Adjusted Sodium Adsorption Ratio Research Articles

Ionic Composition Thermodynamics for Different Saline Waters in Central Iraq

understand the thermodynamic of ionic composition for different saline water, triplicate water samples were collected from each location. This study required chemical analysis for total cations (Ca+2,Mg+2,Na+1,K+1) and anions (Cl-1, HCO3-1,CO3-2,SO4-2). The following parameters were calculated using the[1] program: ionic strength, activity coefficient, activity, and ion pairs. The findings revealed that, according to the classification of medium salinity[2], There is no issue with the rate of infiltration. The calcium ionic activity coefficient values ranged from 0.332 to 0.587, with active Ca+2 accounting for 23 to 48 percent of total soluble Ca+2 in the samples investigated. The concentrations of ion pairs ranged from 0.749 to 2.716 mM. L-1. The magnesium ionic activity coefficient ranged from 0.385 to 0.609, and active Mg+2 was found to be between 29 and 44 percent of total soluble Mg+2. The concentrations of ion pairs ranged from 0.270 to 6.618 mM.L-1. In general, the findings show that: The following is the ion Paris sequence: (MgSO4) 0, (CaSO4) 0, (NaSO4) -, (MgHCO3) +, (CaHO3) +, (KSO4)-. The free ions were arranged in the following order: Na+, SO4 -2, Mg+2, Ca+2, HCO3-1, K+1.- Changes in the mathematical relationship between ionic strength and electric conductivity were generated by the correction of ion pairs and ionic activity.- Correction of ion pairs and ionic activity increased the adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (adj.RNa). Ion pairs, activity, and saline water are some of the terms used in this paper.

Seasonal and Spatial Water Quality of Awash River for Irrigation at Dubti/Tendaho, North Eastern Ethiopia

Salt affected soils are common in the irrigated arid and semi arid regions where irrigation with poor quality water is a common practice. In all irrigation farms, particularly at Dubti/Tendaho state farm, clear information on Awash River water quality for irrigation is lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted at Dubti/Tendaho state farm to investigate seasonal and spatial variations of irrigation water quality in Awash River. Water samples were collected from four sampling sites (dam to field) in monthly interval from September 2013 to August 2014. Relevant data were collected and interpreted as per the irrigation water quality guidelines. The result showed that pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (adj.SAR) were beyond the permissible limit in Autumn and Summer. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) were unsuitable in all seasons except in Spring. Sodium percentage (Na %) was permissible in Winter and Spring whereas doubtful in Autumn and unsuitable in Summer seasons. Sodium toxicity was severe in Summer and Autumn (>9 meq l -1 SAR) while slight to moderate in Winter and Spring (3 - 9 meq l -1 SAR) seasons. However, chloride (Cl - ) hazard was safe (< 4 meq l -1 ) in all seasons except Summer which showed slight to moderate. Spatially, an increasing trend on Cl - , pH and Na% from the dam to the end of field drain water(FDW) whereas a decreasing trend on EC, Na, Mg, Ca, K, HCO 3 - , total dissolved solids (TDS), SAR, and RSC were observed. The results revealed that irrigation water quality was highly saline and toxic in Summer and Autumn whereas slight to safe in Winter and Spring seasons. Hence, it is possible to infer that the planting date of crops should be adjusted in Winter and Spring seasons when the quality of irrigation water becomes safe. Keywords: Awash River, irrigation water quality , Electrical conductivity, pH, residual sodium carbonate, sodium adsorption ratio , toxicity, water quality parameters DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/85-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2022

Irrigation suitability of White River in Indiana, Midwestern USA.

