Alternating Direction Implicit Research Articles

Heat transfer analysis of Cu-Water nanofluid in a square enclosure using Caputo fractional derivative and machine learning

Fractional-based fluid transport modeling provides a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the thermophysical properties of small-scale fluids and polymer solutions. Moreover, the fractional-order fluid dynamics framework finds applications in various fields, including renewable energy systems, thermal energy storage, and oil storage tanks. Inspired by these developments, the current study addresses the computational challenges inherent in modeling nanofluid dynamics within a square enclosure by introducing a fractional-order approach to enhance the simulation of buoyant flow and heat transport. Our model integrates the linear interpolation (L1 approach) and finite difference approximation for temporal and spatial derivatives by utilizing the Caputo time-fractional derivative instead of the conventional time derivative. This integration facilitates the use of the Backward Difference Alternating Direction Implicit (BD-ADI) method, which was specifically chosen to reduce the computational burden associated with the non-local characteristics of fractional models. Our results show that by altering the fractional order, significant improvements in heat transfer efficiency are achieved compared to classical models. For instance, compared to the integer order, a lower fractional-order parameter of γ=0.80 with a 4% nanoparticle volume fraction at a Rayleigh number of 103 increases the heat transfer rate by 15.77%. However, at a Rayleigh number of 106, the enhancement reduces to 4.15%, indicating that fractional adjustments’ influence diminishes at higher thermal buoyancy levels. This behavior of the fractional-order nanofluid model, influenced by thermal buoyancy force, has been investigated by using a Multiple Linear Regression(MLR) analysis with 258 numerical samples. Besides, MLR analysis further identifies the nanoparticle volume fraction as a critical factor, influencing the heat transfer rate by 10.48% at lower fractional-order settings.

Compressional rheology model for vacuum filtration-consolidation of sludge in geotextile tubes

Recently, the disposal of high-water-content dredged sludge through geotextile tubes with vacuum-assisted prefabricated horizontal drains (PHD) has gained growing popularity for its convenience and efficiency. However, existing simulations for this typical coupled filtration-consolidation process using conventional consolidation models exhibit deficiencies due to the absence of effective stress and invalidity of Darcy’s law in the particle-wandering filtration phase. In this study, based on the compressional rheology theory, a two-dimensional coupled filtration-consolidation model constituted by the compressive yield stress Py(ϕ) and hindered setting factor r(ϕ) is developed to elucidate the solid-solid and solid-fluid interactions during slurry dewatering. A novel approach for measuring consistent Py(ϕ) and r(ϕ) relationships is proposed. The numerical solution is derived utilizing the alternating direction implicit (ADI) difference method and verified against a classical one-dimensional compressional rheology model and a field trial. Further analysis suggests that constitutive parameters, e.g., gel point, affect the dewatering efficiency by determining the relative degree of soil disorder, obstruction to particle movement, and vacuum transmission effect, while design parameters, e.g., PHD spacing and tube height, impact the magnitude and radiation range of vacuum pressure to influence the overall efficiency.

Compact ADI Difference Scheme for the 2D Time Fractional Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

In this paper, we will introduce a compact alternating direction implicit (ADI) difference scheme for solving the two-dimensional (2D) time fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The difference scheme is constructed by using the L1−2−3 formula to approximate the Caputo fractional derivative in time and the fourth-order compact difference scheme is adopted in the space direction. The proposed difference scheme with a convergence accuracy of O(τ1+α+hx4+hy4)(α∈(0,1)) is obtained by adding a small term, where τ, hx, hy are the temporal and spatial step sizes, respectively. The convergence and unconditional stability of the difference scheme are obtained. Moreover, numerical experiments are given to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the difference scheme.

