Adequate Link Research Articles

Monitoring reproduction in fish: Assessing the adequacy of ogives and the predicted uncertainty of their L50 estimates for more reliable biological inferences

In fisheries management, the L50 is a commonly-monitored reproductive trait reflecting the sex-specific length (L) at which 50% of the fish are expected to exhibit developing gonads near the spawning period. Although different methods exist to estimate the L50, it is often obtained from a binomial generalized linear model (GLM) fitted with a logit link. To provide reliable parameter estimates for the production of the ogive from which the L50 is obtained, the logit link must be correctly specified, a prerequisite that is not always verified nor true. To identify the most-likely ogive, adequacy tests allowing to detect a lack-of-fit or any link misspecification should ideally be applied to competing binomial models that also consider alternative links, such as the probit and complementary log-log (cloglog). Because multiple estimates are often compared, their uncertainties should also be adequately quantified to detect any potential change, but no consensus exists about the method offering the best coverage probability. Here, we used a large-scale dataset of 23,681 walleye (Sander vitreus) females sampled in 90 harvested populations over two decades in Québec, Canada, to first estimate the L50 uncertainty under different simulation scenarios to identify the most accurate method regarding nominal coverage. Then, of 46 populations sampled in two different surveys, we assessed which link provided the best adequate estimation for each survey-specific L50 and used associated 84% CIs to determine if a change occurred based on whether they overlapped. The influence of gonad data characteristics on L50 uncertainty was also examined before assessing between-survey L50 variation with competing GLMs as an alternative approach. The analysis of the simulated data indicated that the Monte Carlo approach with bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) interval offered the best coverage probability. The empirical analyses revealed that the probit was the most often adequate link to estimate the L50, followed by the cloglog, whereas the logit ranked last. When controlling for sample size, the level of L50 uncertainty increased with the percentage of overlap in length between walleye females with (1) and without (0) developing gonads, whereas it progressively decreased as the percentage of 1’s in the sample increased to then inversed, indicating that more balanced binary data yielded less L50 uncertainty. All analyses revealed that for a “true” or estimated effect size of ≤ 10%, the survey-specific 84% CIs often overlapped despite statistical support for a difference found in the best-supported GLM comparing both surveys. Overall, our study indicates that many analytical considerations, from gonad data structure characteristics, model adequacy assessment, up to how the L50 uncertainty is quantified and compared, need to be accounted for to achieve more reliable statistical inferences regarding the observed variation in this reproductive trait.

Culpa in Contrahendo as the General Ground for Precontractual Liability in Polish Civil Code

The justified and legally relevant relationship between contracting partners acting together in order to conclude a contract along with a comprehensive system of precontractual liability have been recognized in Poland at least since the enter into force of the Code of Obligations in 1933. Nevertheless until 2003 there wasn’t any specific legislative enactment of general duty of fair dealing in the precontractual stage. This article sheds light on the legal concept of culpa in contrahendo, with particular emphasis on questions of tort, contract or tertium genus, the objective character of precontractual liability, the scope of protected precontractual interest, and the adequate causal link and the moment of breaking off negotiations. The article concludes with an overview of the perspectives of culpa in contrahendo in the new Civil Code in Poland.

Temperature and Reliability-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

The Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) can be envisioned as a cost-effective solution to provide monitoring and reporting services in medical and non-medical applications to improve quality of life. The dissemination of patient data in a timely and reliable manner is one of the necessities of healthcare applications of WBSN. The critical data packets are highly delay-sensitive. However, these packets reaching the destination beyond timelines undermine the benefit of such networks. To provide real-time health monitoring an adequate link (in terms of reliability, stability, and QoS) has to be maintained. However, the distinguishing characteristics of WBSN pose several challenges to be countered such as limited resources, transmission range, and unreliable wireless links in terms of QoS as low-power radios are sensitive to interference and noise. Consequently, some portions of the network experience a significant level of congestion thereby strain the communication links, available bandwidth, insufficient buffer space, increased number of collisions, packet losses, and transmission disruption. Therefore, importing QoS awareness in routing decisions is important to improve the performance of WBSN. This paper proposes a QoS-aware routing protocol named TLD-RP (Temperature, Link-reliable, and Delay-aware Routing Protocol) for WBSN. Most of the temperature-aware routing protocols proposed for the WBSN incorporate either single or composite routing metrics (temperature, hop count, or energy). However, optimized route discovery has been overlooked in most of the previous studies on QoS requirements such as link reliability, stability, and link delay. Keeping in view these limitations, the proposed TLD-RP makes use of a multi-facet composite routing metric by carefully considering the critical QoS requirements for the WBAN. The design of the proposed TLD-RP scheme centers on the link’s reliability, path delay, and link’s asymmetric property. These design factors enable the proposed TLD-RP scheme to make more informed decisions regarding dynamic channel conditions. The optimized links satisfying the QoS requirements are selected for routing data packets. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed TLD-RP strategy by improving WBSN performance along with throughput, packet delivery, network overhead, and link stability.

Span of the Jones polynomials of certain v-adequate virtual links

It is known that the Kauffman–Murasugi–Thislethwaite type inequality becomes an equality for any (possibly virtual) adequate link diagram. We refine this condition. As an application we obtain a criterion for virtual link diagram with exactly one virtual crossing to represent a properly virtual link.

Optimal routing strategy based on extreme learning machine with beetle antennae search algorithm for Low Earth Orbit satellite communication networks

SummaryDue to the significant utilization of terrestrial communication, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite network is a critical part of satellite communication networks owing to its several benefits. But the efficient and trustworthy routing for LEO satellite networks (LSNs) is a difficult process because of dynamic topology, adequate link changes, and imbalanced communication load. This study devises a new hybridization of extreme learning machine (ELM) with multitask beetle antennae search (MBAS) algorithm‐based distributed routing called the MBAS‐ELM model. The proposed model determines the routes based on traffic forecasting with respect to the level of traffic circulation on the earth. The proposed method is employed for traffic forecasting at the satellite nodes (SNs). To identify the optimal routes, mobile agents (MAs) are applied to concurrently and autonomously determine for LSNs and make a decision on routing data. The experimental outcome has showcased the effective performance of the proposed model over the compared models in terms of different measures, namely, average delay, packet loss ratio (PLR), and queuing delay. The results are validated under varying simulation time and data sensing rates. The obtained outcome pointed out the superior performance of the proposed MBAS‐ELM model compared with other methods.

The impact of state regulation in a sphere of education on sustainable development of national economy

Education is a core element of the Sustainable Development Concept. It is not only because of the declaration of SDG 4 within the 2030 Agenda but also its embeddedness in other goals, targets, and indicators. Thus, the study aims to generalize approaches to define the relationship between the efficiency of the strategy of sustainable development of the national economy and state regulation of education. The research is accomplished for 14 Central and Eastern European countries (2006–2016) using the combination of principal components method and parametric method of stochastic frontier analysis in the software package STATA 11 and FRONTIER 4.1. As a result, the empirical proofs of the strong and adequate link between the efficiency of the sustainable development strategy of the national economy and state regulation of education are identified. The technical efficiency indexes were also calculated that allowed forming three clusters for Central and Eastern European countries distributed by the level of state regulation of education and efficiency of sustainable development strategy implementation. It helps to distinguish the main measures to reform the state regulation of education in Ukraine considering the experience of Slovenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, countries that proved to be the leaders in a sphere of sustainable development strategy implementation. The recommendations for further improvements in educational policies were defined. For instance, effective and sustainable state regulation of education should focus on decentralizing education, developing private-public partnerships, stimulating adult education development, etc. Acknowledgment and fundingThis research was funded by the grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine “Reforming the lifelong learning system in Ukraine for the prevention of the labor emigration: a coopetition model of institutional partnership” (No. 0120U102001).

