Adipic Acid Research Articles

Injectable Polydopamine Nanoparticle-Incorporated Hydrogels for Antiangiogenesis and Stimulating Tumoricidal Immunity to Inhibit Metastasis and Recurrence Postresection.

Surgical resection is still the main means for clinical treatments of breast cancer, but the postoperative immunosuppressive microenvironment and neoangiogenesis of the residual tumors easily lead to tumor metastasis and recurrence, which will further endanger patients' lives. The combination of antiangiogenic therapy and immunotherapy may promote the mutually reinforced cycle of immune reprogramming and vascular normalization to avoid tumor metastasis and recurrence. Herein, we prepared polydopamine nanoparticles for improving tissue adhesion and enriching tumor-associated antigens. This nanoregulator together with regorafenib (REG) was further incorporated into a hydrogel developed from grafting adipic acid dihydrazide onto 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical oxidized chitin and oxidized hyaluronic acid, which was injectable at the cavity after subcutaneous tumor surgery with good mechanical properties and degradability. The system showed long-term release of REG. After combining with anti-PD-L1, the hydrogel applied to the surgical wound exhibited a reduction in tumor metastasis and recurrence. This effect was achieved by suppressing angiogenesis and enhancing antitumor immunity, characterized by increased levels of effector T lymphocytes and activation of dendritic cells within tumors, spleens, and draining lymph nodes. The injectable hydrogel offers a promising strategy for postoperative management aimed at preventing tumor metastasis and recurrence.

Major-auxiliary cooperative metal pairs in MOFs enable cascade oxidation of KA oil to ε-caprolactone

Direct oxidation of KA oil (the mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol) toward ε-caprolactone is in high demand yet hard to implement in need of juggling the activation of both methyne C-H bond of cyclohexanol and α-C-C bond of cyclohexanone. Here we demonstrate that in situ formed Cu1+δ-Oδ-• active site, which originates from relay reaction at Ni(II) and Cu(I) pairs in a metal-organic framework (known as NiCu-MOF-74) with O2 and benzaldehyde (PhCHO), efficiently oxidizes KA oil toward ɛ-caprolactone along with good stability. Mechanism investigation discloses that the auxiliary Ni(II) site first adsorbs O2 for abstracting formyl hydrogen in PhCHO followed by transfer of PhCO· to react with another O2 over the major Cu(I) site, leading to formation of Cu1+δ-Oδ-• and PhCOOH. This major-auxiliary cooperative strategy will be particularly suitable for multivariate MOFs as next generation catalysts towards complex reactions.

One-step fabrication of Bi2MoO6 nanowires-g-C3N4 composites for outstanding photocatalytic performance in cyclohexane oxidation

Selective oxidation of cyclohexane into cyclohexanone (K) and cyclohexanol (A) stands as a pivotal process in industrial chemistry. However, the challenges associated with activating the C-H bond and the vulnerability of KA oil to over-oxidation detract from the economic significance of this reaction. This study focuses on the preparation of a bismuth molybdate ultrathin nanowires-carbon nitride (Bi2MoO6-g-C3N4) heterojunction through a one-step hydrothermal approach for significantly improving the photocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane. Bi2MoO6 ultrafine nanowires with the diameter of 6 nm were adhered tightly on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets with the assistance of oleyl amine. The type II heterojunction of Bi2MoO6-g-C3N4 composite facilitated a more efficient separation of charges and boosted the photocatalytic performance in the cyclohexane oxidation. The Bi2MoO6-g-C3N4 composite demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic performance with a 10.66 % conversion rate of cyclohexane, surpassing the individual efficiencies of Bi2MoO6 and g-C3N4 by 1.9 and 2.2 times, respectively. Moreover, it demonstrated an outstanding KA oil selectivity of 99.32 %, showcasing exceptional levels of both conversion and selectivity simultaneously. Through the utilization of photoelectrochemical analysis, research on band structures, experiments on radical trapping and monitoring, we have extensively investigated the mechanism of photocatalysis. The type II charge transfer in Bi2MoO6-g-C3N4 heterojunction restricted the redox capacity of electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band, effectively curbing over-oxidation reactions of KA oil, thus achieving remarkable KA oil selectivity. It offers a valuable insight into the creation of heterojunctions to boost the efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane, showing promise for advancing the field of photocatalysis.

