Adequate Tissue Perfusion Research Articles

Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted treatment of severe airway stenosis due to goiter: Two case reports.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a critical care intervention that acts as a temporary substitute for the heart and lungs, facilitating adequate tissue perfusion and gas exchange. The 2 primary configurations, veno-arterial and veno-venous ECMO, are tailored to support either the heart and lungs or the lungs alone, respectively. The case report details patients with tumor-induced airway stenosis who encountered limitations with standard treatments, which were either insufficient or carried the risk of severe complications such as hypoxia and asphyxia. Patients were diagnosed with severe airway stenosis caused by goiter, a condition that required innovative treatment approaches to prevent complications during the management process. Veno-venous ECMO was implemented as a bridging therapy to provide vital respiratory support during the tumor resection procedure. This intervention was crucial in reducing the risks associated with airway edema or tumor rupture. With the use of veno-venous ECMO, the patients successfully underwent tumor resection. They were subsequently weaned off the ECMO support, and after a course of treatment, they were discharged in good condition. The case demonstrates the efficacy of veno-venous ECMO as a bridging therapy for managing severe airway stenosis caused by goiter. Its use facilitated the successful resection of tumors and led to positive patient outcomes, highlighting its potential as a valuable treatment option in similar scenarios.

The Feasibility of Assessing Perfusion of the Bone Using Quantitative ICG Fluorescence Imaging

Abstract Background Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging using indocyanine green (ICG) allows perfusion to be visualized and objective perfusion parameters can be provided after additional measurements. Therefore, it has great potential in predicting adequate tissue perfusion. However, regarding bone tissue, evidence of the feasibility and usefulness of NIRF imaging using ICG is very limited. Methods A prospective monocentric pilot study was carried out at a tertiary hospital in the Netherlands. Patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction from August 2021 to August 2022 were included. During surgery, ICG (0.1 mg/kg) was injected intravenously and a fluorescent angiogram of 4 minutes was made directly after injection. Post hoc time-intensity curves were generated for a 5-mm region of interest (ROI) positioned on the cross-sectional lateral surface of the rib. The first moment of increase of intensity was defined as t0. Fluorescent parameters included ingress and egress of ICG. Results Nine patients and 11 ribs were included for further analysis. Time-intensity curves were generated for endosteal measurement in 10 ribs. Three of the curves showed a steep and well-defined ingress and egress. In all other patients, the curves showed a much more flattened ingress and egress. Periosteal measurement was performed in nine ribs. No adverse events related to the ICG injection were observed intraoperatively. Conclusion This feasibility study suggests that quantitative NIRF imaging using ICG can provide objective parameters of endosteal rib perfusion. Larger prospective series are needed to investigate the value of NIRF imaging using ICG to assess bone perfusion intraoperatively and to establish cutoff values for adequate bone perfusion.

Microvascular Autoregulation in Skeletal Muscle Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Derivation of Optimal Mean Arterial Pressure in the ICU: Pilot Study and Comparison With Cerebral Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Microvascular autoregulation (MA) maintains adequate tissue perfusion over a range of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and is frequently impaired in critical illness. MA has been studied in the brain to derive personalized hemodynamic targets after brain injury. The ability to measure MA in other organs is not known, which may inform individualized management during shock. This study determines the feasibility of measuring MA in skeletal muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a marker of tissue perfusion, the derivation of optimal mean arterial pressure (MAPopt), and comparison with indices from the brain. Prospective observational study. Medical and surgical ICU in a tertiary academic hospital. Adult critically ill patients requiring vasoactive support on the first day of ICU admission. Fifteen critically ill patients were enrolled. NIRS was applied simultaneously to skeletal muscle (brachioradialis) and brain (frontal cortex) while ABP was measured continuously via invasive catheter. MA correlation indices were calculated between ABP and NIRS from skeletal muscle total hemoglobin (MVx), muscle tissue saturation index (MOx), brain total hemoglobin (THx), and brain tissue saturation index (COx). Curve fitting algorithms derive the MAP with the lowest correlation index value, which is the MAPopt. MAPopt values were successfully calculated for each correlation index for all patients and were frequently (77%) above 65 mm Hg. For all correlation indices, median time was substantially above impaired MA threshold (24.5-34.9%) and below target MAPopt (9.0-78.6%). Muscle and brain MAPopt show moderate correlation (MVx-THx r = 0.76, p < 0.001; MOx-COx r = 0.69, p = 0.005), with a median difference of -1.27 mm Hg (-9.85 to -0.18 mm Hg) and 0.05 mm Hg (-7.05 to 2.68 mm Hg). This study demonstrates, for the first time, the feasibility of calculating MA indices and MAPopt in skeletal muscle using NIRS. Future studies should explore the association between impaired skeletal muscle MA, ICU outcomes, and organ-specific differences in MA and MAPopt thresholds.