A novel fast tempered algorithm with high-accuracy scheme for 2D tempered fractional reaction-advection-subdiffusion equation

In this article, we propose a novel and computationally efficient difference scheme for evaluating the Caputo tempered fractional derivative (TFD). Our approach introduces a new fast tempered FλL2−1σ difference method, achieving a higher convergence rate of order O(Δt3−α). Specifically, we apply this method to a class of two-dimensional tempered-fractional reaction-advection-subdiffusion equations (2D-TF-RASDE) characterized by the tempered parameter λ and a tempered fractional derivative of order α, (where 0<α<1). The novel fast tempered scheme is based on the sum of exponents (SOE) technique. Additionally, we develop a novel high order compact finite difference (CFD) scheme using an alternating direction implicit (ADI) formulation for the 2D-TF-RASDE. We investigate the stability and convergence of this FLλ2−1σ-ADI-CD scheme. Numerical simulations reveal a convergence order of O(Δt1+α+hϰ4+hy4+ϵ) under robust regularity assumptions underlining the scheme's superior computational efficiency. Furthermore, our computational results align well with theoretical analysis, demonstrating both accuracy and reduced computational complexity and storage requirements as compared to the standard tempered Lλ2−1σ-ADI-CD scheme. Notably, the fast tempered FLλ2−1σ-ADI-CD scheme exhibits competitive performance and reduced CPU time relative to the standard Lλ2−1σ-ADI-CD scheme, thereby offering a distinct advantage for efficiently solving complex fractional differential equations.

A new linearized ADI compact difference method on graded meshes for a nonlinear 2D and 3D PIDE with a WSK

In this work, a new linearized alternating direction implicit (ADI) compact difference method (CDM) is proposed for solving nonlinear two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) partial integrodifferential equation (PIDE) with a weakly singular kernel (WSK). The time derivative is treated by Crank-Nicolson (CN) method and the Riemann-Liouville (R-L) integral by product integration (PI) rule on graded meshes. The linear interpolation combining with Taylor formula is applied in time to deal with nonlinear term v∇v in interval (t0,t1), and linear interpolation concerning two previous time points is employed to deal with v∇v in intervals (tn−1,tn),n≥2. A linearized semi-discrete scheme is obtained, which can achieve second-order convergence in time. Then via introducing two kinds of compact difference operators to discretize the spatial derivatives. To improve the computing efficiency, we construct a ADI compact difference method. It is the first time that the ADI compact difference method is applied for the nonlinear 2D and 3D PIDE with a WSK. The advantage of our proposed scheme is that it not only has second-order accuracy in time and fourth-order accuracy in space, but also fast computational speed, just by solving the linear coupled equations for tridiagonal matrices. In addition, we prove the existence, uniqueness and convergence of 2D scheme. Four numerical examples in 2D and 3D are present to demonstrate our proposed method.

The High-Order ADI Difference Method and Extrapolation Method for Solving the Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Parabolic Evolution Equations

In this paper, the numerical solution for two-dimensional nonlinear parabolic equations is studied using an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) Crank–Nicolson (CN) difference scheme. Firstly, we use the CN format in the time direction, and then use the CN format in the space direction before discretizing the second-order center difference quotient. In addition, we strictly prove that the proposed ADI difference scheme has unique solvability and is unconditionally stable and convergent. The extrapolation method is further applied to improve the numerical solution accuracy. Finally, two numerical examples are given to verify our theoretical results.

PDE-convergence in euclidean norm of AMF-W methods for multidimensional linear parabolic problems

This work considers space-discretised parabolic problems on a rectangular domain subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. For the time integration s-stage AMF-W-methods, which are ADI (alternating direction implicit) type integrators, are considered. They are particularly efficient when the space dimension m of the problem is large. Optimal results on PDE-convergence have recently been obtained in [S. González-Pinto, E. Hairer and D. Hernández-Abreu, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 417 (2023) 114642.] for the case m = 2. The aim of the present work is to extend these results to arbitrary space dimension m ≥ 3. It is explained which order statements carry over from the case m = 2 to m ≥ 3, and which do not.

A fully discrete GL-ADI scheme for 2D time-fractional reaction-subdiffusion equation

Alternating direction implicit (ADI) difference method for solving a 2D reaction-subdiffusion equation whose solution behaves a weak singularity at t=0 is studied in this paper. A Grünwald-Letnikov (GL) approximation is used for the discretization of Caputo fractional derivative (of order α, with 0<α<1) on a uniform mesh. Stability and convergence of the fully discrete ADI scheme are rigorously established. With the help of a discrete fractional Gronwall inequality, we get the sharp error estimate. The stability in L2 norm and the convergence of the GL-ADI scheme are strictly proved, where the convergent order is O(τtsα−1+τ2α+h12+h22). Numerical experiments are given to verify the theoretical analysis.