Climate change models consistently project future precipitation reduction and temperature increase during the crop growing season in the US Midwest, which may exacerbate surface water scarcity issues confronting regional agriculture. To maintain consistent crop yields under the risk of increased droughts, farmers may shift from rain-fed agriculture to irrigation agriculture, particularly during drought periods. There is an urgent need to understand whether surface water in the Midwest is suitable for irrigation. In this study, irrigation water quality was comprehensively analyzed for commonly used parameters regarding salt content including sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (SARadj), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), Kelley's ratio (KR), synthetic harmful coefficient (SHC), and salinity. Results indicate that water in the White River at Muncie was rated mostly in excellent to good condition with regard to irrigation quality. However, the irrigation suitability level exhibited two distinct patterns between May-July and August-October. Specifically, an average of 7.8% of the samples from May to July were unsuitable for irrigation, and an average of 24.5% of samples from August to October were unsuitable for irrigation considering all parameters. Flow rate change over time and the release of pollutants from wastewater treatment plantsand combine sewage outflows to the White River impacted on the irrigation water quality variations of the river. This study showed that there are higher risks during the fall season for farmers to use surface water as an irrigation source, and this risk might be greater if extended or more frequent drought events occur in the future. To our best knowledge,this is the first peer-reviewedstudy on irrigation water quality assessment in the Midwest and provides useful information for farmers and decision makers to consider while formulating applications for irrigation.

Impact of irrigation on soil properties in Purna valley of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra

To study the impact of irrigation on soil properties in Purna valley of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra an experiment was conducted during 2014-2015 at Department of Science and Agril. Chemistry Dr. PDKV, Akola. The water samples from ten bore wells were collected in the month of October 2014 and the soil samples were taken during and after irrigation. The bore well water samples were found to be in high salinity and low sodicity class (S1C3). Amongst the cations, sodium was dominant cation which was above permissible limit followed by calcium, magnesium and potassium, anions in irrigation water with respect to bicarbonate it was dominant anion followed by chloride and sulphate. The sodium adsorption ratio was within the permissible limit and Mg: Ca ratio of water falls in acceptable range, in most of the samples whereas the adjusted sodium adsorption ratio was higher than the recommended guidelines.The irrigation water affects the physical and chemical properties of soil to a considerable extent where hydraulic conductivity was decreased and bulk density showed increasing trend after irrigation, whereas particle density and porosity of soil was decreased after irrigation. The pHs varied from 8.65 to 8.94 before irrigation and 8.76 to 8.96 after irrigation whereas ECe 1.87 to 2.28 dSm-1 before irrigation and 1.95 to 2.30 dSm-1 after irrigation while among the cations the concentration of sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium was increased over the initial value and sodium was the dominant cation found in soil. Bicarbonate is dominated among the anions in between 7.1 to 8.5 before irrigation and 7.9 to 8.9 meL-1 before irrigation and 7.5 to 8.9 meL-1 after irrigation followed by chloride and sulphate.

Manisa Yöresi Sulama Suyu Kaynaklarının Toprak, Bitki ve Damla Sulama Sistemi Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi

Manisa ilinde tarımsal sulamada yaygın olarak kullanılan 5 yer üstü ve 30 yer altı suyu kaynağının kimyasal kalite analiz sonuçları değerlendirilerek toprağa, bitkiye ve damla sulama sistemine olası etkileri belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda su kaynaklarının katyon (Ca, Mg, Na, K), anyon (CO3, HCO3, CI, SO4), Fe, B içerikleri ile pH ve elektriksel iletkenlik değerleri yanında hesaplamayla belirlenen Yüzde Sodyum, Sodyum Adsorpsiyon Oranı, Düzeltilmiş Sodyum Adsorpsiyon Oranı, Kalıcı Sodyum Karbonat, Langelier Saturasyon İndeksi, Potansiyel Tuzluluk, Permeabilite İndeksi ve Sertlik parametrelerine ait değerler kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, yer üstü su kaynaklarının sorun yaratma potansiyelinin yer altı sularına göre daha fazla olduğunu göstermiştir. Salihli-Köseali ve Necati bey çiftlik ile Alaşehir-Kasaplı yer altı su kaynaklarının kullanıldığı yerlerde de diğer yer altı su kaynaklarına göre daha ciddi sorunlar yaşanacağı belirlenmiştir. Oluşabilecek sorunun türüne göre yıkama, tuza dayanıklı bitki yetiştirme, organik madde ve doğal Ca kaynakları ilavesi ile seyreltik asit uygulamasını içeren bir dizi önlemler konusunda önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Assessment of dam water quality for irrigation in the northeast of catchment Cheliff-Zahrez, Central Algeria