Endothelial Membrane Potential Changes are Required for Propagated Vasodilation

Introduction: The coordination of blood flow in response to localized increases in metabolic activity is vital for tissue function. This adaptive response typically involves the release of vasoactive factors leading to local vasodilation. This local vasodilation must propagate upstream to proximal feed arterioles and arteries to ensure a coordinated increase in blood flow and adequate tissue perfusion. But the mechanisms underlying such propagated vasodilation remain to be fully understood. This study aims to identify the conduction pathway(s) that facilitate this response. The hypothesis is that endothelial membrane potential changes are required for propagated vasodilation to occur. Methods: To dissect the pathways involved in propagated vasodilation, we employed micropuffng techniques to locally apply vasoactive agents to precontracted rat 2nd order mesenteric arteries. Using a 50um tip micropipette activators were applied against a flowing perfusate, to limit the action of the drug, and the precise site of activators determined by co-application of the fluorophore sulforhodamine. Vasodilator responses were recorded at the site of application and at intervals upstream from the application site. Results: Local application of the muscarinic receptor agonist, acetylcholine (ACh), evoked robust vasodilator responses that propagated upstream from the site of application. The propagation of vasodilation terminated at the site of removal of a 100uM wide strip of endothelial cells. A high-potassium solution, which induces depolarization and ‘clamps’ the membrane potential, also inhibited propagated vasodilation. In contrast, the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside did not initiate propagated vasodilation in arteries with an intact endothelium. Conclusion: Collectively, these results show that the endothelium serves as the primary signalling pathways for propagated vasodilation. Furthermore, our results highlight the necessity of endothelial cell membrane potential change in the initiation of this vasodilator signal. These insights reinforce the endothelium’s pivotal role in coordinating vascular function. British Heart Foundation. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Fluid overload in critically ill children: A narrative review

Fluid overload (FO) is a common and challenging complication encountered among critically ill children admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), posing significant risks for morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of FO involves disruptions in fluid balance, exacerbated by underlying medical conditions, critical illness, and therapeutic interventions. Assessment of fluid status relies on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, with a focus on early detection and intervention to prevent complications. Management strategies for FO in the PICU encompass both preventive and therapeutic approaches. Prevention involves judicious fluid resuscitation, dynamic fluid assessment, advanced hemodynamic monitoring, careful monitoring of fluid input and output, early recognition of at-risk patients, and individualized approach. Therapeutic interventions may include diuretic therapy, optimization of hemodynamic support, and renal replacement therapy tailored to individual patient needs. Challenges in managing FO in PICU include balancing the need for adequate tissue perfusion with the risk of exacerbating FO and preventing complications such as electrolyte disturbances and organ dysfunction. Multidisciplinary collaboration, evidence-based practices, and continuous monitoring are essential for successful fluid management in critically ill children. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and management strategies for FO among critically ill children.