Introduction to stand alone data converters review, analysis and design orientation

This paper includes a basic review, analysis, and interesting insights, oriented to designers when power consumption is a critical constraint, of Stand-Alone Data Converters. These data converters are an indispensable part of the analog design technique and the only bridge to establish an adequate communication link between analog and digital devices. In fact, this article is dedicated to showing the principal types of the analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and digital-to-analog converters (DAC) families of data converters popular in modern analog design techniques. In fact, these data converters are also cost-effective devices because of the huge number of existing and newly developed solutions with their significant practical features providing more relevant applications in specific type of ADC or DAC process. The overview of data conversion, ADC and DAC data converters, communication bus to Micro Controller Units (MCU), and benefits of data conversion are described.

Advanced tsunami detection and forecasting by radar on unconventional airborne observing platforms

Sustaining an accurate, timely, and global tsunami forecast system remains a challenge for scientific communities. To this end, various viable geophysical monitoring devices have been deployed. However, it is difficult to implement new observation networks in other regions and maintaining the existing systems is costly. This study proposes a new and complementary approach to monitoring the tsunami using existing moving platforms. The proposed system consists of a radar altimeter, Global Navigation Satellite Systems receiver, and an adequate communication link on airborne platforms such as commercial airplanes, drones, or dedicated high-speed aircraft, and a data assimilation module with a deterministic model. We demonstrated, through twin-data experiment, the feasibility of the proposed system in forecasting tsunami at the Nankai Trough of Japan. Our results demonstrated the potential of an airborne tsunami observation as a viable future technology through proxy observations and rigorous numerical experiments. The wide coverage of the tsunamigenic regions without a new observation network is an advantage while various regulatory constraints need to be overcome. This study offered a novel perspective on the developments in tsunami detection and forecasting technology. Such multi-purpose observation using existing platforms provides a promising and practical solution in establishing sustainable observational networks.

Stability properties of the colored Jones polynomial

It is known that the colored Jones polynomial of a [Formula: see text]-adequate link has a well-defined tail consisting of stable coefficients, and that the coefficients of the tail carry geometric and topological information on the [Formula: see text]-adequate link complement. We show that a power series similar to the tail of the colored Jones polynomial for [Formula: see text]-adequate links can be defined for all links, and that it is trivial if and only if the link is non [Formula: see text]-adequate.

Instrumentation and control of an aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition system (AACVD)

Aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) is a technique implicates the atomization of a precursor solution into fine droplets which are dragged by a hot air flow throughout mobile nozzle unto heated reaction zone where occurring chemical reactions. In this work, implementation of the mechanical, electrical and electronic components for AACVD in descriptive way is presented. Equipment and experimental methods implemented are described, together to the automatization criteria of nozzle, temperature control of the heating plate and nebulizing system. The flowchart, the logic sequence of the speed control programming and statistical analysis of the nozzle displacement control were completed and checked, therefore an adequate link between the diverse components via Arduino with the design and automatization criteria was achieved. Finally, we conclude that the criteria and automatization process used permitted successfully to make uniform and reproducible coatings.

Wykonywanie zawodu lekarza a ochrona praw pacjenta i odpowiedzialność lekarza w świetle uregulowań w prawie polskim

Practicing the profession of a physician is associated with the human life and health protection. Attempts have been made to define rules that the physician should follow and embody these rules in both ethical and legal framework. Protection of life and health is one of the fundamental human rights and an obligation of the state guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, hence provisions governing this area are included in many pieces of legislation. In practicing his or her profession, the physician bears civil, criminal and professional responsibility. Civil responsibility involves responsibility for any damage that occurs as a result of an adequate causal link. Criminal-law life and health is regulated in detail by penal code. Professional responsibility is executed by the Chamber of Physicians. Statutory laws concern the physician’s responsibility and patient’s rights. There are new domains in medicine which require new solutions.

A trivial tail homology for non-A–adequate links

We prove a conjecture of Rozansky's concerning his categorification of the tail of the colored Jones polynomial for an $A$-adequate link. We show that the tail homology groups he constructs are trivial for non $A$-adequate links.

