. Further prospective studies are required to evaluate efficacy of postoperative analgesia and to determine the suitable protocol for WIC handling and maintenance.

The pharmacokinetics of single oral dose extended-release topiramate and adverse effects after multi-dose administration in healthy cats.

Current treatment options for feline epilepsy are limited to medications that require administration of multiple doses per day or administration of a capsule or large tablet. Expanding the current treatment options could improve patient and owner compliance and optimize seizure control. Topiramate has been used sparingly in veterinary medicine, and limited pharmacokinetic studies have focused on immediate release formulations in dogs. If effective and safe, topiramate extended-release (XR) could broaden the current treatment options for feline epilepsy. The aims of this two-phase study were to establish single-dose pharmacokinetics for topiramate XR in cats, identify a dosing regimen that maintains steady-state plasma drug concentrations within a reference range extrapolated from human medicine (5-20 μg/mL), and evaluate the safety of topiramate XR in cats following multidose administration. Topiramate XR administered orally at 10mg/kg once daily for 30 days was sufficient to achieve the desired concentrations in all cats. While no clinically apparent adverse effects were observed, four out of eight cats developed subclinical anemia, calling into question the safety of topiramate XR with chronic administration. Further studies are necessary to better understand the potential adverse effects and overall efficacy of topiramate XR for the treatment of feline epilepsy.

Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular maropitant in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus).

Pigs are at risk of vomiting from medical conditions as well as the emetic side effects of drugs administered for peri-operative manipulations, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for potential anti-emetic therapies, such as maropitant, in this species. The main objective of this study was to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for maropitant in pigs after a single intramuscular (IM) administration dosed at 1.0mg/kg. A secondary objective was to estimate pilot pharmacokinetic parameters in pigs after oral (PO) administration at 2.0mg/kg. Maropitant was administered to six commercial pigs at a dose of 1.0mg/kg IM. Plasma samples were collected over 72 h. After a 7-day washout period, two pigs were administered maropitant at a dose of 2.0mg/kg PO. Maropitant concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A non-compartmental analysis was used to derive pharmacokinetics parameters. No adverse events were noted in any of the study pigs after administration. Following single IM administration, maximum plasma concentration was estimated at 412.7 ± 132.0ng/mL and time to maximum concentration ranged from 0.083 to 1.0h. Elimination half-life was estimated at 6.7 ± 1.28 h, and mean residence time was 6.1 ± 1.2h. Volume of distribution after IM administration was 15.9L/kg. Area under the curve was 1336 ± 132.0h*ng/mL. The relative bioavailability of PO administration was noted to be 15.5% and 27.2% in the two pilot pigs. The maximum systemic concentration observed in the study pigs after IM administration was higher than what was observed after subcutaneous administration in dogs, cats, or rabbits. The achieved maximum concentration exceeded the concentrations for anti-emetic purposes in dogs and cats; however, a specific anti-emetic concentration is currently not known for pigs. Further research is needed into the pharmacodynamics of maropitant in pigs to determine specific therapeutic strategies for this drug.

Pharmacokinetic profiles of the two major active metabolites of metamizole, 4-methylaminoantipyrine (MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (AA), after intravenous injection in cats

This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of two active metabolites of metamizole (dipyrone), N-methyl-4-aminoanthypyrine (MAA) and 4-aminoanthypyrine (AA), after intravenous administration in cats. Eight healthy mixed-breed cats were intravenously administered metamizole (25 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for up to 48 h after administration. Information on behavioral changes in the animals and adverse effects was collected. Plasma aliquots were processed and analyzed using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique. A validated UPLC-MS/MS method was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of MAA and AA. Salivation was identified as an adverse clinical sign. The mean maximal plasma concentrations of MAA and AA were 29.31 ± 24.57 μg/mL and 1.69 ± 0.36 μg/mL, with half-lives of around 4.98 and 14 h, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration curve values were 28.54 ± 11.33 and 49.54 ± 11.38 h*μg/mL for MAA and AA, respectively. The plasma concentration of MAA was detectable for up to 24 h and was smaller than AA. AA was detectable for >48 h. Results suggest that metamizole is converted into active metabolites in cats. Further PK/PD and safety studies should be performed before defining the dose or administration intervals for clinical use.