Consensus of the Brazilian association of hematology, hemotherapy and cellular therapy on patient blood management: Inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia

Hemostasis plays a critical role in surgical procedures and is essential for a successful outcome. Advances in hemostatic agents offer new approaches to controlling bleeding thereby making surgeries safer. The appropriate choice of these agents is crucial. Volume replacement, another integral part of Patient Blood Management (PBM), maintains adequate tissue perfusion, preventing cellular damage. Individualization in fluid administration is vital with the choice between crystalloids and colloids depending on each case. Colloids, unlike crystalloids, increase oncotic pressure, contributing to fluid retention in the intravascular space. Understanding these aspects is essential to ensure safe and effective surgery, minimizing complications related to blood loss and maintaining the patient's hemodynamic status.

Consensus of the Brazilian association of hematology, hemotherapy and cellular therapy on patient blood management: Intraoperative hemostasis and volume replacement

Hemostasis plays a critical role in surgical procedures and is essential for a successful outcome. Advances in hemostatic agents offer new approaches to controlling bleeding thereby making surgeries safer. The appropriate choice of these agents is crucial. Volume replacement, another integral part of Patient Blood Management (PBM), maintains adequate tissue perfusion, preventing cellular damage. Individualization in fluid administration is vital with the choice between crystalloids and colloids depending on each case. Colloids, unlike crystalloids, increase oncotic pressure, contributing to fluid retention in the intravascular space. Understanding these aspects is essential to ensure safe and effective surgery, minimizing complications related to blood loss and maintaining the patient's hemodynamic status.

Prediction of preload dependency using phenylephrine-induced peripheral perfusion index during general anaesthesia: a prospective observational study

BackgroundTracking preload dependency non-invasively to maintain adequate tissue perfusion in the perioperative period can be challenging.The effect of phenylephrine on stroke volume is dependent upon preload. Changes in stroke volume induced by phenylephrine administration can be used to predict preload dependency. The change in the peripheral perfusion index derived from photoplethysmography signals reportedly corresponds with changes in stroke volume in situations such as body position changes in the operating room. Thus, the peripheral perfusion index can be used as a non-invasive potential alternative to stroke volume to predict preload dependency. Herein, we aimed to determine whether changes in perfusion index induced by the administration of phenylephrine could be used to predict preload dependency.MethodsWe conducted a prospective single-centre observational study. The haemodynamic parameters and perfusion index were recorded before and 1 and 2 min after administering 0.1 mg of phenylephrine during post-induction hypotension in patients scheduled to undergo surgery. Preload dependency was defined as a stroke volume variation of ≥ 12% before phenylephrine administration at a mean arterial pressure of < 65 mmHg. Patients were divided into four groups according to total peripheral resistance and preload dependency.ResultsForty-two patients were included in this study. The stroke volume in patients with preload dependency (n = 23) increased after phenylephrine administration. However, phenylephrine administration did not impact the stroke volume in patients without preload dependency (n = 19). The perfusion index decreased regardless of preload dependency. The changes in the perfusion index after phenylephrine administration exhibited low accuracy for predicting preload dependency. Based on subgroup analysis, patients with high total peripheral resistance tended to exhibit increased stroke volume following phenylephrine administration, which was particularly prominent in patients with high total peripheral resistance and preload dependency.ConclusionThe findings of the current study revealed that changes in the perfusion index induced by administering 0.1 mg of phenylephrine could not predict preload dependency. This may be attributed to the different phenylephrine-induced stroke volume patterns observed in patients according to the degree of total peripheral resistance and preload dependency.Trial registrationUniversity Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000049994 on 9/01/2023).