Coupled filtration–consolidation model for vacuum-preloaded soft ground

The widespread utilisation of vacuum-assisted prefabricated vertical drains for managing clayey soft ground has led to the development of numerous consolidation models. However, these models have limitations when describing the filtration behaviour of soil under conditions of high water content, without the formation of a particle network. To address this issue effectively, in this work, based on the compressional rheology theory, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model incorporating the compressive yield stress Py(ϕ) and a hindered setting factor r(ϕ) was developed to couple the filtration and consolidation of soil under vacuum preloading. A novel approach for determining the unified ϕ–Py–r relationships was introduced. The equation governing such fluid/solid and solid/solid interactions was solved using the alternative direction implicit method, and the numerical solutions were validated against the one-dimensional filtration cases, three-dimensional laboratory model tests and large-scale field trials. Further parametric analysis suggests that the radius of the representative unit and r(ϕ) exclusively affect the dewatering rate of the clayey slurry, while the gel point and Py(ϕ) influence both the dewatering rate and the final deformation.

A fast H3N3‐2σ$_\sigma$‐based compact ADI difference method for time fractional wave equations

AbstractIn the present paper, we derive a fast H3N3‐2‐based compact alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme for the time fractional wave equation in two‐dimensional spatial domains. The time fractional derivative involved in the equation is discretized by the H3N3‐2 formula combined with sum‐of‐exponential technique. The former was first proposed by Du et al., while the latter has become a widely used technique to reduce the computational cost in the processing of convolution integrals. The spatial discretization adopts the standard compact ADI method, which can ensure that the space can reach the fourth‐order accuracy without increasing the amount of computation. The numerical stability and convergence of the difference scheme are analyzed rigorously. As an auxiliary illustration, a numerical example is given to verify the validity of the theoretical findings.

A general alternating-direction implicit Newton method for solving continuous-time algebraic Riccati equation

The complex continuous-time algebraic Riccati equation (CCARE) is quadratic, which is closely related to the analysis of the optimal control problem. In this paper, we apply Newton method as the outer iteration and an efficient general alternating-direction implicit (GADI) method as the inner iteration to solve CCARE. Meanwhile, we propose the inexact Newton-GADI method to further improve the efficiency of the algorithm. We give the convergence analysis of our proposed method and prove that its convergence rate is faster than the classical Newton-ADI method. Finally, some numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithms and the correctness of the theoretical analysis.

Thermo-mechanical responses of rubber concrete post-exposure to elevated temperatures

This manuscript introduces a hybrid approach merging the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method with the Crank Nicolson scheme, renowned for its unconditional stability, for forecasting the thermo-mechanical responses of rubber concrete experiencing thermal shock. Various proportions of rubber aggregate (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) are investigated under a constant humidity level (3%). The governing equation for coupled thermo-mechanical phenomena, derived from the heat conduction equation, is delineated, followed by discretization employing the proposed methodology. A comparative analysis between the analytical solution, featuring temperature and time-dependent constants, and the numerical outcomes is conducted to validate the proposed algorithm. Additionally, the impact of temperature on mechanical parameters like tensile strength, compressive strength, and elastic modulus is deliberated. The findings, including 3D contour plots and the temporal evolution of temperature and each mechanical parameter, affirm the capability of our numerical framework in anticipating and scrutinizing the thermo-mechanical dynamics of rubber concrete under fire-induced loading conditions.

