Adjacent Non-malignant Tissues Research Articles

An untargeted analytical workflow based on Kendrick mass defect filtering reveals dysregulations in acylcarnitines in prostate cancer tissue

BackgroundMetabolomics is nowadays considered one the most powerful analytical for the discovery of metabolic dysregulations associated with the insurgence of cancer, given the reprogramming of the cell metabolism to meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of the malignant cell. Notwithstanding, several challenges still exist regarding quality control, method standardization, data processing, and compound identification. Therefore, there is a need for effective and straightforward approaches for the untargeted analysis of structurally related classes of compounds, such as acylcarnitines, that have been widely investigated in prostate cancer research for their role in energy metabolism and transport and β-oxidation of fatty acids. ResultsIn the present study, an innovative analytical platform was developed for the straightforward albeit comprehensive characterization of acylcarnitines based on high-resolution mass spectrometry, Kendrick mass defect filtering, and confirmation by prediction of their retention time in reversed-phase chromatography. In particular, a customized data processing workflow was set up on Compound Discoverer software to enable the Kendrick mass defect filtering, which allowed filtering out more than 90 % of the initial features resulting from the processing of 25 tumoral and adjacent non-malignant prostate tissues collected from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Later, a partial least square–discriminant analysis model validated by repeated double cross-validation was built on the dataset of 74 annotated acylcarnitines, with classification rates higher than 93 % for both groups, and univariate statistical analysis helped elucidate the individual role of the annotated metabolites. SignificanceHydroxylation of short- and medium-chain minor acylcarnitines appeared to be a significant variable in describing tissue differences, suggesting the hypothesis that the neoplastic growth is linked to oxidation phenomena on selected metabolites and reinforcing the need for effective methods for the annotation of minor metabolites.

Abstract 5674: Characterizing Cellular Heterogeneity and Identifying Potential Biomarkers in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

Abstract Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) exhibits significant cellular heterogeneity, rendering it susceptible to developing radioresistance and recurring tumors. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is an advanced technique that allows for the exploration of distinct gene expression profiles in individual cells. To investigate cellular heterogeneity in ESCC, scRNA-seq analysis was performed on tumor tissues from ten ESCC patients, as well as adjacent non-malignant esophageal tissues. The cellular composition revealed 19 distinct cell clusters, further categorized into seven cell populations: 69.31% Fibroblast, 15.36% T cell, 5.30% Monocytes, 5.26% Endothelial cells, 2.68% plasma cell, 1.91% Epithelial cells, and 0.18% ambiguous. Notably, Fibroblast and Endothelial cells were more prevalent in non-malignant tissues, while the remaining cell types were enriched in tumor tissues. Differential gene expression analysis identified 49 genes with higher expression in tumor cells and 37 genes with lower expression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed the top three most relevant GO Biological Processes pathways: positive regulation of immune response, regulation of T cell activation, and positive regulation of cell migration. Furthermore, in post-treatment follow-up, four patients were observed to develop metastasis within one year. Comparative analysis between metastatic and non-metastatic patients unveiled 9 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs), including KRT6A and AKR1B10, which exhibited specific expression in Epithelial cells and were highly expressed in tumor tissues. Additionally, IGLC2, IGHG4, and IGHG1 demonstrated specific expression in plasma cells, with elevated expression in tumor tissues. These findings suggest that KRT6A, AKR1B10, IGLC2, IGHG4, and IGHG1 may serve as potential biomarkers for predicting post-chemotherapy metastasis in ESCC patients. Citation Format: Tzu-Hung Hsiao, Chih-Hung Lin, Ting-Shuan Wu, Li-Wen Lee, Chung-Ping Hsu. Characterizing Cellular Heterogeneity and Identifying Potential Biomarkers in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5674.