Untargeted metabolomics profiling for revealing water-soluble bioactive components and biological activities in edible bird’s nest

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a functional food renowned for its numerous health benefits. While its nutritional and therapeutic value is well-documented, the metabolites contributing to the bioactivities of EBN remain poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the metabolites present in EBN subjected to different treatments, including double-boiled EBN (EBNdb), EBN hydrolysate (EBNhydro), EBN fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus (EBNLH), Latilactobacillus curvatus (EBNLC), and Latilactobacillus sakei (EBNLS) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and correlate the identified bioactive metabolites with the bioactivities of EBN. It was found that the fermented EBNs exhibited the highest number of metabolites, with 76 tentatively identified, followed by EBNhydro (45) and EBNdb (37). Citric acid (1.97–4.48 g/kg) was present in all treated EBN samples, while L(+)-lactic acid (3.03–8.07 g/kg) and adipic acid (2.33–3.18 g/kg) were only found in fermented EBNs. Among the treated EBN samples, EBNLC demonstrated the significantly highest (p ≤ 0.05) antioxidative (22.34 ± 0.41 % 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical scavenging activity), antihypertensive (5.46 ± 0.26 % angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity), and antihyperglycemic activities (6.48 ± 0.34 % α-amylase inhibitory activity). A total of 18 metabolites, including citric acid, 4-sphingenin, N-acetylcitrulline, 4-aminophenol, L(+)-lactic acid, 2-oxoadipate, sildenafil, formylglycinamidin-RP, 11β,17α,21-α-5β-pregnane-3,20-dione, 2-ketobutyric acid, homoserine, benzaldehyde, 1-pyrroline4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate, nortriptyline, 1-methylguanine, 3-hydroxy-trimethyllysine, 3-phenylpropionate, and reserphine were predicted as bioactive metabolites using the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). This study provides valuable insights into the metabolites present in EBN and serves as fundamental data for future investigations into the bioactive compounds responsible for its specific health benefits, potentially leading to the development of enhanced EBN-based functional foods.

Improved Hydrothermal Conversion of Pea Pod Biomass for Production of Platform Chemicals with Organic Acid Catalysts

Agro-industries produce over 2 billion tons of agricultural waste annually, including by-products like bagasse, molasses, seeds, stems, leaves, straw, and shells. The use of agro-industrial waste is a way to reduce the impact of industrial processes on the environment. The pea pod is a biomass with a high concentration of cellulose, hemicellulose and some lignin; therefore, it can be used to produce platform chemicals by means of a hydrothermal process. There is limited research on the hydrolysis of pea biomass, but it has been shown to obtain high yields. This study analyzed the effectiveness and selectivity of the hydrothermal process using pea pod biomass with a particle size of 0.5 mm at 180 °C for one hour. A 500 mL reactor was used, with a biomass-to-acid solution ratio of 1:20. The concentration of the acid solution was 0.02 M. The concentrations of sugar, formic acid, levulinic acid, HMF, and furfural produced were measured. Among the catalysts studied, adipic acid catalysis showed the highest yield of 65.16%, with 37.09% of sugar, 16.37% of formic acid, and 11.71% of levulinic acid. On the other hand, the catalysts with chloroacetic acid, butyric acid, anthranilic acid, and phthalic acid were less effective but demonstrated selectivity for sugar production, proving that the liquid phase obtained using the catalyst with those acids can be used as carbon sources for a fermentation process. In general, when comparing the process with or without the use of a catalyst, it is observed that with a catalyst in the reaction, the amount of HMF and furfural produced is reduced and the selectivity with respect to sugar production is increased.