Caudal vena cava measurements and fluid responsiveness in hospitalized cats with compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion.

To evaluate the use of the caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVCCI) and the inspiratory/minimum and expiratory/maximum diameters of the vena cava to predict fluid responsiveness in hospitalized, critically ill cats with hemodynamic and tissue perfusion abnormalities. Diagnostic test study in a prospective cohort of hospitalized cats. Private practice referral hospital. Twenty-four hospitalized cats with spontaneous breathing and compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion. Ultrasonographic examination before and after fluid expansion with 10ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution. Fluid responsiveness was evaluated using the velocity-time integral (VTI) of the subaortic blood flow, by measuring it before and after a fluid load of 10ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution. The CVCCI was calculated using the following formula: (maximum diameter-minimum diameter / maximum diameter)×100. Ten cats were fluid responders (42 %) and 14 were nonresponders (58 %). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) with their 95% confidence interval for the predictors and the best cutoff values were as follows: CVCCI, AUROC=0.83 (0.66-1.00) and cutoff=31%; inspiratory/minimum diameter, AUROC=0.86 (0.70-1.00) and cutoff=0.24cm; expiratory/maximum diameter, AUROC=0.88 (0.74-1.00) and cutoff=0.22cm. A significant lineal correlation was observed between the percentage of increase in VTI after expansion and CVCCI (rs =0.68, P<0.001), expiratory/maximum diameter (rs =-0.72, P<0.001), and inspiratory/minimum diameter (rs =-0.71, P<0.001). The intraobserver and interobserver variability was low for VTI, and the expiratory/maximum diameter and inspiratory/minimum diameter were high for CVCCI. Caudal vena cava measurements could be useful to predict the response to fluids in hospitalized cats with hemodynamic and tissue perfusion alterations. Additional studies are required to draw definitive conclusions about the role of these variables to guide fluid administration in cats.

Incidence of short-term complications after sterilization between pre-operative antibiotic versus pre- and post-operative antibiotic administration in female cats

A sterilization program is implied to control the cat population and set up as national rabies control activities. In Thailand, a few studies have been conducted on postoperative complications and undesired incidents after massive sterilization. This study determined the incidence of short-term sterilization complications in cats with or without postoperative antibiotic administration and the risk of short-term surgical complications. The investigators conducted a clinical trial study. Female cats (n=492) who participated in Chiang Mai municipal birth control activity were assessed and recorded those complications between with and without postoperative antibiotics. The risk factors were analyzed using risk ratios (RR) with a 95% confidence level. Twenty-five cats (5.08%) showed short-term complications in the study. The incidence of short-term complications was not significantly different between cats with postoperative antibiotics (4.92%) and without postoperative antibiotics (5.24%). Cats with external parasites had 2.35 times a short-term complication (RR=1.05-5.27;95%Cl). Duration in captive area, this factor showed that prolong of a cat kept in cage or indoor area play role as a protective factor which less than 2-day in a cage or indoor as the baseline, the risk ratios were 0.38 in 5-day and 0.18 in 7-day, respectively. In conclusion, cat sterilization without post-operative antibiotic administration could be performed under ordinary operation with an aseptic concept.

Clinical features, concurrent disorders, and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome.