Full-length isoform concatenation sequencing to resolve cancer transcriptome complexity

BackgroundCancers exhibit complex transcriptomes with aberrant splicing that induces isoform-level differential expression compared to non-diseased tissues. Transcriptomic profiling using short-read sequencing has utility in providing a cost-effective approach for evaluating isoform expression, although short-read assembly displays limitations in the accurate inference of full-length transcripts. Long-read RNA sequencing (Iso-Seq), using the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) platform, can overcome such limitations by providing full-length isoform sequence resolution which requires no read assembly and represents native expressed transcripts. A constraint of the Iso-Seq protocol is due to fewer reads output per instrument run, which, as an example, can consequently affect the detection of lowly expressed transcripts. To address these deficiencies, we developed a concatenation workflow, PacBio Full-Length Isoform Concatemer Sequencing (PB_FLIC-Seq), designed to increase the number of unique, sequenced PacBio long-reads thereby improving overall detection of unique isoforms. In addition, we anticipate that the increase in read depth will help improve the detection of moderate to low-level expressed isoforms.ResultsIn sequencing a commercial reference (Spike-In RNA Variants; SIRV) with known isoform complexity we demonstrated a 3.4-fold increase in read output per run and improved SIRV recall when using the PB_FLIC-Seq method compared to the same samples processed with the Iso-Seq protocol. We applied this protocol to a translational cancer case, also demonstrating the utility of the PB_FLIC-Seq method for identifying differential full-length isoform expression in a pediatric diffuse midline glioma compared to its adjacent non-malignant tissue. Our data analysis revealed increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes within the tumor sample, including an isoform of the Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich (SPARC) gene that was expressed 11,676-fold higher than in the adjacent non-malignant tissue. Finally, by using the PB_FLIC-Seq method, we detected several cancer-specific novel isoforms.ConclusionThis work describes a concatenation-based methodology for increasing the number of sequenced full-length isoform reads on the PacBio platform, yielding improved discovery of expressed isoforms. We applied this workflow to profile the transcriptome of a pediatric diffuse midline glioma and adjacent non-malignant tissue. Our findings of cancer-specific novel isoform expression further highlight the importance of long-read sequencing for characterization of complex tumor transcriptomes.

H19: An Oncogenic Long Non-coding RNA in Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been recorded amongst the most common cancers in the world, with high morbidity and mortality rates, and relatively low survival rates. With risk factors such as chronic illness, age, and lifestyle associated with the development of CRC, the incidence of CRC is increasing each year. Thus, the discovery of novel biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC has become beneficial. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been emerging as potential players in several tumor types, one among them is the lncRNA H19. The paternally imprinted oncofetal gene is expressed in the embryo, downregulated at birth, and reappears in tumors. H19 aids in CRC cell growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis via various mechanisms of action, significantly through the lncRNA-microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA)-competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, where H19 behaves as a miRNA sponge. The RNA transcript of H19 obtained from the first exon of the H19 gene, miRNA-675 also promotes CRC carcinogenesis. Overexpression of H19 in malignant tissues compared to adjacent non-malignant tissues marks H19 as an independent prognostic marker in CRC. Besides its prognostic value, H19 serves as a promising target for therapy in CRC treatment.

ALDOC promotes non-small cell lung cancer through affecting MYC-mediated UBE2N transcription and regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Despite advancements in therapeutic options, the overall prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poor. Therefore, it is crucial to further explore the etiology and targets for novel treatments to effectively manage NSCLC. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate C (ALDOC) protein in tumor tissues and adjacent non-malignant tissues from 79 NSCLC patients. Our findings revealed that ALDOC was overexpressed in NSCLC tissues. ALDOC expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, lymphatic metastasis and pathological stage. In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that higher ALDOC levels were indicative of a poorer prognosis. Additionally, we observed elevated ALDOC mRNA levels in NSCLC cell lines relative to normal cells. To investigate the functional roles of ALDOC, we infected cells with small interfering RNA against ALDOC, which led to attenuated proliferation and migration, as well as ameliorated apoptosis. Furthermore, through our investigations, we discovered that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N (UBE2N) acts as a downstream factor of ALDOC. ALDOC promoted NSCLC through affecting MYC-mediated UBE2N transcription and regulating the Wnt pathway. More importantly, we found that downregulation of UBE2N or the use of Wnt pathway inhibitor could reverse the promoting effects of ALDOC elevation on NSCLC development in vitro and in vivo. Based on these findings, our study highlights the potential of ALDOC as a future therapeutic target for NSCLC.