Stepwise Alternating Direction Implicit Method of the Three Dimensional Convective-Diffusion Equation

A stepwise alternating direction implicit method of the three dimensional convective-diffusion equation is considered in this paper. We constructed an implicit difference scheme and analyzes it's truncation error, convergence and stabilities. The theoretical and numerical analysis shows that the implicit difference scheme is unconditional stable. Then the Greedy Algorithm is proposed to solve the numerical solution on x,y and z axis separately by using implicit difference scheme and the numerical solution is convergent theoretically, however with no physical meaning. The Stepwise Alternating Direction Implicit Method (SADIM) is proposed, which uses the implicit difference scheme in this paper. Using Sauls scheme to pretreat the initial-boundary condition before iterating, thus eliminate the numerical oscillation caused by discontinuous initial boundary conditions. This SADIM is at least six ordered convergent, and is one of high ordered numerical methods for three dimensional problem. Our implicit difference scheme is more ideal than the standard Galerkin centered on finite difference scheme, quicker than SOR iteration method. The convergence of our implicit scheme is better than finite element method, characteristic line method, and mesh-less method. Our method eliminates the numerical oscillation caused by the convection dominant, resists the dispersion effectively and addresses dissipation caused by diffusion dominant.The implicit difference scheme has good theoretical and practical value.

A parameter-uniform hybrid method for singularly perturbed parabolic 2D convection-diffusion-reaction problems

The solution of the singular perturbation problems (SPP) of convection-diffusion-reaction type may exhibit regular and corner layers in a rectangular domain. In this work, we construct and analyze a parameter-uniform operator-splitting alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme to efficiently solve a two-dimensional parabolic singularly perturbed problem with two positive parameters. The proposed model is a combination of the backward-Euler method defined on a uniform mesh in time and a hybrid method in space defined on a special Shishkin mesh. The analysis is presented on a layer adapted piecewise-uniform Shishkin mesh. The developed numerical method is proved to be first-order convergent in time and almost second-order convergent in space. The numerical experiments are performed to validate the theoretical convergence results and illustrate the efficiency of the current strategy.

An unconditional stable modified finite element methods for Maxwell’s equation in Kerr-type nonlinear media

The purpose of this paper is to construct a newly efficient finite element method which named as modified finite element method, for Maxwell’s equation in Kerr-type nonlinear media. Because the efficient unconditional stable alternative direction implicit method can’t extend to the Maxwell’s equations in Kerr-type nonlinear media (the difficulty will be discussed in section 3.1), we design the modified method to construct an efficient unconditional stable scheme for Maxwell’s equations in Kerr-type nonlinear media. Furthermore, combined with the direct method, we construct a more efficient direct modified scheme. Comparisons of the efficiency, stability, convergence rate for our modified method and classical explicit leapfrog method were done by theoretical analysis and numerical experiments. The modified method is unconditional stable and its efficiency is not less than leapfrog method.

Two-level implicit high-order compact scheme in exponential form for 3D quasi-linear parabolic equations

We discuss a new high accuracy compact exponential scheme of order four in space and two in time to solve the three-dimensional quasi-linear parabolic partial differential equations. The derived half-step discretization based scheme is implicit in nature and demands only two levels for computation. The generalization of the proposed exponential scheme for the system of the quasi-linear parabolic PDEs is also represented. We generate unconditionally stable alternating direction implicit scheme for the linear parabolic equation in general form. The accuracy and the theoretical results of the proposed scheme are verified for high Reynolds number by several numerical problems like linear and non-linear convection-diffusion equation, coupled Burgers' equations, Navier-Stokes equations, quasi-linear parabolic equation, etc.

A generalized alternating direction implicit method for consensus optimization: application to distributed sparse logistic regression

A generalized alternating direction implicit method for consensus optimization: application to distributed sparse logistic regression

Analytical and numerical study of thermo-solutal convection in pulsating flows between two coaxial cylinders

This research reports an analytical and numerical study of thermo-solutal convection in pulsating flows between two coaxial cylinders under a pressure gradient and subject to Dirichlet-type boundary conditions for temperature and concentration along the vertical walls of the annulus. The numerical procedure used in this work is mainly based on the solution of the momentum equations and coupled with the energy and concentration equations. The finite difference method is adopted to solve governing equations using the implicit Crank-Nicolson time marching scheme in the fluid domain and the alternating direction implicit method inside the inner cylinder. The effect of the various parameters such as the fluid-solid conductivity ratio, thermal diffusivity ratio, buoyancy ratio, Lewis number, Richardson number, aspect ratio, and radius ratio on the heat and mass transfer characteristics and the flow structure is presented and discussed. The governing equations are solved analytically after separating into a steady case and an oscillatory case, where an analytical solution for velocity profile, temperature, and concentration distributions is obtained in terms of Bessel’s functions, while the analytical solutions of temperature and concentration profiles are keeping symmetry with the increase of the radius ratio. The results show that the analytical profile can reproduce the three fields obtained numerically and thus for the whole range of parameters.