Fulminant Myocarditis and Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review aimed to look at the effectiveness of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) therapy in treating fulminant myocarditis and evaluating the optimal length of time a patient should be placed on VA-ECMO. Fulminant myocarditis is a potentially life-threatening medical conditionmost commonly brought on by cardiogenic shock, which often progresses to severe circulatory compromise, requiring the patient to be placed on some form of mechanical circulatory assistanceto maintain adequate tissue perfusion. Medical centers have multiple mechanical assistive devices available for treatment at their disposal, but our area of focus was placed on one system in particular: VA-ECMO therapy. Although the technology has been around for more than 30 years, there is limited information on how effective VA-ECMO is regarding the treatment of fulminant myocarditis. Due to the lack of data regarding the treatment administration of VA-ECMO for fulminant myocarditis, standard treatment duration guidelines do not exist, resulting in a wide variation of treatment administrations among medical centers.In regardto short-term outcomes, VA-ECMO has shown to be effective in treating fulminant myocarditis, with a one-year post-hospital survival rate ranging from 57.1% to 78% at discharge. For long-term health and survival, the studies that recorded long-term survival ranged from 65% to 94.1%. However, given the small number of studies that pursue this, more research is needed to prove the efficacy of VA-ECMO for thetreatment of fulminant myocarditis.

Effect of Hypotension and Dobutamine on Gastrointestinal Microcirculations of Healthy, Anesthetized Horses.

Horses undergoing abdominal exploratory surgery are at risk of hypotension and hypoperfusion. Normal mean arterial pressure is used as a surrogate for adequate tissue perfusion. However, measures of systemic circulation may not be reflective of microcirculation. This study measured the mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, lactate, and four microcirculatory indices in six healthy, anesthetized adult horses undergoing elective laparotomies. The microcirculatory parameters were measured at three different sites along the gastrointestinal tract (oral mucosa, colonic serosa, and rectal mucosa) with dark-field microscopy. All macro- and microcirculatory parameters were obtained when the horses were normotensive, hypotensive, and when normotension returned following treatment with dobutamine. Hypotension was induced with increases in inhaled isoflurane. The horses successfully induced into hypotension did not demonstrate consistent, expected changes in systemic perfusion or microvascular perfusion parameters at any of the three measured gastrointestinal sites. Normotension was successfully restored with the use of dobutamine, while the systemic perfusion and microvascular perfusion parameters remained relatively unchanged. These findings suggest that the use of mean arterial pressure to make clinical decisions regarding perfusion may or may not be accurate.

Fetal hemodynamic changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in myocardium and brain tissues in response to anemia: a lesson from hemoglobin Bart’s disease

ObjectiveWhether or not the effects of anemia in the early phase, while the fetuses attempts to increase cardiac output to meet oxygen requirement in peripheral organs, is detrimental to the fetal developing vital organs is little-known. The objective of this is to compare prenatal cardiovascular changes and post-abortal cellular damages in the myocardium as a pumping organ and the brain as a perfused organ between anemic fetuses (using fetal Hb Bart’s disease as a study model) in pre-hydropic phase and non-anemic fetuses.MethodsFetuses affected by Hb Bart’s disease and non-anemic fetuses at 16–22 weeks were recruited to undergo comprehensive fetal echocardiography. Cord blood analysis was used to confirm the definite diagnosis of fetal Hb Bart’s disease and normal fetuses. Fetal cardiac and brain tissues were collected shortly after pregnancy termination for the determination of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial membrane changes.ResultsA total of 18 fetuses affected by Hb Bart’s disease and 13 non-anemic fetuses were recruited. The clinical characteristics of both groups were comparable. The affected fetuses showed a significant increase in cardiac dimensions, cardiac function, cardiac output and brain circulation without deteriorating cardiac contractility and preload. However, in the affected fetuses, mitochondrial dysfunction was clearly demonstrated in brain tissues and in the myocardium, as indicated by a significant increase in the membrane potential change (p-value < 0.001), and a significant increase in ROS production in brain tissues, with a trend to increase in myocardium. The findings indicated cellular damage in spite of good clinical compensation.ConclusionThe new insight is that, in response to fetal anemia, fetal heart increases in size (dilatation) and function to increase cardiac output and blood flow velocity to provide adequate tissue perfusion, especially brain circulation. However, the myocardium and brain showed a significant increase in mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting cellular damage secondary to anemic hypoxia. The compensatory increase in circulation could not completely prevent subtle brain and heart damage.