Association of lncRNA and transcriptome intersections with response to targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve an important role in cancer progression and may be used as efficient molecular biomarkers. The present study aimed to identify lncRNAs associated with the response to the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib and transcriptome profile and clinical features of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The gene expression of 84 cancer-associated lncRNAs in tumor and non-malignant tissue samples of 38 patients with mRCC was evaluated using quantitative PCR. In addition, the coding transcriptome was estimated using RNA sequencing in a subgroup of 20 patients and mRNA-lncRNA intersections were identified. In total, 37 and 13 lncRNAs were down- and upregulated, respectively, in tumor compared with non-malignant adjacent tissue samples. A total of 10 and 4 lncRNAs were up- and downregulated, respectively, in good responders to sunitinib compared with poor responders. High expression of HNF1A-AS1 and IPW lncRNAs was associated with prolonged progression-free survival of patients and a high expression of the TUSC7 lncRNA was associated with poor response and worse survival. Significant associations of dysregulated MEG3 and SNHG16 lncRNAs with expression of protein-coding genes representing various pathways, were identified. Furthermore, a significantly higher expression of CLIP4 gene was observed in good responders. The present study revealed promising candidates for predictive and prognostic biomarkers with further therapeutic potential.

ABCG2 Gene and ABCG2 Protein Expression in Colorectal Cancer-In Silico and Wet Analysis.

ABCG2 (ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2) is a cell membrane pump encoded by the ABCG2 gene. ABCG2 can protect cells against compounds initiating and/or intensifying neoplasia and is considered a marker of stem cells responsible for cancer growth, drug resistance and recurrence. Expression of the ABCG2 gene or its protein has been shown to be a negative prognostic factor in various malignancies. However, its prognostic significance in colorectal cancer remains unclear. Using publicly available data, ABCG2 was shown to be underexpressed in colon and rectum adenocarcinomas, with lower expression compared to both the adjacent nonmalignant lung tissues and non-tumour lung tissues of healthy individuals. This downregulation could result from the methylation level of some sites of the ABCG2 gene. This was connected with microsatellite instability, weight and age among patients with colon adenocarcinoma, and with tumour localization, population type and age of patients for rectum adenocarcinoma. No association was found between ABCG2 expression level and survival of colorectal cancer patients. In wet analysis of colorectal cancer samples, neither ABCG2 gene expression, analysed by RT-PCR, nor ABCG2 protein level, assessed by immunohistochemistry, was associated with any clinicopathological factors or overall survival. An ABCG2-centered protein-protein interaction network build by STRING showed proteins were found to be involved in leukotriene, organic anion and xenobiotic transport, endodermal cell fate specification, and histone methylation and ubiquitination. Hence, ABCG2 underexpression could be an indicator of the activity of certain signalling pathways or protein interactors essential for colorectal carcinogenesis.

MiR-145 as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Our previous study found that miR-145 was downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and that it could inhibit the cell proliferation in transfected NSCLC cells. In this study, we found that miR-145 was downregulated in NSCLC plasma samples compared to healthy controls. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that plasma miR-145 expression was correlated with NSCLC in patient samples. We further revealed that the transfection of miR-145 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells. Most importantly, miR-145 significantly delayed the tumor growth in a mouse model of NSCLC. We further identified GOLM1 and RTKN as the direct targets of miR-145. A cohort of paired tumors and adjacent non-malignant lung tissues from NSCLC patients was used to confirm the downregulated expression and diagnostic value of miR-145. The results were highly consistent between our plasma and tissue cohorts, confirming the clinical value of miR-145 in different sample groups. In addition, we also validated the expressions of miR-145, GOLM1, and RTKN using the TCGA database. Our findings suggested that miR-145 is a regulator of NSCLC and it plays an important role in NSCLC progression. This microRNA and its gene targets may serve as potential biomarkers and novel molecular therapeutic targets in NSCLC patients.

The immunopeptidome landscape associated with T cell infiltration, inflammation and immune editing in lung cancer

One key barrier to improving efficacy of personalized cancer immunotherapies that are dependent on the tumor antigenic landscape remains patient stratification. Although patients with CD3+CD8+ T cell-inflamed tumors typically show better response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, it is still unknown whether the immunopeptidome repertoire presented in highly inflamed and noninflamed tumors is substantially different. We surveyed 61 tumor regions and adjacent nonmalignant lung tissues from 8 patients with lung cancer and performed deep antigen discovery combining immunopeptidomics, genomics, bulk and spatial transcriptomics, and explored the heterogeneous expression and presentation of tumor (neo)antigens. In the present study, we associated diverse immune cell populations with the immunopeptidome and found a relatively higher frequency of predicted neoantigens located within HLA-I presentation hotspots in CD3+CD8+ T cell-excluded tumors. We associated such neoantigens with immune recognition, supporting their involvement in immune editing. This could have implications for the choice of combination therapies tailored to the patient’s mutanome and immune microenvironment.

