Adipose Cell Volume Research Articles

Anti-obesity effects of potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains isolated from Mongolian fermented dairy products in high-fat diet-induced obese rodent model.

This study aims to investigate the anti-obesity properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented dairy products such as "Airag" and "Khoormog" in Mongolia. These traditional dairy products are widely used in Mongolia and believe in having potential probiotic, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, and anti-tuberculosis properties and are made from unheated two-humped camel milk and mare milk, respectively. We chose three LAB strains based on their probiotic characteristics, including tolerance of gastric and bile acids. Then we checked the anti-obesity activity of probiotic strains in vivo. An animal model was evaluated in twenty male C57BL/6J mice by inducing obesity with a high-fat diet (HFD), which was divided into five groups: regular diet group (Negative control), HFD group (Positive control), HFD with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei X-1 (X-1), Lacticaseibacillus paracasei X-17 (X-17), and Limosilactobacillus fermentum BM-325 (BM-325). For six weeks, 5 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria were given orally to the LAB-fed groups. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profiles, organ index, and organ morphology were all measured. The probiotic strains suppressed growth in adipose cell volume, stabilized FBG, reduced liver cell degeneration, and slowed HFD-induced body weight gain. The results suggest that some strains increase general metabolism while lowering body weight.

Anti-obesity effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC01 by modulating lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced C57BL/6 mice.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an important group of microorganisms in the food industry. LAB with health benefits are considered natural elements promoting consumer health. The study investigated the anti-obesity effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC01 (LP-CQPC01) on high-fat diet-induced mice. Liver morphology, liver function indexes, lipid indexes, and inflammatory factors in the serum and liver were determined. Expressions of lipid metabolism-related gene were also detected by qPCR. LP-CQPC01 slowed the HFD-induced increase in body weight, decreased the organ indexes, alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation, and inhibited the increased adipose cell volume. LP-CQPC01 decreased lipid levels of serum and liver, and the contents of pro-inflammatory factors, and increased the IL-4 and IL-10 contents. LP-CQPC01 downregulated the expressions of the C/EBP-α and PPARγ mRNA and upregulated CYP7A1, CPT1, LPL, CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 mRNA. Our results indicated that LP-CQPC01 is a potential probiotic for preventing or alleviating high-energy intake-related lipid conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Obesity is a factor of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to suppress the occurrence of fat accumulation in time. This study investigated the effect of LP-CQPC01 on lipid regulation in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and clarified the mechanism of strain to alleviate obesity by enhancing the decomposition of cholesterol and detoxification of fat. LP-CQPC01 reduced fat accumulation without oxidative damage, and was confirmed by the attenuated pathological changes of liver. This research can serve as a significant reference for future research, prevention, and treatment of high-energy intake-related lipid conditions, and the development of functional foods with anti-obesity activity.

Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging of subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolic changes during weight loss.

BackgroundChanges in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) structure and metabolism have been shown to correlate with the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Measurements of AT physiology could provide new insight into metabolic disease progression and response to therapy. An emerging functional imaging technology, Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI), was used to obtain quantitative measures of near infrared (NIR) AT optical and physiological properties.Methods10 overweight or obese adults were assessed during three-months on calorie-restricted diets. DOSI-derived tissue concentrations of hemoglobin, water, and lipid and the wavelength-dependent scattering amplitude (A) and slope (b) obtained from 30 abdominal locations and three time points (T0, T6, T12) were calculated and analyzed using linear mixed effects models, and were also used to form 3D surface images.ResultsSubjects lost a mean of 11.7 ± 3.4% of starting weight, while significant changes in A (+0.23 ± 0.04 mm−1, adj. p < 0.001), b (−0.17 ± 0.04, adj. p < 0.001), tissue water fraction (+7.2 ± 1.1%, adj. p < 0.001) and deoxyhemoglobin [HbR] (1.1 ± 0.3 µM, adj. p < 0.001) were observed using mixed effect model analysis.DiscussionOptical scattering signals reveal alterations in tissue structure which possibly correlate with reductions in adipose cell volume, while water and hemoglobin dynamics suggest improved AT perfusion and oxygen extraction. These results suggest that DOSI measurements of NIR optical and physiological properties could be used to enhance understanding of the role of AT in metabolic disorders and provide new strategies for diagnostic monitoring of obesity and weight loss.