The aim of the present study was to appraise surface water quality for irrigation purposes. This research work concerns seven dams’ water from higher and lower part of Cheliff agricultural area located in northeast to the larger catchment Cheliff-Zahrez, central Algeria. The following dams are investigated, namely Deurdeur, Ghrib, Harreza, Oued Fodda, Oued Mellouk, Sidi M’hamed Ben Taiba and Sidi Yakoub. Irrigation water quality evaluation was carried out by measuring and calculating physicochemical quality parameters monthly during three years: 2014, 2015 and 2016. For assessing the groundwater for irrigation suitability, parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium adsorption ratio, pHc, adjusted sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, soluble sodium percentage, Kelly’s ratio, USSL, Wilcox’s diagram and permeability index suggest that the groundwater of the study area is moderately suitable for irrigation purposes. Based on USSL and Wilcox’s diagram, it falls under excellent to unsuitable category indicating low salinity and high sodium water, which can be used for irrigation in almost all types of soil with little danger of exchangeable sodium. The Pearson correlation coefficient rate revealed strong correlation between several parameters. The water of Sidi M’hamed Ben Taiba dam has the best appropriateness for irrigation purpose compared to the other dams. Its water may be used in irrigation without limitation.

Characterization and Formation of Salt affected Soils in Eastern Rajasthan Upland

Soils of the Bhilwara district are affected with different degree and extent of soluble salts. These soils are distributed in hot semi-arid agro-ecological sub region of Rajasthan. It is located between 25o 01' to 25o 58' N latitude and 74o 01' to 75o28' E longitude at an elevation between 380 and 500 meters above the mean sea level. The physico-chemical analysis of soils revealed the dominant cations such as sodium followed by calcium. Exchangeable sodium percentage was ranged 23.1 to 54.6, 17 to 38.5 and 7.1 to 20.0 in saline, sodic and saline-sodic soils, respectively. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio varied from 2.5 to 16.8, 3.2 to 9.4 and 3.8 to 12.6 in these problematic soils, respectively. Soil reaction was ranged from 7.6 to 8.4, 8.5 to 9.3 and 8.5 to 8.8 whereas electrical conductivity of saturation extract varied from 14.4 to 25.2, 1.0 to 5.6 and 2.4 to 13.6 dSm-1 in saline, sodic and saline-sodic soils, respectively. Area under saline and saline-sodic soils was moderately-well to well drained whereas sodic soils were imperfectly drained. Accumulation of calcium carbonate showed increasing trend with depth of profile in all three soils. Mean values of adjusted sodium adsorption ratio of irrigation water was 43.55, 41.88 and 36.74 for saline, saline-sodic and sodic soils. Use of low quality underground water for irrigation, aggravated the process of formation of the salt affected soils in eastern Rajasthan Uplands.

Groundwater quality around Tummalapalle area, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, India

The suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation was assessed in Tummalapalle area. Forty groundwater samples were analysed for major cations, anions and other parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity and total hardness (TH). The parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio, adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (adj.SAR), per cent sodium, potential salinity, residual sodium carbonate, non-carbonate hardness, Kelly’s ratio and permeability index were calculated for the evaluation of irrigation water quality. Groundwater chemistry was also analysed by statistical analysis, USSL, Wilcox, Doneen, Piper and Chadhas diagrams, to find out their suitability for irrigation. TDS and TH were used as main parameters to interpret the suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose. The correlation coefficient matrix between the hydrochemical parameters was carried out using Pearson’s correlation to infer the possible water–rock interactions responsible for the variation of groundwater chemistry and this has been supported by Gibbs diagram. The results indicate that the groundwater in Tummalapalle area is alkaline in nature. Ca–Mg–HCO3 is the dominant hydrogeochemical facies. Water chemistry of the study area strongly reflects the dominance of weathering of rock-forming minerals such as bicarbonates and silicates. All parameters and diagrams suggest that the water samples of the study are good for irrigation, and the plots of TDS and TH suggest that 12.5% of the samples are good for human consumption.