A drug-loaded nano chitosan/hyaluronic acid hydrogel system as a cartilage tissue engineering scaffold for drug delivery

Cartilage lesions, especially osteoarthritis (OA), usually arise from aging, trauma, or obesity and require medical intervention due to the damaged site's inflammation and the cartilage tissue's poor self-healing capacity. This study aimed to prepare a drug-loaded nanoparticle hydrogel system with anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects to treat OA. First, hyaluronic acid (HA) was oxidized to create aldehyde functional groups and then cross-linked with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) to form a hydrogel. Next, chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) loaded with an anti-inflammatory molecule (fisetin) and or a chondrogenic and chondroprotective agent (kartogenin) were incorporated into the hyaluronan hydrogel to improve the release profile of the drug and increase its retention time in the joint cavity. Incorporating drug-loaded NPs into the hyaluronan hydrogel provided the hydrogel with controlled release features and improved properties. In addition, the real-time PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) results showed that the hyaluronan hydrogel containing both drug-loaded NPs performed better than either constituent alone on an in vitro model of OA. Finally, based on the results of in vitro evaluation, this drug-loaded nanoparticle hydrogel system can be a promising technique for treating OA by rapidly suppressing inflammation and supporting cartilage regeneration and requires further investigation in an animal model of OA. Meanwhile, this study investigated, for the first time, the effect of the simultaneous use of fisetin and kartogenin together with a nano CS/HA hydrogel system to treat OA.

Determining factor of enzyme conjugates, bridge heterology and analytical variables of immunogens in prednisolone ELISA

In this study, adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH), carbohydrazide (CH), ethylenediamine (EDA), and urea (U) were used as spacer molecules, covalently linking prednisolone (PSL) to carrier proteins for immunogen preparation, and PSL to enzymes for enzyme conjugate preparation using N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-mediated carbodiimide reactions. The resulting immunogens were used to generate antiserum in New Zealand white rabbits. Antibodies produced against immunogens with various spacers were tested for immunoreactivity with enzyme conjugates, both with and without spacers, in a total of twenty different combinations. All combinations demonstrated binding and were subsequently evaluated through displacement studies. Sensitivity and specificity tests revealed that the combination of PSL-21-HS-U-BSA-antibody with PSL-21-HS-HRP enzyme conjugate exhibited the best sensitivity (0.032 ng/mL) and limited cross-reactivity with other steroids. This combination was further examined for analytical parameters, showing recovery rates of 93.87–101.19 % for PSL from spiked human serum samples, with intra- and inter-assay CVs of <8.88 %. The serum PSL values obtained by this method showed strong correlation with a commercially available ELISA kit (r2 = 0.97, n = 78).

Altering the Solid Electrolyte Interface Through Surface-Modification of Lithium Metal Anode for High-Voltage Lithium Battery

Abstract The physical structure and chemical composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) affect the performance of the lithium metal anode. The tuning of the chemical composition and structure of the SEI through the surface modification of the lithium metal anode has been conducted. A series of dicarboxylic acids, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, and adipic acid have been utilized to modify the surface of the lithium anode. Physical characterization methods have been employed to study the surface morphology and chemical composition of the SEI. Symmetrical (Li/Li) and asymmetrical (NMC622/Li) cells with pristine lithium and surface modified lithium electrodes have been assembled and tested. NMC622/Li cell with surface modified lithium shows improved performance compared to that of pristine lithium. Malonic acid-treated lithium outperforms all the electrodes by retaining 141 mAh/g specific capacity even after 100 cycles of charge-discharge. XPS depth profiling analysis reveals that the SEI on the MA-Li contains evenly distributed organic and inorganic components which are responsible for the performance of MA-Li.

Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant Properties, GC-MS, and FTIR Profiles of Myrica esculenta Fruit Extracts from Western East Khasi Hills of Meghalaya.

This study investigates the phytoconstituents of Myrica esculenta fruit extracts using various solvents, including n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several phytochemicals, with the highest concentration found in the methanol extract. The total phenolic (94.5±0.96 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) and flavonoid (74.27±0.29 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) contents were also highest in the methanol extract. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The methanol extract exhibited superior antioxidant activity with DPPH and ABTS IC50 values of 22.27±0.98 μg/ml and 19.69±0.36 μg/ml, respectively, compared to ascorbic acid. FRAP activity was also highest in the methanol extract (87.125±0.33 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified antioxidant compounds hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, methyl 11,12-octadecadienoate, and pentadecanoic acid. while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis detected functional groups such as alkenes, ketones, esters, alcohols and carboxylic acids. These findings suggest that the methanolic extract of M. esculenta fruits is a rich source of natural antioxidants, making it suitable for pharmaceutical, health, and nutritional supplements aimed at enhancing overall health.