Chronic treatment with myo-inositol reduces white adipose tissue accretion and improves insulin sensitivity in female mice

Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease characterized by a state of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue or liver. Some inositol isomers have been reported to possess insulin-mimetic activity and to be efficient in lowering blood glucose level. The aim of the present study was to assess in mice the metabolic effects of a chronic treatment with myo-inositol, the most common stereoisomer of inositol. Mice given myo-inositol treatment (0.9 or 1.2 mg g−1 day−1, 15 days, orally or intraperitoneally) exhibited an improved glucose tolerance due to a greater insulin sensitivity. Mice treated with myo-inositol exhibited a decreased white adipose tissue accretion (−33%, P<.005) compared with controls. The decrease in white adipose tissue deposition was due to a decrease in adipose cell volume (−33%, P<.05), while no change was noticed in total adipocyte number. In skeletal muscle, in vivo as well as ex vivo myo-inositol treatment increased protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation under baseline and insulin-stimulated conditions, suggesting a synergistic action of myo-inositol treatment and insulin on proteins of the insulin signalling pathway. Myo-inositol could therefore constitute a viable nutritional strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Comparison of Mangalica and Hungarian Large White pigs at identical bodyweight: 1. Backfat histology (Short Communication)

Abstract. At 130 kg bodyweight Mangalica and Hungarian Large White pig adipose tissue was compared, by means of histology. Adipose cell diameter (117.2 ± 24.1 vs. 55.3 ± 17 μm, Mangalica vs. Hungarian Large White), size (118.9 ± 44.3 vs. 31.9 ± 0.63 μm2∙100) and volume (8.01 ± 0.67 vs. 2.18 ± 0.18 μm3 ∙1 000) was significantly higher in Mangalica, while the hydroxyproline content (0.04 ± 0.005 vs. 0.23 ± 0.014 weight% of wet tissue) and the connective tissue area in the microscopic images (%) were ca. 5-fold higher in Hungarian Large White. The present quantitative results underscore the experience that at identical bodyweight the fat (89.9 ± 1.19 vs. 78.9 ± 0.39 %) and dry matter content (97.8 ± 1.72 vs. 87.7 ± 0.38 %, Mangalica vs. Hungarian Large White), as well as the cellularity of Mangalica largely differs from that of Hungarian Large White.

Cirsimarin, a potent antilipogenic flavonoid, decreases fat deposition in mice intra-abdominal adipose tissue

We previously reported that the flavonoid cirsimarin exerts in vitro a strong lipolytic activity on isolated adipocytes. This study was therefore designed to evaluate in vivo the effects of cirsimarin on white adipose tissue (WAT) accretion in mice. Male CD1 mice were injected daily with either vehicle (intraperitoneal (i.p.)) or cirsimarin (25 or 50 mg kg(-1) per day, i.p.) for 18 days. Mice were killed and fat pads weighted. Epididymal fat pads were used for cellularity measurement. Effects of cirsimarin treatment on lipolysis and lipogenesis in WAT were assessed. Mice treated with 25 or 50 mg kg(-1) per day cirsimarin showed a decrease in retroperitoneal (-29 and -37% respectively, P<0.005) and epididymal (-25 and -28% respectively, P<0.005) fat pad weights compared with controls. This effect was restricted to intra-abdominal WAT as no difference was noticed for subcutaneous inguinal WAT. The decrease in intra-abdominal WAT accretion was due to a decrease in adipose cell diameter (-5 and -8% for 25 and 50 mg kg(-1) per day cirsimarin, respectively) resulting in a 14 and 35% decrease in adipose cell volume while no change was noticed in total adipocyte number. Direct injection of cirsimarin (50 mg kg(-1)) to rats did not trigger lipolysis. In contrast, cirsimarin showed in vivo as well as in vitro a strong antilipogenic activity, which may be the critical aspect of its effects on fat accretion in mice. The inhibitory concentration 50% of cirsimarin on lipogenic activity in isolated adipocytes was found to be 1.28±0.04 μM. Cirsimarin given orally reduced intra-abdominal fat accretion in mice. Cirsimarin exerts potent antilipogenic effect and decreases adipose tissue deposition in mice. Cirsimarin could therefore be a potential candidate for the treatment of obesity.