Technical Note: A Short Note on Calculating the Adjusted SAR Index

A simple algebraic technique is presented for computing the adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) index. The statistical formula presented in this note facilitates the computation of the adjusted SAR without the use of a look-up table, custom computer software, or the need to compute exact individual ion activity coefficients and complexes. A short data analysis example is also presented that demonstrates the application of this technique.

Chemistry of Groundwater of Al-Ahsa Oasis Eastern Region Saudi Arabia and Its Predictive Effects on Soil Properties

Saudi Arabia is an arid and the largest country in the middle east with a total land area of 2.253 x 10(6) km2. Recent urban and rural expansion has shown manifold increases in water use in various sectors. Water resources are limited and non-renewable coupled with unpredicted scanty rainfall. In order to meet the rising water needs, evaluation of water quality is important for allocation to various uses. A total of 101 well water samples were collected from Al-Ahsa Oasis. Water samples were analyzed for total salt concentration, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, F and B contents. Soil Salinity Development (SSD), adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (adj.SAR), adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (adj. R(Na)) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) were calculated. The EC of groundwater ranged between 1.23 and 5.05 dS m(-1). Sodium was the most abundant cation followed by Ca, Mg and K in descending order. Chloride was the most abundant anion followed by SO4 and HCO3 in groundwater of Al-Ahsa Oasis. A significant correlation was found between Na and Cl (R2 = 0.936). Thermodynamics calculation revealed that an appreciable amount of Ca and Mg is associated with Cl and SO4 ions. The SAR and ESP values are within the permissible limits according to Ayers and Westcot, 1985. The NO3 concentration is within safe limits for drinking purpose according to WHO (1998) standards. The Saturation Indices (SI) indicated that groundwater is under-saturated (negative SI) with respect to certain minerals (for example: calcite, dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, pyrite, fluorite and aragonite) and oversaturated (positive SI) with respect to some other minerals (For example: Goethite, Siderite and hematite). The negative saturation index (SI) reveals that most of minerals are in un-saturated state and will dissolve more Ca and Mg into the soil solution after irrigation. A good relationship exists between Cl and other ions (Na, Ca and Mg) as well as between SO4 and Ca and Mg ion of groundwater. The salinity and sodicity hazards of groundwater of Al-Ahsa Oasis were classified as C3S1 and C4S2 i.e., high salinity with medium sodicity problems. The predicted soil salinity suggested application of 15-20% leaching requirements to keep soil salinity within permissible limits. Cultivation of slight to moderate salt and sodium tolerant crops is recommended for optimal agricultural production and efficient water use.

Effects on soil and paddy–wheat crops irrigated with waters containing residual alkalinity