To characterize clinical features, comorbidities, frequency of bacterial isolation, and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome (S-CCHS). 168 client-owned cats with S-CCHS. Data were prospectively (1980 to 2019) collected regarding clinical features, comorbidities, bacterial infection, illness duration, and treatments. Variables were evaluated for associations with survival time. Median age of cats was 10.0 years, with no breed or sex predilection observed. Common clinical features included hyporexia (82%), hyperbilirubinemia (80%), lethargy (80%), vomiting (80%), jaundice (67%), weight loss (54%), and hypoalbuminemia (50%). Comorbidities included extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (53%), cholelithiasis (42%), cholecystitis (40%), and ductal plate malformation (44%) as well as biopsy-confirmed inflammatory bowel disease (60/68 [88%]) and pancreatitis (41/44 [93%]). Bacterial cultures were commonly positive (69%) despite prebiopsy antimicrobial administration in most cats. Of surgically confirmed choleliths, diagnostic imaging identified only 58%. Among 55 cats with "idiopathic pancreatitis," 28 (51%) were documented to have transiting choleliths, and 20 had pancreatic biopsies confirming pancreatitis. Cholelithiasis (with or without bile duct obstruction) and cholecystectomy were associated with survival advantages. Survival disadvantages were found for leukocytosis, ≥ 2-fold increased alkaline phosphatase, and hyperbilirubinemia. Cholecystoenterostomy had no survival impact. Cats with ductal plate malformations were significantly younger at diagnosis and death than other cats. Chronic treatments with antimicrobials, S-adenosylmethionine, and ursodeoxycholic acid were common postbiopsy. S-CCHS in cats was associated with bacterial infection and various comorbidities and may be confused with pancreatitis. Surgically correctable morbidities (ie, cholecystitis, cholecystocholelithiasis) and cholecystectomy provided a significant survival advantage.

Investigation of biomarkers for impending fluid overload in a feline acute haemorrhage-resuscitation model

ObjectiveTo determine biomarkers for impending fluid overload during intravenous fluid administration in a feline haemorrhage-resuscitation model. Study designRandomized crossover study. AnimalsA group of six domestic cats (mean age and weight: 21 months; 4.9 kg, respectively). MethodsThe cats underwent three treatments, 2 months apart. They were anaesthetized and instrumented to measure a range of physiological, blood gas, haematological and biochemical variables over time. Samples were taken during a health check, before haemorrhage, after haemorrhage and then at 30 minute intervals during fluid resuscitation and 24 hours later. The three treatments were: 1) control, sham haemorrhage and resuscitation; 2) lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS); and 3) 6% tetrastarch 130/0.4 (Vol) where the cats underwent a controlled haemorrhage then resuscitation by administering LRS and Vol at 60 and 20 mL kg–1 hour–1, respectively, for 120 minutes. Fluid overload was identified by nasal discharge and radiographic evidence. Biomarkers were variables that exceeded the reference interval for cats during treatment. Potential biomarkers were analysed using receiver operating characteristic curves (p < 0.05). ResultsMean ± standard deviation total blood loss was 10.2 ± 2.3, 29.3 ± 9.0 and 29.1 ± 6.3 mL kg–1 for control, LRS and Vol, respectively. The total volume of LRS and Vol administered was 120 and 40 mL kg–1, respectively. Haematocrit, albumin, magnesium, chloride-to-sodium ratio and sodium-chloride difference were identified as potential biomarkers. These variables exceeded the reference intervals from 30 minutes of resuscitation onwards. A chloride-to-sodium ratio > 0.84 was the most sensitive (90%) and specific (75%) of all potential biomarkers. Conclusions and clinical relevanceChanges in physiological variables, haematocrit and albumin were poor biomarkers of impending fluid overload compared with electrolytes. Finding the ideal biomarker to identify impending fluid overload of commonly used intravenous fluids should improve the safety of their administration in cats.

A genetic polymorphism in P2RY1 impacts response to clopidogrel in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Clopidogrel is converted to its active metabolite by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and irreversibly inhibits platelet activation by antagonizing the adenosine-diphosphate (ADP) receptor. It is frequently used in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) to prevent thromboembolic complications. However, significant interpatient variability of the response to clopidogrel therapy has been suspected. In this study, we assessed the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ADP receptor (P2RY1, P2RY12) and cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (CYP2C41) genes on platelet inhibition by clopidogrel administration in cats with HCM. Forty-nine cats completed the study, and blood samples were obtained before and after clopidogrel therapy to assess the degree of platelet inhibition based on flow cytometry and whole blood platelet aggregometry. Plasma concentrations of clopidogrel metabolites were measured after the last dose of clopidogrel. Whole blood platelet aggregometry revealed a significant reduction of platelet inhibition by clopidogrel in cats with the P2RY1:A236G and the P2RY12:V34I variants. The association with the P2RY1:A236G variant and clopidogrel resistance remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. This study demonstrated that a genetic polymorphism in the P2RY1 gene altered response to clopidogrel therapy and suggests that clinicians may consider alternative or additional thromboprophylactic therapy in cats with the P2RY1:A236G variant.