Using a Fluid Resuscitation Algorithm to Reduce the Incidence of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in the Burn Intensive Care Unit.

Patients with large burns must be carefully resuscitated to balance adequate tissue perfusion with the risk of end-organ damage. One devastating complication of overresuscitation is abdominal compartment syndrome. Reducing the volume of fluids given during resuscitation may reduce the incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome and improve outcomes. To determine whether decreasing fluid resuscitation volume in a burn center reduced the incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome. This retrospective cohort study involved all patients with severe burns (total body surface area ≥20%) who were admitted to a burn intensive care unit over 4 years (n = 166). Primary outcomes were required fluid volume, whether differences in the patient characteristics measured affected outcomes, rate of abdominal compartment syndrome, and incidence of abdominal hypertension. After the first 2 years, the Parkland fluid resuscitation algorithm was modified to decrease the volume goal, and patients were assessed for the incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome and related complications such as kidney failure, abdominal hypertension, and ventilator days. A total of 16% of patients resuscitated using the Parkland equation experienced abdominal compartment syndrome compared with 10% of patients resuscitated using the modified algorithm, a difference of 6 percentage points (P = .39). Average volume administered was 11.8 L using the Parkland formula and 9.4 L using the modified algorithm (P = .03). Despite a significant decrease in the amount of fluid administered, no significant difference was found in incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome or urine output. Matched prospective studies are needed to improve resuscitation care for patients with large burns.

Using a Mock Circulatory Loop as a Regulatory Science Tool to Simulate Different Heart Failure Conditions.

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) device therapy is one of the primary treatment options for end-stage heart failure (HF), whereby a mechanical pump is integrated with the failing heart to maintain adequate tissue perfusion. The ISO 14708-5:2020 standard prescribes generic guidelines for nonclinical device evaluation and system performance testing of MCS devices using a mock circulatory loop (MCL). However, the utility of MCLs in premarket regulatory submissions of MCS devices is ambiguous, and the specific disease states that the device is intended to treat are not usually simulated. Hence, we aim to outline the potential of MCLs as a valuable regulatory science tool for characterizing MCS device systems by adequately representing target clinical-use HF conditions on the bench. Target pathophysiologic hemodynamics of HF conditions (i.e., cardiogenic shock (CS), left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy secondary to hypertension, and coronary artery disease), along with a healthy adult at rest and a healthy adult during exercise are provided as recommended test conditions. The conditions are characterized based on LV, aorta, and left atrium pressures using recommended cardiac hemodynamic indices such as systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, mean cardiac output (CO), cardiac cycle time, and systemic vascular resistance. This study is a first step toward standardizing MCLs to generate well-defined target HF conditions used to evaluate MCS devices.

Hemodynamic monitoring in liver Transplantation patients in the third millennium

In patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) surgery, the intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring technique that is most utilized is still the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). The popularity of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is increasing, so today's updated issue is the following: should the use of PAC and/or volumetric monitoring with transpulmonary thermodilution and/or advanced volumetric PAC be limited in clinical practice, only for some high risk patients? Could we use the TEE, if necessary, in less critical ill patients undergoing OLTx surgery? We can integrate all of the aforementioned monitoring techniques in an increasing modular step wise monitoring concept. But in an uncertain hemodynamic situation, transthoracic and/or transoesophageal echocardiographic evaluation represents a cornerstone. The use of echocardiography during OLTx is more and more common with several benefits demonstrated particularly by the TEE in this patient population. To achieve and maintain adequate tissue perfusion becomes difficult in case of major bleeding, an event quite possible to occur during OLTx, affecting the immediate and the late outcome. All the clinicians agree that bleeding interfere with the choice of hemodynamic monitoring and or vice versa. A reasonable compromise is to find a balance between the need to extend monitoring in high-risk surgical patients and the average consumption of blood products that characterizes each individual transplant center. This is also in line with what is shown in literature in terms of Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule (MSBOS).