Social network and innovation dissemination among farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria

Agricultural innovation has tremendous potentials to improve the welfare of the rural poor. Yet, many new technologies that seem profitable in demonstration plots are not widely adopted due to inadequate social groups linking the farmers to the researchers which result to non-effective information dissemination. There is no adequate link between the farmers and the social groups which are very pivotal to the adoption of innovation and its eventual usage. This study therefore looked at social network and innovation dissemination among farmers in Kwara state Nigeria. This research specifically examined the impact of social network among the farmers in the study area and estimated the correlation of individual farmer’s choices and social network behaviour. A two-stage approach was used in data selection; the first stage was purposive and second involved the random selection technique to collect data from 125 respondents in the study area. Descriptive statistic, Social Network Analysis (SNA), and Qap correlation were the tools employed. The result of the analysis showed that farmers who are members of social group adopt innovation faster. The p-value at 5% signified that there is no correlation between the farmer choice behaviour and social network behaviour. This implies that farmer tend to behave differently under different conditions as regards their choice of innovation adoption., However, when farmers are members of a social group, their decision tend to be different from when they were not and thus, there is a need for adequate information link between researchers and the farmers. Female farmers should be encouraged to join social group as measure to enhance innovation adoption. Keywords: Social Network Analysis (SNA), Qap Correlation and Innovation

R&D Spillovers: A Non-Spatial and a Spatial Examination

In recent years there were many debates and different opinions whether R&D spillover effects exist or not. In 1995 Coe and Helpman published a study about this phenomenon, based on a panel dataset, that supports the position that such R&D spillover effects are existent. However, this survey was criticized and many different suggestions for improvement came from the scientific community. Some of them were selected and analysed and finally led to a new model. And even though this new model is well compatible with the data, it leads to different conclusions, namely that there doesnot exist an R&D spillover effect. These different results were the motivation to run a spatial analysis, which can be done by considering the countries as regions and using an adequate spatial link matrix. The used methods from the field of spatial econometrics are described briefly and quite general, and finally the results from the spatial models (the ones which correspond to the non-spatial ones) are compared with the results from the non-spatial analysis. The preferred model supports the position that R&D spillover effects exist.

8K Terrestrial Transmission Field Tests Using Dual-Polarized MIMO and Higher-Order Modulation OFDM

Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) is conducting research on the next-generation of digital terrestrial broadcasting that will enable ultrahigh definition television such as 8K. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology should be able to expand the single-input single-output channel capacity. $2 {\times }2$ MIMO is adopted in ATSC3.0 as an optional method. In order to construct a next-generation terrestrial network using MIMO technology and to ensure an adequate link budget especially as regards the MIMO propagation parameters, two experimental stations have been installed in Hitoyoshi city, Kumamoto, Japan. This system is an extension of the conventional DTV system in Japan, called ISDB-T. NHK conducted $2 {\times }2$ MIMO field tests using one station and $4 {\times }2$ MIMO field tests using two stations composing a single frequency network (SFN). For the $4 {\times }2$ MIMO test, an advanced SFN using space time coding was developed. The $2 {\times }2$ MIMO field tests involved terrestrial 8K transmissions (91 Mb/s) over a single UHF band channel (6 MHz bandwidth). The degradation of required carrier to noise ratio compared to laboratory measurements in dual-polarized MIMO propagation was under 3 dB even in non-line-of-sight conditions. The $4 {\times }2$ MIMO field tests indicated that the required received power of the SFN was up to 3 dB better than that of the conventional SFN.