Возможность применения тилетамин-золазепама для седации при пероральном введении у собак и кошек: обзор литературы

The review presents the results of three studies of the use of tiletamine-zolazepam for sedation during oral administration in dogs and cats.&#x0D; Study 1. Objective: to study the sedative effect of the combination of tiletamine-zolazepam-acepromazine (TZA) or ketamine-flunitrazepam (CF) in dogs with oral administration, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the capsule form of TZA in stray dogs. In a pilot study, 6 dogs were administered a liquid form of TZA (20 mg/kg tiletamine-zolazepam and 2 mg/kg acepromazine) or a liquid form of CF (50 mg/kg ketamine and 2 mg/kg flunitrazepam) orally. Sedation was evaluated in points. On average, the time interval from the introduction of MAL to the adoption of the animal side position was: protocol 1 (infusion of the drug into the mouth) — 47.5 (35...80) minutes (67 % of dogs); protocol 2 (addition of the capsule form to the canned food) — 30 (15...65) minutes (83 %), protocol 3 (addition of the liquid form of the drug in gravy) — 75 (45...110) minutes (100 %). None of the dogs in the CF group in protocols 2 and 3 took a side position. Based on these results, 20 stray dogs received encapsulated MAL: TZ (20 mg/kg) and acepromazine (2 mg/kg). Overall, 63 % of the stray dogs in the experiment were caught after eating a double dose of MAL. Oral administration of encapsulated MAL added to the canned food allows you to catch stray dogs, but it may require the use of additional drugs. The time from the introduction of TZA to the development of sedation in animals and the taste of the drug affect the percentage of capture.&#x0D; Study 2. The purpose of the study is to study the possibility of oral administration of the drug «Zoletil» to cats. 8 healthy cats, females and males, aged from 2 to 4 years, were selected. «Zoletil-50» was used in the form of a sterile lyophilizate prepared in the form of a solution with water for injection in doses from 15 to 25 mg/kg. After administration of the drug, hemodynamic parameters, sedation, and the possibility of endotrachial intubation were evaluated. After oral administration, the effect of sedation developed quite quickly. When administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg, intubation and minor surgical interventions were possible. A dose of 15 mg / kg caused only sedation. It is advisable to use «Zoletil» in the form of a powder with a pleasant taste.&#x0D; Study 3. Objective: to assess the quality of sedation, changes in SAD, heart rate and BH in TB administration of TK to healthy cats. Healthy, sterilized European shorthair cats (n=7; 3 males, 4 females) were included in a randomized, blind, cross-sectional study. Each cat received two doses of tiletamine-diazepam TB: 5 mg / kg (LD) and 7.5 mg/kg (HD) of each drug. TB administration of tiletamine-zolazepam in the studied doses is a simple and effective method of pharmacological fixation of cats, while LD has less effect on SAD and BH than HD.

A retrospective evaluation of eastern coral snake envenomation and antivenom administration in cats: 30 cases (2012–2019)