AbstractDegradation of soils by irrigation with ground waters containing residual alkalinity poses a major threat to agriculture in semi‐arid regions, particularly in South Asia. However, there is a lack of indices to define the soil degradation and crop performance under a monsoon climate. Therefore, an experiment was conducted during 2000–2004 to determine the responses of paddy rice and wheat crops in rotation to irrigation with alkaline waters (AW) having similar salinity (electrolyte concentration 30 me L−1) but varying ionic constituents (sodium adsorption ratio irrigation water, SARiw 10 and 25; adjusted sodium adsorption ratio, adj.RNa 13.6 and 29.2; residual sodium carbonate, RSC 5 and 10 me L−1 and Cl:SO4 4:1 and 1:4, respectively). The concentration factors, ECe/ECiw (ratio of electrical conductivity of soil's saturation paste extract to that of the irrigation water) were between 1.1 and 1.8 for soils deprived of rainfall, whereas it was almost 1 for soils not sheltered from rain. Similarly, saturation paste extract, SARe, was between 1.6 and 2.0 times SARiw and 2.0–2.3 times SARiw with and without rainfall, and the exchangeable sodium per cent (ESP) 1.0–1.8 times SARiw. Yields of paddy relative to yields of crops irrigated with good‐quality water, averaged 56–74% during the period 2000–2004 compared with 81–88% for wheat, indicating the greater sensitivity of rice to irrigation with AW. Elevated levels of sulphate rather than chloride in the irrigation water lessened the impacts of the residual alkalinity. Production functions showed that the sodicity (ESP) did not solely explain the variation in crop yields because the salinity stress simultaneously inhibited growth. None of the sodicity indices (RSC, SAR and adj.RNa) adequately defined the relative impacts of AW, although residual alkalinity (RSC) was a better indicator than either of the other two. The monsoon rains played an important role in alleviating the effects of residual alkalinity. Data presented here should support the development of more reliable criteria for the assessment of sodicity/salinity hazards from AW in semi‐arid regions.

Determination of water requirements for producing irrigated rice and other crops in the Afram river valley bottom at Aframso, Ghana

The Valley Bottom Rice Development Project (VBRDP) was started in Ghana in 1990 under the Agricultural Sector Rehabilitation Programme of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. To assess the quantity and quality of water for rice irrigation at the Aframso project site (from 1993-1996), three methods were applied. Firstly, the Nathan's (1997) effective precipitation index (EPI) was used to evaluate rainfall recharge of the Afram River. Secondly, basic statistical parameters (1986 -1995) were used to evaluate river flow characteristics. Finally, the river water quality was assessed on the basis of Ayers & Westcot (1985) water quality guidelines for irrigation. Both the EPI and river flow characteristics revealed sufficient quantity of surface water for irrigated rice at Aframso throughout the growing season. Again, the mean values of essential parameters of river water, e.g. total dissolved solids (73.00 mg I), conductivity (0.094 dS em), adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (0.32),pH (6.5), HCOl' (0.60 meq I) and N-NO l ' (1.06 mg I) showed that the Afram River water has no immediate quality problems that are likely to adversely affect irrigated rice-based cropping in the area.

Soil salinisation: a local life cycle assessment impact category

Salinity is an increasing environmental problem in agricultural ecosystems and is not adequately represented in conventional life cycle assessment (LCA) impact categories. It is often not the total quantity of salts emitted or the proportion of salt accumulated in the soil profile that is the primary mechanism for deteriorating soil conditions for irrigated salinity, rather the ratio of major cations in the soil matrix and the potential for colloid dispersion and reduced permeability. A soil salinisation potential (SP) is proposed as an indicator for irrigated salinity and potential soil degradation from poor irrigation practices. The indicator uses the threshold electrolyte concentration concept that predicts the adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)/ Electrical conductivity (EC) ratio that soil will no longer flocculate, but potentially disperse. The SAR is converted to a threshold EC and compared to the measured EC in order to develop a site-specific irrigation equivalence factor (EF). This site/region/process specific EF is then used to weight the sodium load to soil and repeated for each stage throughout the entire life cycle to determine the overall Salinisation Potential (SP). The data required for calculating the SP is generally readily available either on site or from the water chemistry of the local watercourses. Preliminary calculations simply require the volume, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity and the concentrations of Na, Ca, and Mg of the irrigation water. The site/process/region specific nature of the indicator ensures a quantitative measure to enable comparisons between different systems and is useful for identifying stages in the life cycle of a product (particularly food products), where the potential for soil salinisation and soil degradation is most severe.