PLCε promotes the Warburg effect and tumorigenesis through AKT/GSK3β/Cdc25a in bladder cancer

ABSTRACT Phospholipase C epsilon (PLCε) is a oncogene in various malignancies and regulates diverse cellular functions. But understanding of the relation between PLCε and glycolytic pathways has not been clearly identified. In the present study, we explored the effect of PLCε on the Warburg effect and tumorigenesis in bladder cancer (BCa). In our study, we showed that PLCε expression was elevated in BCa samples compared with matched adjacent nonmalignant bladder tissues. PLCε depletion using Lentivirus-shPLCε (LV-shPLCε) dramatically decreased cell growth, glucose consumption and lactate production, arresting T24 and BIU cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. We also observed that PLCε was correlated with the activation of protein kinase B (AKT) and cell division cycle 25 homolog A (Cdc25a) overexpression. In addition, we demonstrated that AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)/Cdc25a signaling pathways are involved in the PLCε-mediated Warburg effect in BCa. Moreover, we showed that PLCε had an effect on tumorigenesis in in vivo experiments. In summary, our findings demonstrate that AKT/GSK3β/Cdc25a is critical for the effect PLCε on Warburg effect and tumorigenesis.

PSKH1 affects proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via the p38/MAPK signaling pathway.

Malignant osteosarcoma (OS) is a tumor of bone and soft tissue that metastasizes early and has a high mortality rate. Protein serine kinase H1 (PSKH1), an autophosphorylating human protein serine kinase, controls the trafficking of serine/arginine-rich domain, with downstream effects on mRNA processing. It is also associated with tumor progression. However, how this protein contributes to OS progression and metastasis is unknown. The present study evaluated the potential effect of PSKH1 on proliferation of human OS cells. OS cell lines were used in Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, wound-healing and Transwell assays, to investigate cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and invasion and underlying molecular mechanisms. Expression of PSKH1 in OS tissue was significantly greater than in adjacent non-malignant tissue. PSKH1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of OS cells. Conversely, PSKH1 overexpression promoted proliferation of OS cells. PSKH1 upregulated phosphorylated-p38 in OS cells. Moreover, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 effectively blocked the tumor-promoting action of PSKH1. Furthermore, PSKH1 knockdown inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In conclusion, these findings suggested that PSKH1 promoted OS proliferation, migration and invasion. Thus, PSKH1 may serve an oncogenic role in the development of human OS.

Racial disparities in tumor microbiome in young-onset and average-onset colorectal cancer.

13 Background: The occurrence of young-onset colorectal cancer (yoCRC) is rising alarmingly, with a disproportionate incidence in Black patients as compared to White. We and others have previously shown differences in tumor microbiomes between yoCRC and average-onset colorectal cancer (aoCRC), but it is unknown if these differences contribute to racial disparities. We therefore analyzed racial differences in the intra-tumoral microbiome of CRC in young adults (<50 years). Methods: We analyzed 277 samples of histologically confirmed cases of stage I-IV CRC patients identified as either non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White, who underwent surgical resection at Cleveland Clinic from year 2000-2020, who consented to a prospective biorepository. Fresh frozen specimens from the primary tumor with paired adjacent nonmalignant tissue were analyzed. The 16s rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using V4 region primers and Illumina’s MiSeq system. Using DADA2, the quality filtered 16S rRNA amplicon reads were clustered and annotated as amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). The abundance count matrix was analyzed for alpha and beta diversity and differential abundance analysis (DAA) using Phyloseq package. Statistical tests included analysis of variance (ANOVA), permutational multivariate analysis (PERMANOVA), linear regression and Wilcoxon test. DAA and correlation analysis were controlled for false discovery rate using Benjamini Hochberg correction. Results: Differential abundance analysis highlighted key differences in the microbiome composition of Black and White patients with yoCRC. Amongst Black patients, the most prevalent taxa were Limosilactobacillus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Listeria and Akkermansia, whereas amongst White patients the most prevalent taxa were Enterococcus and Escherichia-Shigella (Table). Microbial profiles were also significantly different between Black patients with yoCRC and aoCRC and between White patients with yoCRC and aoCRC. At ASV level, the microbiome of Black yoCRC is more similar (R2 =0.87) to Black aoCRC, in comparison to white yoCRC (R2=0.57). Conclusions: We found significant differences between the intra-tumoral microbiome of yoCRC in the United States by race. Future epidemiologic studies and public health interventions need to account for these differences to reduce risk of yoCRC across various US populations. [Table: see text]

Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.5 Controls NHE−1−Dependent Invasive Properties in Colon Cancer Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 0.9 million deaths per year. The metastatic stage of the disease is identified in about 20% of cases at the first diagnosis and is associated with low patient-survival rates. Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) are abnormally overexpressed in several carcinomas including CRC and are strongly associated with the metastatic behavior of cancer cells. Acidification of the extracellular space by Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE) contributes to extracellular matrix degradation and cell invasiveness. In this study, we assessed the expression levels of pore-forming α-subunits of NaV channels and NHE exchangers in tumor and adjacent non-malignant tissues from colorectal cancer patients, CRC cell lines and primary tumor cells. In all cases, SCN5A (gene encoding for NaV1.5) was overexpressed and positively correlated with cancer stage and poor survival prognosis for patients. In addition, we identified an anatomical differential expression of SCN5A and SLC9A1 (gene encoding for NHE-1) being particularly relevant for tumors that originated on the sigmoid colon epithelium. The functional activity of NaV1.5 channels was characterized in CRC cell lines and the primary cells of colon tumors obtained using tumor explant methodologies. Furthermore, we assessed the performance of two new small-molecule NaV1.5 inhibitors on the reduction of sodium currents, as well as showed that silencing SCN5A and SLC9A1 substantially reduced the 2D invasive capabilities of cancer cells. Thus, our findings show that both NaV1.5 and NHE-1 represent two promising targetable membrane proteins against the metastatic progression of CRC.

ST3GAL5-catalyzed gangliosides inhibit TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via TβRI degradation.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is pivotal in the initiation and development of cancer cell metastasis. We observed that the abundance of glycosphingolipids (GSLs), especially ganglioside subtypes, decreased significantly during TGF-β-induced EMT in NMuMG mouse mammary epithelial cells and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Transcriptional profiling showed that TGF-β/SMAD response genes and EMT signatures were strongly enriched in NMuMG cells, along with depletion of UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG), the enzyme that catalyzes the initial step in GSL biosynthesis. Consistent with this finding, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of UGCG promoted TGF-β signaling and TGF-β-induced EMT. UGCG inhibition promoted A549 cell migration, extravasation in the zebrafish xenograft model, and metastasis in mice. Mechanistically, GSLs inhibited TGF-β signaling by promoting lipid raft localization of the TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and by increasing TβRI ubiquitination and degradation. Importantly, we identified ST3GAL5-synthesized a-series gangliosides as the main GSL subtype involved in inhibition of TGF-β signaling and TGF-β-induced EMT in A549 cells. Notably, ST3GAL5 is weakly expressed in lung cancer tissues compared to adjacent nonmalignant tissues, and its expression correlates with good prognosis.

Abstract C047: Phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F in cancer associated fibroblasts regulates trogocytosis to sustain critical dependency of pancreatic cancer cells on exogenous lipids