Thirty cats were identified to be have been suspected to have a potential coral snake envenomation after searching medical records from 2012 to 2019 at a university teaching hospital. The records were reviewed and evaluated for signalment, date and time of the snake encounter, elapsed time between encounter and hospital examination, presenting complaint, initial physical examination findings, initial laboratory findings, antivenom dose and duration of administration, adverse reactions to antivenom, additional treatments administered, progression of clinical signs, length of hospitalization, and outcome. Thirteen cats presented with clinical signs consistent with envenomation while 17 cats were treated for possible asymptomatic envenomation, as defined by the owner discovering a live or dead coral snake in their home or on their property. Initial physical examination findings included tachypnea with short shallow breaths and use of accessory muscles; tetraparesis with normal or decreased to absent spinal reflexes; cranial nerve deficits including decreased to absent gag, slow pupillary light reflexes, and absent physiologic nystagmus; and normal or altered mentation. Laboratory findings included hypercapnia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, increased aspartate aminotransferase activity, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, echinocytosis, leukocytosis, azotemia, and hyperlactatemia. Twenty-eight cats received antivenom; two cats received two vials while twenty-six cats received one vial. Antivenom reaction was suspected in one cat that developed facial swelling during administration of the drug. Average length of hospitalization was 1 day for cats without clinical signs and 3 days for cats with clinical signs. Twenty-nine cats survived to discharge. Due to the inclusion criteria of the study, cats euthanized on presentation or discharged without receiving antivenom may have been unintentionally excluded from the study.Diagnosis of eastern coral snake envenomation should be suspected in the cat that has acute onset of lower motor neuron neuropathy. Prognosis with treatment is considered good with 97% of cats surviving to discharge. Antivenom reaction occurred in 3.5% of administrations with none being fatal. Monitoring of hypercapnia was critical in making the decision to mechanically ventilate patients. Supportive care that includes antivenom administration, recumbency care, and mechanical ventilation if needed are the mainstays of therapy.

The 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay in cats and dogs is not specific for pancreatic lipase.

The measurement of pancreatic lipase is important for the diagnosis of feline and canine pancreatitis. Recent studies have claimed that lipase assays using the 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) as a substrate are more specific for measuring pancreatic lipase than traditional lipase assays. However, the analytical specificity of this assay for pancreatic lipase has not been demonstrated. We aimed to determine whether hepatic and/or lipoprotein lipases can interfere with the DGGR-based assay results in cats and dogs. We, therefore, compared plasma lipase activities measured using DGGR-based and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) assays before and after administering heparin, known to cause the release of hepatic and lipoprotein lipases, in cats and dogs. Heparin was administered in six cats and six dogs. Blood was collected at baseline and 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120minutes after heparin administration. Lipase activity was measured using a DGGR-based assay, and PLI concentrations were measured using the Spec fPL and cPL assays for cats and dogs, respectively. Plasma lipase activities, as measured using the DGGR-based assay, increased significantly 10minutes after heparin administration in both cats (P=.003) and dogs (P=.006) and returned to baseline by 120minutes. In contrast, PLI concentrations showed no significant changes after heparin administration. DGGR is not only hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase but also by hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, or both, in cats and dogs. Since these extrapancreatic lipases are also naturally present in cats and dogs, they could contribute to the lack of analytical specificity for the DGGR-based assays.

A randomized cross-over trial assessing salivary and urinary cortisol concentrations after alfaxalone and propofol administration in healthy cats

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of commonly used anaesthetics alfaxalone and propofol on salivary and urinary cortisol in healthy cats. Fifteen male castrated research-purposed cats received randomly intravenous continuous rate infusions of 8 mg/kg/h of alfaxalone, 12 mg/kg/h of propofol and 2 ml/kg/h of Lactated Ringer's solution for 30 min, with intervals of 6 days between treatments. Saliva samples were collected for 24 h before each infusion and for 24 h from the start of each infusion. Urine was collected as single pooled samples over each 24 h period. Mean integrated saliva cortisol responses in cats treated with alfaxalone were greater than responses of cats treated with propofol (P = 0.034) and controls (P = 0.017). Integrated responses in cats treated with propofol did not differ from controls. The mean urinary cortisol/creatinine ratio (UCCR) was higher on the day of treatment than the day before treatment in cats treated with alfaxalone (P < 0.0001) and in cats treated with propofol (P = 0.0168) and did not differ between days in cats treated with lactated Ringer's solution. The mean UCCR was higher in cats treated with alfaxalone than in cats treated with lactated Ringer's solution (P = 0.0020) on the day of treatment. Mean total urinary cortisol over 24 h was greater in cats treated with alfaxalone than controls (P = 0.0267). In conclusion, alfaxalone increased short-term salivary and urinary cortisol concentrations in healthy cats as compared to propofol and a control group of non-anesthetised cats.