Cerebral oximetry and autoregulation monitoring in shock patients

Background: Data on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and cerebral autoregulation monitoring in shock patients are limited. This study aimed to find the optimal range of rSO2 and cerebral oximetry index (COx), an autoregulation index correlated with adequate tissue perfusion determined by standard clinical and laboratory assessment. Method: We plan to monitor cerebral oximetry using near-infrared spectroscopy in shock patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) at Siriraj Hospital. The rSO2 are continuously recorded for 72 hours [48] after admission or 24 hours after cessation of vasopressor infusion. The COx is calculated from the correlation coefficient between rSO2 and MAP. Data on patient demographics, treatments, physiologic parameters, and outcomes are recorded. The primary objective is to identify the optimal rSO2 and COx correlated with adequate tissue perfusion assessed by the current standard method. Adequate tissue perfusion as is defined as MAP ≥65 mmHg and two of the following criteria: urine ≥0.5 ml/kg/hour, capillary refill time ≤3 seconds, improvement in consciousness, lactate reduction ≥10% in 1 hour, serum lactate &lt;2 mmol/L, or central venous oxygen saturation (ScVO2) ≥70%. Since the optimal values of rSO2 and COx in shock patients are unknown, we are unable to perform the sample size calculation. Thus, for this study, we plan to collect data on rSO2 and COx in 30 patients. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the values of rSO2 and COx are different between patients with adequate and inadequate tissue perfusion. Ethics statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Protection Unit of Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University (certificate of approval no. si 410/2022).

Norepinephrine combined with phenylephrine versus norepinephrine in patients with septic shock: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundPhenylephrine (PE) and norepinephrine (NE) may be used to maintain adequate blood pressure and tissue perfusion in patients with septic shock, but the effect of NE combined with PE (NE-PE) on mortality remains unclear. We hypothesized that NE-PE would not inferior to NE alone for all-cause hospital mortality in patients with septic shock.MethodsThis single-center, retrospective cohort study included adult patients with septic shock. According to the infusion type, patients were divided into the NE-PE or NE group. Multivariate logistic regression, propensity score matching and doubly robust estimation were used to analyze the differences between groups. The primary outcome was the all-cause hospital mortality rate after NE-PE or NE infusion.ResultsAmong 1, 747 included patients, 1, 055 received NE and 692 received NE-PE. For the primary outcome, the hospital mortality rate was higher in patients who received NE-PE than in those who received NE (49.7% vs. 34.5%, p < 0.001), and NE-PE was independently associated with higher hospital mortality (odds ratio = 1.76, 95% confidence interval = 1.36–2.28, p < 0.001). Regarding secondary outcomes, patients in the NE-PE group had longer lengths of stay in ICU and hospitals. Patients in the NE-PE group also received mechanical ventilation for longer durations.ConclusionsNE combined with PE was inferior to NE alone in patients with septic shock, and it was associated with a higher hospital mortality rate.

Association of Head and Neck Anatomic Zones with Microvascular Reconstruction Outcomes.

Background: Head and neck free flap survival relies on adequate tissue perfusion from the external carotid artery (ECA), and vessel length is inversely proportional to blood flow rate. Objective: Investigate whether distance from the ECA (as a proxy for pedicle vessel length) predicts flap survival or complications. Methods: Retrospective review of free flaps performed at three academic centers from 9/2006 to 8/2021. Flaps were categorized by distance from the ECA: orbit and above (zone 1), maxilla to parotid (zone 2), and mandible and below (zone 3). Secondary analysis assessed flap outcomes stratified by average historical pedicle length. Results: A total of 2,369 flaps were identified in zones 1 (n = 109), 2 (n = 1878), and 3 (n = 382). Rates of flap failure (4.9%) and perioperative complications (36.3%) did not differ by zone or pedicle length. Zone 3 flaps, most commonly located in the larynx and hypopharynx, had significantly higher rates of fistula and infection. Conversely, 30-day readmission rates were significantly lower in patients with zone 2 flaps (p < 0.001). Rates of all other complications did not differ significantly between zones. Conclusions: Proximity to mucosal anatomic sites was a more powerful predictor of free flap viability than pedicle length or ECA proximity.