Improving the discharge performance of aqueous Mg-air battery using dicarboxylic acid additives

The aqueous Mg-air battery has promising applications in energy storage system. To improve the discharge performance of the Mg anode, four dicarboxylic acids including oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid are used as electrolyte additive for the aqueous Mg-air battery. The influence of the four selected additives and their reaction mechanism are systematically investigated by hydrogen evolution, electrochemical experiments (OCP, half/full-cell test, EIS), SEM, XRD, XPS and DFT calculations. The experiment results demonstrate that the dicarboxylic acid electrolyte additive can active the Mg anode evidently by increasing the hydrogen evolution volume and negative shift of discharge potentials. The surface morphology and the chemical composition analyses demonstrate that the four selected additives can form soluble complexes with Mg2+. The oxalic acid is the best electrolyte additive among the four dicarboxylic acids. The chelating ability of the additives and the pH of the electrolyte both affect the discharge performance of the Mg anode. The mechanism by which the dicarboxylic acids additives improve the discharge performance of the Mg anode is further proved by DFT calculations. It is the soluble Mg2+ complex (MgL, L: dicarboxylate) formed between the additives and the Mg anode that inhibit the formation of the corrosion products and promote the dissolution of the Mg anode, thus enhance the discharge performance of the Mg anode.

Developing a new process for adipic acid production

Developing a new process for adipic acid production

High-Efficiency and Fast Hydrogen Production from Sodium Borohydride: The Role of Adipic Acid in Hydrolysis, Methanolysis and Ethanolysis Reactions.

In this study, hydrogen production through the hydrolysis, ethanolysis, and methanolysis reactions of NaBH4 using adipic acid as a catalyst was investigated for the first time. Adipic acid solutions were prepared with methanol and ethanol at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 M. In these reactions, NaBH4-MR (methanolysis) and NaBH4-ER (ethanolysis) reactions were carried out at 30, 40, and 50 °C with NaBH4 concentrations of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%. Hydrolysis reactions (NaBH4-HR) were conducted at 0.1 M under the same conditions. In the ethanolysis and methanolysis reactions at 30 °C, total hydrogen conversion was achieved at 0.3 M, 0.4 M, and 0.5 M. However, in the hydrolysis reactions, total hydrogen production was only obtained at 50 °C. It was observed that in the NaBH4-MR and NaBH4-ER reactions, total hydrogen conversion could be achieved within 4-5 s. The utilization of adipic acid as a catalyst for hydrogen production from NaBH4 through ethanolysis and methanolysis reactions is proposed as a highly efficient and fast method, characterized by impressive conversion rates.

Needle growth of Nb2O5 nanoparticles on BiOCl nanosheets to fabricate S-scheme heterojunction with oxygen vacancies for enhanced photooxidation of cyclohexane

The exploration of cost-efficient, environmentally friendly, and high-efficacy photocatalysts for the enhanced selective photooxidation of cyclohexane to KA oil (cyclohexanone (CHA-one) and cyclohexanol (CHA-ol)) is a pivotal challenge in the industrial realm. Herein, the present study focuses on the synthesis of needle-like S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with oxygen vacancies, which are achieved by the needle growth integration of nano-sized Nb2O5 particles onto the BiOCl nanosheets. Remarkably, the 40 % Nb2O5/BiOCl composites exhibited superior performance in the solvent-free photooxidation of cyclohexane at room-temperature and under atmospheric pressure. The production yield of KA oil was 180.3 μmol (CHA-one/CHA-ol molar ratio = 3.5), and exceptional selectivity towards KA oil, reaching up to 99.3 %. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in cyclohexane oxidation can be attributed to the unique S-scheme heterogeneous interfaces with specific nanoneedle morphology, which result in the enhanced photonic absorption, effective charge carrier separation, a high density of oxygen vacancies, and the exposure of the highly reactive (001) plane of BiOCl. The excellent interfacial charge separation and transfer pathways of S-scheme heterojunction are disclosed by the in-depth EPR analysis and DFT calculations. These insights highlight the significant potential of the needle-like Bi-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for the efficient photooxidation of saturated alkanes.