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells derive their resistance to therapy and aggressive clinical course from the symbiotic signaling and metabolic interactions with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Trogocytosis is a process of “nibbling” of plasma membranes between two living cells. Here, we demonstrate CAFs are the primary recipients of exogenous lipids which they transfer to metabolically “parasitic” PDAC cells via a contact-mediated trogocytosis. Whereas trogocytosis has been described in immune system and in normal development, the biochemical and signaling regulators of trogocytosis between CAFs and PDAC cells have not been defined. Results: We determine that trogocytosis occurs through heterotypic CAF-PDAC cell contacts: membrane blebbing (readily observed in activated CAFs and exaggerated by release of Ca2+ from the ER stores) results in the blebs uptake by the PDAC cells. The CAF blebs express externalized phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), and blockade of PtdSer in vitro transiently deters trogocytic uptake of CAF membranes. Probing a short list of candidate targets involved in regulation of cholesterol trafficking, membrane fusion and membrane protrusions using CRISPRi, has shown that CAFs deficient in CD81, ARF6 or TMEM16F exhibit markedly reduced ability to support the viability of cholesterol-auxotrophic PDAC cells in lipid-poor media. As a promising therapy target, TMEM16F is a Ca2+-regulated scramblase increasing PtdSer on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. TMEM16F protein is highly expressed in human PDAC CAFs compared to fibroblasts isolated from the adjacent non-malignant pancreatic tissues. The TMEM16F-null CAFs are unable to sustain of cholesterol-auxotrophic PDAC cells in lipid-poor co-cultures, and do not support the growth of PDAC cells in orthotopic co-implantation model. Furthermore, several clinically available antibiotics used to treat tapeworms are selective TMEM16F inhibitors. One of the widely available TMEM16F inhibitors, niclozamide, is effective in blocking cholesterol transfer from CAFs to PDAC cells in vivo. Conclusion: Our overall model is that activated CAFs initiate trogocytosis by expressing PtdSer as “eat me” signals on the surfaces of their membrane blebs. This process is regulated by Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F which is an attractive drug-amenable target to dismantle the critical metabolic dependency in PDAC on the exogenous lipids. Re-purposing of clinically available TMEM16 inhibitors will make a tangible impact on treatment of PDAC patients in the near term. Citation Format: Charline Ogier, Alena Klochkova, Linara Gabitova-Cornell, Battuya Bayarmagnai, Diana Restifo, Aizhan Surumbayeva, Debora Barbosa Vendramini-Costa, Ralph Francescone, Janusz Franco-Barraza, Jaye Gardiner, Emmanuelle Nicolas, Andrei Efimov, Elizabeth A. Handorf, Kathy Q. Cai, Bojana Gligorijevic, Edna Cukierman, Igor Astsaturov. Phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F in cancer associated fibroblasts regulates trogocytosis to sustain critical dependency of pancreatic cancer cells on exogenous lipids [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr C047.

MiR-203a-3p, miR-204-3p, miR-222-3p as useful diagnostic and prognostic tool for thyroid neoplasia spectrum.

The challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid carcinoma is to correctly classify neoplasias with overlapping features and to identify the high-risk patients among those with a less aggressive form, in order to personalize the treatment of thyroid carcinoma patients accordingly. MiR-203a-3p, miR-204-3p, and miR-222-3p levels were determined in 99 cases of thyroid neoplasias (77 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) of diverse variants, 12 follicular thyroid adenomas (FTA) and 10 nodular goiters (NG)) along with 99 adjacent non-malignant thyroid tissues using quantitative RT-PCR. The results were evaluated in comparison with the clinicopathological features of the patients and available TCGA data. Down-regulated miR-203a-3p indicates the presence of thyroid tumor (PTC or FTA) with high sensitivity (75%) and specificity (73%), while its up-regulation indicates NG. If miR-203a-3p is down-regulated, up-regulated miR-204-3p with high sensitivity (83.3%) and specificity (74.4%) indicates FTA presence, while up-regulated miR-222-3p, with high sensitivity (76.6%) and specificity (75.0%), points to PTC. The expression of miR-204-3p and miR-222-3p depends on the PTC subtype (P < 0.05). While the deregulated expression of tested miRs is associated with a long-range of unfavorable clinicopathological parameters of PTC, only abundant expression of miR-222-3p may be used as an independent predictive factor for the presence of extrathyroid invasion and advanced pTNM stage of PTC (P < 0.05). Successive evaluation of miR-203a-3p, miR-204-3p, and miR-222-3p expression can help in the differential diagnosis of thyroid neoplasias. A high relative value of miR-222-3p expression is an independent predictive factor for the presence of extrathyroid invasion and advanced pTNM stage of PTC. The panel consisting of miR-203a-3p, miR-204-3p, and miR-222-3p could be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for personalizing the treatment of thyroid cancer patients.

Knockdown of GSG2 inhibits the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo

ABSTRACT Lung cancer has been recognized as the most common malignant neoplasm of the respiratory system with extremely high morbidity, among which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority. Many published literatures have revealed the roles of GSG2 in the progression of ovarian cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. However, there were no reports on the relationship between GSG2 and NSCLC. Herein, GSG2 was identified as a potential tumor promoter in NSCLC development, whose abundant expression was observed in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent nonmalignant tissues and statistically correlated with more advanced tumor stage, more malignant grade and higher risk of lymphatic metastasis. Subsequent in vitro loss-of-function experiments indicated that GSG2 depletion could arrest cell cycle and suppress cell proliferation and migration while enhancing cell apoptosis. At the same time, the suppressive effects of GSG2 depletion on NSCLC development were verified by in vivo experiments. In conclusion, the current study identified GSG2 as a tumor promoter in development and progression of NSCLC, which could work as a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.