Antimicrobial Therapy in Paediatric Sepsis and Treatment Strategy

Sepsis is a complex and severe disorder that significantly affects the pediatric population and is responsible for approximately 7.5 million deaths annually. Sepsis is a potentially fatal reaction to infection that greatly increases neonatal and pediatric morbidity and mortality globally. Sepsis can also lead to more severe forms, such as severe sepsis, septic shock, multiorgan failure, and refractory septic shock in cases with known or suspected infections. Early diagnosis, prompt administration of the proper fluids to restore adequate tissue perfusion, and empiric antimicrobial therapy to protect against suspected infections are the main tenets of therapy. If, after initial fluid resuscitation, tissue perfusion and hemodynamics are unstable/insufficient, vasoactive medications are advised. Ampicillin and gentamicin are recommended for use in early onset neonatal sepsis while third generation cephalosporins are also included in the treatment regime in case of late-onset sepsis. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that treats both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria is advised for 1 month above children, but the choice of antibiotic depends on the clinical presentation, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infection, intra-abdominal sepsis, or meningitis that resulted in septic shock. A delay in antimicrobial administration is linked to increased mortality rate hence, guidelines recommend antimicrobial administration within 1 hour after confirmation of sepsis. There is substantial evidence to support the notion that rapid antimicrobial initiation and selection are essential components of the therapy of patients with severe illnesses. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about antimicrobial therapy in paediatric sepsis and treatment strategy

Evaluating intraoperative norepinephrine versus fresh frozen plasma in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC to reduce renal insult

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to compare the efficacy of intraoperative norepinephrine infusion versus plasma in reducing renal insult during cytoreductive surgeries. Methods Sixty patients (ASA I–III) of both genders were included in the study. Plasma group: received early fresh frozen plasma and RBCs in ratio exceeded 1:1, and norepinephrine group: received continuous low-dose norepinephrine (0.05–0.1 mic/kg/min). Results Both groups were comparable for their clinical characteristics and distribution of demographic data. Plasma group had significant elevation of their intraoperative heart rate with significant reduction in their mean arterial blood pressure values compared to norepinephrine group (30.3 ± 4.1 versus 17.9 ± 4.5 bpm and −21.6 ± 2.2 versus −16.1 ± 2.3 mmHg, respectively, p < 0.001) with preserved urine output (748.3 ± 92.4 for norepinephrine group versus 693.3 ± 117.2 ml for plasma group, p = 0.048) and better renal outcome (0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dl increase in serum creatinine level for norepinephrine group versus 0.3 ± 0.1 mg/dl for plasma group, p < 0.001). Additionally, patients in the norepinephrine group required less intraoperative blood and fresh frozen plasma transfusion (3.1 ± 1.8 units) compared to the plasma group (4.3 ± 1.3 units), p < 0.001. Conclusion Norepinephrine infusion can play a promising role in maintaining hemodynamic stability with adequate tissue perfusion and better renal outcome in patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC procedures.

Capnography: Principles and application in critical care medicine

Capnography has become an essential monitoring tool in perioperative and critical care setting. It helps monitor dynamic physiological processes more precisely and promptly, compared to other monitoring modalities. Methods to measure and display carbon dioxide concentrations in respired gases include infrared spectrography, mass spectrography, Raman spectrography, photoacoustic analysers or colorimetry. It is used to confirm correct endotracheal tube placement, ensure effective and consistent chest compression, detect return of spontaneous circulation and diagnose alterations in haemodynamics and ventilation of critically ill patient. It helps to optimise fluid resuscitation and monitor shock progression by providing insight into adequacy of tissue perfusion. Thus, a detailed study and interpretation of capnographic waveform is essential.