Microbial production of adipic acid from 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid for biocatalytic upcycling of polycaprolactone

To valorize waste polycaprolactone (PCL), one of the most widely used biodegradable plastics, into a value-added chemical, we upcycled 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), the sole monomer of PCL, into adipic acid (AA) using a microbial method. Recombinant Escherichia coli strains expressing chnD (6-HHA dehydrogenase) and chnE (6-oxohexanoic acid dehydrogenase) genes from three bacteria were constructed, and all these strains successfully produced AA from 6-HHA. Among these, the E. coli strain harboring ChnDE genes from Acinetobacter strain SE19 (E. coli [pKK-AcChn]) showed the highest AA-producing ability. To increase the AA production titer, we optimized the culture temperature of this strain in flask culture and performed fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. After the fed-batch fermentation, the AA production titer increased to 15.6 g/L. As 6-HHA is a monomer of PCL, our results provide the groundwork for the development of a biocatalytic upcycling method of PCL.

Characterization and Crystal Structural Analysis of Novel Carvedilol Adipate and Succinate Ethanol-Solvated Salts

Two ethanol-solvated adipate and succinate salts of carvedilol (CVD), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class 2 drug, were synthesized by crystallizing ethanol with adipic acid (ADP) and succinic acid (SUA). Proton transfer from ADP and SUA to CVD and the presence of ethanol in the two novel compounds were confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The two novel ethanol-solvated salts exhibited enhanced solubility and dissolution rates compared with pure carvedilol in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Additionally, the morphologies and attachment energies of the two novel compounds and pure CVD were calculated based on their single-crystal structures, revealing a correlation between attachment energy and dissolution rate.

Bio-sourced multifunctional adsorbent of chitosan and adipic acid activated-dragon fruit peels for organic dye removal from water: Eco-friendly management and valorization of biomass

Employing sustainable biomaterials obtained from waste biomass and biopolymers provides a very promising method for eliminating organic dyes from wastewater. This study presents a novel adsorbent of modified dragon fruit peels and chitosan, addressing wastewater treatment and environmental waste management. Precisely, a bio-sourced multifunctional (high level of functional groups) adsorbent (hereinafter, CHS/DFP-ADP) was developed from chitosan and adipic acid activated-dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peels. This biomaterial was applied to effectively adsorb organic pollutants (safranin O dye, SAF-O) from water. The adsorption variables, namely A: CHS/DFP-ADP dosage (0.02–0.08 g), B: pH (4–10), and C: duration (10–40 min), were modeled and optimized using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The results of the BBD model showed the optimum adsorption parameters for achieving the highest level of SAF-O removal (94.83 %) were as follows: CHS/DFP-ADP does = 0.049 g, the pH ∼ 10, and the contact duration = 40 min. The experimental results on the dye adsorption by CHS/DFP-ADP demonstrated conformity with the pseudo-first-order and Freundlich models. The biomaterial demonstrated a significant capability to adsorb SAF-O dye, with an adsorption capacity of 607.2 mg/g. The adsorption process of the cationic dye on the CHS/DFP-ADP involves several interactions, such as Yoshida H-bonding, electrostatic forces, n-π, and H-bonding. This work aligns with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable development, offering an innovative approach to tackle environmental concerns and promote the circular economy. The present effort meets several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 14 (Life Below Water).

Coordinated reprogramming of ATP metabolism strongly enhances adipic acid production in Escherichia coli

Maintaining a delicate balance of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) is crucial not only for optimal cellular functions but also for improved metabolite production, indicating the need for careful regulation of ATP demands in metabolic engineering. This study explored the modification of ATP metabolism to enhance adipic acid production in Escherichia coli, focusing on the reverse adipate degradation pathway (RADP), and ATP-consuming cycles were fine-tuned by controlling the overexpression of genes (panK and acs) to balance ATP consumption and adipic acid production. As a result, we successfully achieved a significant increase (19.5-fold) in adipic acid production, reaching 1,093.11 mg/L in a shake flask, compared to that in the control strain (wild-type E. coli harboring the RADP). Our transcriptomic analysis indicated that modulation of ATP metabolism, along with a balanced supply of pathway precursors, affects metabolic fluxes, enhancing adipic acid biosynthesis in E. coli. This study suggests the potential of metabolic reprogramming of ATP to meet biosynthetic demands, which may improve the production of adipic acid and other ATP-derived chemicals.