Hydrogeochemical processes operating within the main aquifers of Kuwait

The study area, Al-Wafra, is located in the extreme south of Kuwait and occupies an area of 325 km2. The objective of this study was to develop an interpretation and understanding of the geochemical processes and characteristics of the Kuwait Group and Dammam limestone aquifers. Therefore, hydrochemical data comprising the mean values and standard deviations of the major ion concentrations, pH, P CO2and saturation indices for calcite, dolomite, gypsum and halite have been determined in the ground-waters. In addition, the suitability of the brackish ground-water of the two aquifers for irrigation has been studied through the determination of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), boron, adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (adj. SAR), nitrate and several trace metals.Chemical analyses of the samples have been interpreted with regard to their saturation levels of calcite, gypsum, halite and dolomite, and by simple dissolution models involving carbonate, sulphate and chloride minerals. The cation concentrations have probably been modified by exchange processes involving clay minerals. The ground-water was found to be oversaturated with respect to calcite, aragonite and dolomite, and undersaturated with respect to gypsum, anhydrite and halite. The calculated mean value of P CO2is 5 · 10−3atm., which suggests a deep, closed environment system. The hierarchical cluster analysis shows that the ground-water is separated into geochemical provinces based on the similarity of total dissolved solids. Trace element concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cd and Zn occur at concentrations below 1·0 mg l−1, whilst high nitrate values in the Kuwait Group ground-waters (mean=123 mg l−1) indicates the impact of agricultural activity on the study area. Ground-water proved to be of rather poor quality, though it is used for irrigation due to the limited natural water resources in arid Kuwait.

Infiltration as Influenced by Irrigation Water Quality

AbstractAfter 19 months of irrigation with waters of different quality, columns of Heimdal loam cropped to alfalfa had infiltration rates that were correlated better with irrigation water sodicity and salinity than with soil surface (0–76 mm) or column average (0–530 mm) exchangeable sodium and soil salinity. Two sets of irrigation water parameters were tested: (i) total cation concentration (Cc) in molc m‐a (meq liter−1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SARc) of the irrigation water in equilibrium with solid phase CaCO3 at a PCO2 of 0.07% based on ion activities corrected for ion pairing; and, (ii) total cation concentration of the irrigation water as prepared and the adjusted sodium adsorption ratio based on the calculated pH of the water in equilibrium with CaCO3. On the basis of multiple linear regression analyses, the best correlation was obtained with the lime‐equilibrated water parameters (R2 = 0.87). The corresponding relationship between infiltration rate (I) in mm hour−1 and the chemical parameters was I = 6.80 − 1.10 SARc + 0.79 Cc. Cation concentration greatly affected infiltration rates even at low SAR levels (2<SAR<5). Apparently, the mechanical action of the applied water greatly enhances the effects of exchangeable sodium and soil solution concentration on swelling and dispersion at the soil surface which, in turn, has a large effect on infiltration rates.

Evaluation of Changes in the Nile Water Composition Resulting from The Asswan High Dam

AbstractThe composition of Nile River water has been examined to show the effect of the Asswan High Dam on the fertility and salinity of the water for irrigation.The Nile water contains about 110 × 106 metric tons/year of suspended materials as it crosses the Egyptian border. Before the Asswan High Dam was constructed, 24 × 106 metric tons/year of solids were deposited, mainly on the Egyptian flood plains. After the dam was finished, only 2.1 × 106 metric tons/year of solids were present in the Nile water to be deposited on the Egyptian soils; the remainder, 21.9 × 106 metric tons/year of solids, settled out in Lake Nasser.The loss of nutrients in the sediments which settled out in Lake Nasser, and the gain in soluble cations which resulted from construction of the Dam, were calculated from sediments and water analyses. The loss of 12,000 metric tons/year of sediment N is probably not significant for Egyptian agriculture. The loss of P, including a maximum of 6,000 metric tons/year of soluble P, will probably require a significant increase in the use of P fertilizers.The quality of the Nile water for irrigation, as determined by values for electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, adjusted sodium adsorption ratio, residual carbouate, and pHc, did not change significantly after construction of the dam.