Adipogenic Differentiation Of Mesenchymal Cells Research Articles

Bone‐Conditioned Medium Inhibits Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Cells In Vitro

Autografts are used for bone reconstruction in regenerative medicine including oral and maxillofacial surgery. Bone grafts release paracrine signals that can reach mesenchymal cells at defect sites. The impact of the paracrine signals on osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells has remained unclear. Osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis were studied with murine ST2 osteoblast progenitors, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and ATDC5 prechondrogenic cells, respectively. Primary periodontal fibroblasts from the gingiva, from the periodontal ligament, and from bone were also included in the analysis. Cells were exposed to bone-conditioned medium (BCM) that was prepared from porcine cortical bone chips. BCM inhibited osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of ST2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, as shown by histological staining and gene expression. No substantial changes in the expression of chondrogenic genes were observed in ATDC5 cells. Primary periodontal fibroblasts also showed a robust decrease in alkaline phosphatase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression when exposed to BCM. BCM also increased collagen type 10 expression. Pharmacologic blocking of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor type I kinase with SB431542 and the smad-3 inhibitor SIS3 at least partially reversed the effect of BCM on PPARγ and collagen type 10 expression. In support of BCM having TGF-β activity, the respective target genes were increasingly expressed in periodontal fibroblasts. The present work is a pioneer study on the paracrine activity of bone grafts. The findings suggest that cortical bone chips release soluble signals that can modulate differentiation of mesenchymal cells in vitro at least partially involving TGF-β signaling.

Idesolide inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells through the suppression of nitric oxide production

Obesity is a major health problem worldwide and can increase the risk for several chronic diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we screened small compounds isolated from natural products for the development of an anti-obesity drug. Among them, idesolide, a spiro compound isolated from the fruits of Idesia polycarpa Maxim, showed a significant suppression of the adipogenic differentiation in mesenchymal cells, as indicated by the decrease in fat droplets and expression of adipogenic marker genes such as aP2 and adiponectin. Idesolide inhibits the PPARγ-mediated gene transcription in a dose-dependent manner, revealed by luciferase reporter gene assay. During adipogenic differentiation, idesolide inhibits nitric oxide production through the suppression of iNOS expression, and the increased adipogenic differentiation by arginine, the substrate for NOS, is significantly inhibited by idesolide, suggesting that the inhibition of nitric oxide production plays a major role in idesolide-induced adipogenic suppression. Taken together, the results reveal that idesolide has anti-adipogenic activity and highlight its potential in the prevention and treatment of obesity.