Comparison of three methods for the in vivo estimation of body composition in dairy ewes

Three methods for estimating in vivo body fat in sheep, by the assessment of body water using the deuterium oxide (Ddilution technique, adipose cell size (ACS) measurement and body condition scoring (BCS), were studied in mature ewes and compared to results obtained after slaughter and chemical analyses. Twenty Lacaune dairy ewes were slaughtered at three stages of lactation (30 days (n = 8), 60 days (n = 8) and 110 days (n = 4)), with a mean body weight (BW) of 72.7 ± 7.6 kg, 16.0 t 4.7 kg of body lipids (LIP) and 42.7 ± 3.8 kg of total body water. Body fatness ranged from 10.3 to 28.8 % of empty body weight. Although the ewes were relatively fat, the mean adipose cell volume of subcutaneous pericaudal or sternal adipose tissue (209 or 287 pl, respec- tively) was in the lower range of previously reported values, while cells from omental adipose tissue had a larger mean volume (804 pl) than has been previously reported. Due to differences in the frame of ewes, prediction of body lipids through D,O, ACS and BCS was improved by including body weight in the model. The best equations using ACS were obtained with subcutaneous fat tissues (sternal tissue: residual coefficient of variation (rCV) = 13.9 % and pericaudal: rCV = 17.8 %), fol- lowed by internal tissue (omental: rCV = 19.5 %). The rCVs of the prediction of body lipids with these in vivo methods were in general agreement with published works on cattle or sheep i.e. D 8.8 %, pericaudal ACS: 13.9 % and BCS: 16.7 %. The interest and limitations of the methods studied are dis- cussed in terms of different experimental objectives and constraints. (© Elsevier / Inra)

Human Preadipocytes Display a Depot-Specific Susceptibility to Apoptosis

Adipose tissue mass is determined by both the number and volume of adipose cells. Adipose cell number reflects the balance of cell acquisition and cell loss, whereas adipose cell volume represents the balance of lipolysis and lipogenesis. It is well recognized that insulin resistance, NIDDM, and other metabolic disorders are associated more strongly with increased omental adiposity than with subcutaneous adiposity. Depot-related differences exist in adipocyte responses to lipolytic and lipogenic stimuli, in adipocyte apoptosis, and in the potential for preadipocyte replication and differentiation. In the present study, we address the question of whether there might also be a site-specific difference in the susceptibility of human preadipocytes to apoptosis. Paired samples of human omental and subcutaneous preadipocytes from 12 individuals were cultured, and apoptosis was induced by serum deprivation or treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha for 4 h. Cells were then stained with acridine orange, and apoptotic indices were calculated as the fraction of cells showing nuclear condensation. Under both conditions, in 9 of 11 subjects, apoptotic indices were substantially greater in preadipocytes from the omental depot than in those from the subcutaneous depot, and mean apoptotic indices were more than twofold higher in omental cells (serum-free medium: P < 0.05; TNF-alpha: P < 0.02; paired t test). Omental preadipocytes are therefore more susceptible to two different apoptotic stimuli than subcutaneous preadipocytes, demonstrating another intrinsic site-specific difference between human adipose cells of the two depots. These results suggest that the regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans could involve depot-specific differences in rates of preadipocyte apoptosis.

Antilipogenic but not lipolytic effects of recombinant DNA-derived bovine somatotropin treatment on ovine adipose tissue; variation with genetic type

1. 1. Lambs from three breeds (East Friesland, Oxford and Texel) were treated with recombinant DNA-derived bovine somatotropin (BST) at 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 mg/kg per day and fat metabolism assessed in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy samples. 2. 2. BST treatment decreased adipose cell volume, fatty acid synthesis and acylglycerol glycerol synthesis but did not alter lipolytic rates (basal or noradrenaline-stimulated). 3. 3. Genetic type influenced metabolism in a number of ways, most notably East Friesland lambs had lower fatty acid esterification rates and responded poorly to BST in terms of reduced lipogenesis as compared to the Oxford and Texel lambs. 4. 4. Blood urea concentration was decreased by BST treatment suggesting increased nitrogen retention. 5. 5. These results emphasise the role of somatotropin as an inhibitor of adipose tissue lipogenesis but cast further doubt on a physiological role in regulating lipolysis.