Monitoring a batch crystallization process by acoustic emission

Crystallization is regarded as an important unit operation for separation and purification, as well as the production of solid particles with specified end-use properties. However, it is still difficult to control or to optimize the crystallization process due to the complexity of the coupled phenomena taking place simultaneously in the liquid and solid phases. In order to overcome such drawback, different analytical technologies have been implemented in the literature for monitoring (in situ, at best) the key crystallization parameters, e.g. solute concentration and crystal size distribution, which in turn enhances the comprehension about this operation. In our work, a multi-probe monitoring system composed of acoustic emission, ATR-FTIR and imaging probes was applied to the crystallization of a model system (an aqueous solution of adipic acid) in a semi-batch crystallizer. The crystallization was carried out under two different feed rates and under vacuum or atmospheric pressure. The goal was to demonstrate the usefulness of the multi-probe system for monitoring the crystallization process and to study the influence of the process (stirring rotation speed, cooling speed, etc.) on the acoustic emission. As a matter of fact, the multi-probe system tracked information about the dissolved adipic acid in the liquid phase with the ATR-FTIR spectrometry, while the crystal size, shape and number were monitored with the help of the imaging probe (with image treatment methods). The acoustic emission probes were used to detect the beginning of crystallization and the phenomena of crystal growth and agglomeration

Cyanobacterial hydrothermal carbonization carbon as photocatalyst for selective aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane

The exploration of catalyst preparation techniques that incorporate environmental-friendly methodologies has consistently been the focus of scientific inquiry within the field of green synthesis of oxygen-containing organic chemicals. Herein, a metal-free hydrothermal carbonation carbon (HTCC) has been prepared utilizing cyanobacterial biomass produced during a water bloom in a freshwater lake. The HTCC produced is capable of performing photocatalytic selective oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone (KA oil) under ambient conditions. The use of cyanobacterial biomass allows for the efficient preparation of HTCC, which exhibits a conversion rate of cyclohexane that is 4.1 times of HTCC prepared with alternative carbon sources (glucose). The selectivity to KA oil over the samples are almost 100%. Characterizations and analysis reveal that cyanobacteria can lead to self-doping of nitrogen and hydrophobicity of the resulting HTCC, while sulfuric acid etching endow it with more photoactive sp2 hybridized structure units that contribute to a higher photogenerated carrier separation efficiency. The suitable band structure enables the cyanobacterial HTCC to produce superoxide radicals to oxidize cyclohexane. These findings are of great significance for the development of eco-friendly photocatalysts and the utilization of biomass resources.

Deployment of Dedicative Nanoadditives to Enhance the Thermal Behavior and Effectiveness of Heat Transfer Performance of Eutectic Compound

ABSTRACTTwo nanoprecursors with capping agents were incorporated in stearyl alcohol–adipic acid combination phase change material (PCM) in this study. The addition of nanomaterials made the eutectic reliable in the manner of its thermal properties like higher enthalpy, degradation point, and more compatible with the metal encapsulation materials when compared with the pristane eutectic. The importance of nano‐metal oxides in parent material was shown by the reduced time frame of the PCM's thermal energy storing and releasing process for space heating applications. The specific heat capacity of both the aluminum and titanium oxide nanocomposites were greater than the eutectic, which indicates that the material can retain more energy. The thermal conductivities of base material and nanocomposite PCMs were 0.2686, 0.2815, and 0.4395 W/mK at 40°C, and the highest percentage increment of nanocomposites was seen as 9.19% and 63.62% at varied encircled temperatures. The crystal structure and chemical disintegration were evinced with the X‐ray diffractometer results of the composites.