Line-Based High-Order Hybrid Scheme on Unstructured Grids for Compressible Flows

This study explores the use of line-based finite difference techniques on unstructured grids employing high-order stencils for practical aerodynamic applications. The primary focus is on finite-difference explicit and compact spatial discretization up to sixth order. Problems studied include compressible flows containing discontinuities, which necessitated the use of a hybrid finite difference–finite volume approach, where the former is shown to be effective and accurate for smooth regions, while the latter is robust in capturing discontinuities and shocks. To differentiate between discontinuous and smooth zones, two distinct shock indicators are used, one based on pressure gradients and the other on the divergence of velocity. To achieve faster convergence, spatial discretization is applied with line-based alternating direction implicit (ADI) time integration. A key focus of this work is to demonstrate the proposed methodology in flow scenarios relevant to aircraft applications that also test various aspects of the methodology. Consequently, the cases studied are isentropic vortex convection, standing normal shock, transonic NACA0012 airfoil, supersonic cylinder, unsteady flow past tandem circular cylinders, and supersonic flow past a forward-facing step. Comparisons were also done against an existing line-based finite-volume technique for unstructured grids that employed Monotonic Upstream-Centered Scheme for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) and fifth-order Weighted Essentially NonOscillatory (WENO5) spatial reconstruction schemes. It is observed that the hybrid finite difference–finite volume approach performed well with excellent agreement against available results, sometimes with far fewer degrees of freedom. Furthermore, the implicit ADI scheme is effective over unstructured grids and provides a three-time speed-up over the traditional Runge–Kutta fourth-order scheme.

Effects of vibration on natural convection in a square inclined porous enclosure filled with Cu-water nanofluid

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of gravitational modulation on natural convection in a square inclined porous cavity filled by a fluid containing copper nanoparticles.Design/methodology/approachThe present study uses a system of equations that couple hydrodynamics to heat transfer, representing the governing equations of fluid flow in a square domain. The Boussinesq–Darcy flow with Cu-water nanofluid is considered. The dimensionless partial differential equations are solved numerically using finite difference method based on alternating direction implicit scheme. The cavity is differentially heated by constant heat flux, while the top and bottom walls are insulated. The authors examined the effects of gravity amplitude (λ), vibration frequency (σ), tilt angle (α) and Rayleigh number (Ra) on flow and temperature.FindingsThe numerical simulations, in the form of streamlines, isotherms, Nusselt number and maximum stream function for different values of amplitude, frequency, tilt angle and Rayleigh number, have revealed an oscillatory behavior in the development of flow and temperature under gravity modulation. An increase of amplitude from 0.5 to 1 intensifies the flow stream (from |ψmax| = 21.415 to |ψmax| = 25.262) and improves heat transfer (from Nu¯ = 17.592 to Nu¯ = 20.421). Low-frequency vibration below 50 has a significant impact on the flow and thermal distributions. However, once this threshold is exceeded, the flow weakens, leading to a gradual decrease in heat transfer rate. The inclination angle is an effective parameter for controlling the flow and temperature characteristics. Thus, transitioning the tilt angle from 30° to 60° can increase the flow velocity (from 22.283 to 23.288) while reducing the Nusselt number (from 16.603 to 13.874). Therefore, by manipulating the combination of vibration and inclination, it is founded that for a fixed frequency value of σ = 100 and for increased amplitude (from 0.5 to 1), the flow intensity at inclination of 60° is boosted, and an increase of the heat transfer rate at inclination of 30° is also observed. Convective thermal instabilities may arise depending on the different key factors.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is original in its examination of the combined effects of modulated gravity and cavity inclination on free convection in nanofluid porous media. It highlights the crucial roles of these two important factors in influencing flow and heat transfer properties.