Adipose tissue metabolism and cell size: variation between subcutaneous sites and the effect of copper supplementation

AbstractAdipose tissue cell volume, lipolytic rates, Iipoprotein lipase (LPL) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) activities were determined in biopsy samples taken from the back, shoulder, rump and groin subcutaneous fat depots of 17-month-old female sheep (no. = 24). Half of the sheep had received a copper (Cu) supplement at 6 weeks of age. Biopsy samples were taken after fasting overnight.Differences in cell volume and ACC activity were apparent between sites. Supplementation with Cu at 6 weeks of age led to a proportional increase of between 0·24 and 0·45 in adipose cell volume and a proportional increase in lipolysis which varied from 0·70 to 2·27 depending on site and hormone addition. Correlations between sites for cell volume and lipolytic activity were not high in general but those for ACC and LPL activities were higher (for ACC r = 0·40 to 0·79). Overall the best correlations were between the back and rump sites. Correlations between the various metabolic measurements and cell volume were not apparent within treatment groups.

Lipid metabolism in finishing bulls and steers implanted with oestradiol-17 β-dipropionate

ABSTRACTTwenty bull calves were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 1) intact bulls; 2) intact bulls implanted with oestradiol dipropionate; 3) steers, and 4) steers implanted with oestradiol dipropionate. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained by biopsy 5 months after implantation. Experimental treatment did not alter (P&gt; 0·05) mean adipose cell volume, diameter or cell number per g adipose tissue. Soluble protein content of adipose cells from bulls was increased by implantation, but not in steers.In vitrorates of fatty acid synthesis were higher in oestrogen-implanted cattle compared with nonimplanted cattle when expressed per g adipose tissue, but not when expressed per cell. Maximal activities of the lipogenic-related enzymes, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase, aconitate hydratase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase were higher in implanted compared with nonimplanted cattle when the activities were expressed per g tissue and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase and aconitase were also higher when expressed per adipose cell. Bulls and steers had the same basal and stimulated lipolytic rates and implantation of oestradiol dipropionate had no effect on either basal or stimulated lipolytic rate. In this experiment, the oestrogenic implant appeared to have a stimulatory effect onin vitroestimates of lipogenesis.

A note on the effects of heat stress on carcass composition and adipose tissue cellularity of ducklings

1. The effects of heat exposure (36 °C) from 14 or 18 to 28 d of age on ducklings were assessed by comparison with pair‐fed or ad libitum‐fed controls at 22 °C. From 28 d all groups were fed ad libitum at normal temperature until samples were killed at 41 or 54 d. 2. At 28 d performance was similar in heat‐exposed and respective pair‐fed controls, but poorer than in ad libitum‐fed controls. Food intake and gain were less for heat‐exposed than for pair‐fed birds at 41 and 54 d (data combined). 3. Proportional fat pad size, adipose cell volume and number were less for all groups than for ad libitum‐fed controls at 41 d, but these differences largely disappeared by 54 d. Carcass fat varied little between groups. 4. Carcass moisture was less in heat‐exposed than in pair‐fed birds at 54 d and carcass protein greater at 41 d.

Lipogenesis in isolated intramuscular adipose tissue from four bovine muscles.

The incorporation of acetate-l-14C into CO2 and total fatty acids and the activities of NADP-malate dehydrogenase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase were studied in intramuscular adipose tissue from the trapezius, longissimus, semimembranosus and pectoralis profundus muscles of 470 kg, 14-month-old Hereford × Angus steers. It was concluded that intramuscular lipid can be synthesized in situ, but at a slower rate than subcutaneous lipid. The rate of synthesis of fatty acids and CO2 from acetate-l-14C was directly related to adipose cell volume and for this reason the intramuscular adipose tissue of the pectoralis profundus muscle was more active than that of the other three muscles. The activities of the four NADPH-generating enzymes were positively related to both adipose cell volume and fatty acid synthesis. NADP-malate dehydrogenase activity was low in intramuscular adipose tissue; however, the hexose monophosphate shunt dehydrogenases and possibly NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase are capable of supplying NADPH for fatty acid synthesis in bovine intramuscular adipose tissue.