NTN4 as a prognostic marker and a hallmark for immune infiltration in breast cancer

Netrin-4 (NTN4), a member of neurite guidance factor family, can promote neurite growth and elongation. This study aims to investigate if NTN4 correlates with prognosis and immune infiltration in breast cancer. The prognostic landscape of NTN4 and its relationship with immune infiltration in breast cancer were deciphered with public databases and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissue samples. The expression profiling and prognostic value of NTN4 were explored using UALCAN, TIMER, Kaplan–Meier Plotter and Prognoscan databases. Based on TIMER, relationships of NTN4 expression with tumor immune invasion and immune cell surface markers were evaluated. Transcription and survival analyses of NTN4 in breast cancer were investigated with cBioPortal database. The STRING database was explored to identify molecular functions and signaling pathways downstream of NTN4. NTN4 expression was significantly lower in invasive breast carcinoma compared with adjacent non-malignant tissues. Promoter methylation of NTN4 exhibited different patterns in breast cancer. Low expression of NTN4 was associated with poorer survival. NTN4 was significantly positively related to infiltration of CD8+ T cells, macrophages and neutrophils, whereas significantly negatively related to B cells and tumor purity. Association patterns varied with different subtypes. Various associations between NTN4 levels and immune cell surface markers were revealed. Different subtypes of breast cancer carried different genetic alterations. Mechanistically, NTN4 was involved in mediating multiple biological processes including morphogenesis and migration.

Prognostic Significance of HMGA1 Expression in Lung Cancer Based on Bioinformatics Analysis.

High-mobility group protein 1 (HMGA1) participates in the processes of DNA transcription, replication, recombination, and repair. The HMGA1 gene is expressed abundantly during embryogenesis and is reactivated during carcinogenesis. HMGA1 gene expression has been associated with a high degree of malignancy, metastatic tendency, and poor survival in breast, colon, ovary, and pancreatic cancers. However, its prognostic significance in lung cancer remains unclear. Using publicly available data, HMGA1 was shown to be overexpressed in both small and non-small lung tumors, with higher expression compared to both the adjacent non-malignant lung tissues and non-tumor lung tissues of healthy individuals. Elevated HMGA1 expression could result from lowered HMGA1 methylation and was connected with some clinicopathological features like sex, age, and stage of the disease. The high HMGA1 expression level was connected with shorter overall and first progression survival time among lung adenocarcinoma patients, but not lung squamous cell carcinoma patients. HMGA1 could interact with proteins involved in cellular senescence and cell cycle control (TP53, RB1, RPS6KB1, and CDK1), transcription regulation (EP400 and HMGA2), chromatin assembly and remodeling (LMNB1), and cholesterol and isoprene biosynthesis (HMGCR and INSIG1). Taken together, HMGA1 overexpression could be an essential element of lung carcinogenesis and a prognostic feature in lung cancer.

Expansion of Lymphocytes from Prostatic Adenocarcinoma and Adjacent Nonmalignant Tissue.

Background The evaluation of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in solid malignancies has yielded insights into immune regulation within the tumour microenvironment and has also led to the development and optimisation of adoptive T cell therapies. Objectives This study examined the in vitro expansion of TILs from prostate adenocarcinoma, as a preliminary step to evaluate the potential of TILs for adoptive T cell therapy. Design, Setting, and Participants. Malignant and adjacent nonmalignant tissues were obtained from fifteen men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Interventions. There were no study interventions. Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis. Expanded cells were analysed by flow cytometry, and the data was assessed for associations between cell subpopulations and expansion rate. Results Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes could be expanded to numbers that would be needed to generate a therapeutic infusion product from nine of 15 malignant specimens (60%). The CD4+ T cells predominated over CD8+ T cells (median 56.8% CD4+, 30.0% CD8+), and furthermore, faster TIL expansion was associated with a higher proportion of CD4+ T cells (median 69.8% in faster-growing cultures; 36.8% in slower-growing cultures). A higher proportion of CD3−CD56+ cells versus CD3+ cells was associated with slower TIL expansion in cultures from malignant specimens (median 13.3% in slower-growing cultures versus 2.05% in faster-growing cultures), but not from nonmalignant specimens. Conclusions The expansion of TILs for potential therapeutic use is feasible. Our findings also indicate that further examination of TILs from prostate adenocarcinomas may yield insights into mechanisms of regulation of T cells within the tumour microenvironment. Further research is required to evaluate their therapeutic potential.