CEO reputation and top management team compensation

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to clarify the influence of chief executive officer (CEO) reputation on top management team (TMT) compensation, proposing corporate governance characteristics as a moderator of the relationships between the power of top managers to extract rents and the importance of external signals. The study aims to expand the domain of executive compensation literature by including the role of CEO reputation in the context of non-Anglo-Saxon corporate governance systems.Design/methodology/approach– The paper opted for a panel methodology for the period 2004-2009, including 534 observations from Spanish listed companies. Data were obtained from several sources. Compensation and governance information was obtained from the Spanish Stock Exchange National Commission; data regarding CEO reputation were obtained from Spanish Corporate Reputation Monitor, and, finally, financial statement was obtained from the OSIRIS database.Findings– The paper provides empirical insights on the CEO reputation diffusion on TMT compensation, showing different scenarios depending on effectiveness of corporate governance. CEO reputation diffusion on TMT pay is strengthened or weakened by the organizational governance effectiveness. General evidence supports the notion that in countries characterized by an incomplete corporate governance system, boards – and also indirectly the structure of ownership – act as a catalyst for external signs of legitimacy, rather than for the organization's and stakeholders’ interests.Research limitations/implications– Because of the difficulty in pooling information for a long period from three different sources of data, the number of observations is not very large. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further using other context of corporate governance.Practical implications– The paper includes implications for the development of effective governance mechanisms which promote an adequate link between the CEO reputation and the TMT compensation, avoiding rent extractions.Originality/value– The paper contributes to new international evidences regarding relations between top managers’ reputations and compensation. Specifically, it allows reinforcement of the importance of institutional arguments in the understanding of the effectiveness of governance mechanisms in large listed companies.

Chinese teachers’ reconstruction of the curriculum reform through lesson study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reveal how the meanings of the current national curriculum reform in China changed in its transmission from the outside authoritative mandate to the local school practice through a case study of a lesson study on a reform practice called the “thematic teaching” in the Chinese language course. Design/methodology/approach – By a longitudinal study of the case for more than two months in a primary school in Beijing, China, the authors of this paper followed all the steps of the lesson study cycle conducted by all the Chinese language teachers in the school. Observations, interviews and document analysis were employed to capture the teachers’ thoughts, actions and especially group interactions in trying to understand and implement this new reform practice. Findings – The study found that due to the marked differences between the professional reform discourse and the teachers’ native discourse, the meanings of the reform tended to look alien to school teachers. In order to make meanings out of the reform, the teachers in this lesson study resorted to their own native discourse to understand the reform. Such strategies as “de-contextualization” and “re-contextualization” were found in the teachers’ joint efforts to reconstruct and reenact the reform. Originality/value – This research points to the importance of school teachers’ own belief system in teaching as revealed by their native discourse. Only by finding an adequate link between the outside reform discourse and the teachers’ native discourse, can the national curriculum reform truly take hold in the school.

Estimating threshold age between early deaths and late deaths for a developing country

The increase in life expectancy, from under 40 years in all areas of the world two centuries ago to over 80 years to-day in many developed countries, has fundamentally improved the human condition. Though life expectancy is a well known measure for longevity of a population, period life expectancy is affected by age-specific mortality in-tensely. Early aged mortality creates disparity in life expectancies, which is very common for many under developed and developing countries. Adequate link exists between changes in age-specific mortality and lifespan inequality, and key to this relationship is a young–old threshold age, below and above which mortality decline respectively de-creases and increases lifespan inequality. Besides socio-economic importance, this threshold’s location modifies the correlation between changes in life expectancy and lifespan inequality. Zhang-Vaupel’s theorem of estimating threshold age is applied to estimate the threshold age for a developing country Bangladesh, using the data of Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System. The graphical estimate of threshold age was found to be 70 to 72 years for male and 72 to 75 years for female of Matlab HDSS-2010. These findings imply the imminent longevity for the population of Matlab HDSS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v2i2.15947 South East Asia J Public Health | Jul-Dec 2012 | Vol 2 Issue 2 | 48-54

ON THE JONES POLYNOMIAL OF ADEQUATE VIRTUAL LINKS

In this paper, we prove that an adequate virtual link diagram of an adequate virtual link has minimal real crossing number.

Maximal Thurston--Bennequin number of $+$adequate links

The class of +adequate links contains both alternating and positive links. Generalizing results of Tanaka (for the positive case) and Ng (for the alternating case), we construct fronts of an arbitrary +adequate link A so that the diagram has a ruling; therefore its Thurston-Bennequin number is maximal among Legendrian representatives of A. We derive consequences for the Kauffman polynomial and Khovanov homology of +adequate links.