A biologic radar system for the assessment of body mass the model of a geometry sensitive endocrine system is presented

Appetite control, pubarchal timing, and catch-up growth all seem to depend, to some extent, on body mass. Information regarding this variable may be supplied to the central nervous system (“ponderostat”) by a humoral radar system employing an insulin-like molecule or dependent substrate as a signal. The intensity of this signal would vary as a function of the organism's total adipose cell surface area, which, in turn, is a product of cell size and number. The geometry of a sphere (adipose cell) is such that surface area change per unit volume change increases as the radius of the sphere is reduced. Signal shifts then are maximal when cell volume is minimal. Divergence of the adipose signal from an age-appropriate norm could influence “ponderostat” activity and, in turn, brain centers mediating appetitive and various endocrine systems. Total caloric intake and the timing of this intake with respect to somatic maturity appear to affect adipose cell volume and number respectively. If shifts in adipose surface area provide a signal source regarding organismic mass, and if this surface area reflects the quantity and chronology of antecedent nutritional events, there are obvious implications for the role of nutrition during “critical periods” in the subsequent operation of the complex systems subserving appetite, somatic growth and sexual maturation.

Bovine lipogenesis: Effects of anatomical location, breed and adipose cell size

1. 1. The incorporation of [1- 14C] acetate into total fatty acids and the activities of ‘malic enzyme’, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were higher in adipose tissue from 14-month-old Hereford × Angus steers than in tissue from 14-month-old Holstein steers. 2. 2. Adipose tissue from 8-month-old Hereford steers was less active in lipogenesis than that from older steers of the Holstein or Hereford × Angus groups. 3. 3. The conversion of [1- 14C] acetate to 14CO 2 was directly proportional to adipose cell volume, while fatty acid synthesis was positively related to cell volume in the lipogenically more active subcutaneous Hereford × Angus tissue and inversely related to adipose cell volume in the perirenal tissue from the two groups of 14-month-old steers. 4. 4. The activities of the four NADPH-generating enzymes were positively related to the average adipose cell volume, cellular water content and cellular content of soluble protein.

Effect of fat cell size, restrictive diet and diabetes on lipoprotein lipase release by human adipose tissue.

The lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) eluted from human adipose tissue was measured after percutaneous biopsy in the fasting state. A positive and significant correlation was found between LPLA per 10(6) cells or per cell surface unit and cell volume in 27 normal and obese subjects in weight balance and on maintenance diet. Such a correlation was also found in 13 diabetic subjects before treatment. In 11 obese subjects subjected to a restricted diet, LPLA dropped dramatically without a significant change in cell size, blunting the cell size effect. In diabetic subjects the LPLA per cell was significantly lower than in nondiabetic people with similar adipose cell volume.

Lipolysis and lipogenesis from glucose in human fat cells of different sizes. Effects of insulin, epinephrine, and theophylline.

Lipogenesis from glucose and lipolysis in human omental and subcutaneous fat cells were studied as functions of adipose cell size and number in adult females. Since subcutaneous fat cells were larger than those prepared from the greater omentum, a comparison could be made of the metabolism of different sizes of cells within individual subjects. Rates per cell of glyceride-glycerol and glyceride-fatty acid synthesis from glucose were similar in omental and subcutaneous fat cells incubated in the presence or absence of insulin. However, subcutaneous fat cells exhibited higher rates of basal lipolysis than omental fat cells and these differences were maintained when lipolysis was stimulated with theophylline. Different rates of lipolysis were not demonstrable after incubations with epinephrine, indicating that subcutaneous fat cells were less responsive to this hormone than smaller omental fat cells. Correlation and partial correlation analysis showed that differences in basal and theophylline-stimulated lipolysis between fat cells prepared from different subjects and between omental and subcutaneous fat cells could be accounted for by differences in adipose cell volume. In subcutaneous fat cells highly significant intercorrelations were demonstrated between cell volume, basal lipolysis, and the basal conversion of glucose to glyceride-glycerol. There was no correlation between fat cell volume, age, or relative obesity and the effects of theophylline or insulin on lipolysis or lipogenesis from glucose in vitro when the data were expressed as percentage changes above basal values.