Adequate Citations Research Articles

“The Gloss of History”: A Historical Analysis of U.S. Supreme Court Justices’ Framing of First Amendment Press Rights to Cover and Access Court Proceedings

Originalism explores the intentions for, or understandings of, constitutional rights held by drafters of the Constitution or founders of the United States. This qualitative historical analysis evaluates the accuracy and adequacy of U.S. Supreme Court justices’ citations of founders’ intentions for, or understandings of, free press rights in opinions addressing journalists’ rights to cover and access court proceedings. Our research found that justices some times have accurately and adequately cited founders’ writings. Yet, justices too often have cited court opinions and other documents from the 1800s or 1900s to support their assertions about original intentions for or understandings of freedom of speech or of the press and First Amendment values. When referencing writings by founders, justices sometimes provided inadequate context. Such practices have harmed the accuracy of legal and historical records. To improve accuracy in future opinions, justices need to stop citing sections of previous opinions that lack accurate citation, adequate citation, or proper context.

Dual Attention Model for Citation Recommendation with Analyses on Explainability of Attention Mechanisms and Qualitative Experiments

Abstract Based on an exponentially increasing number of academic articles, discovering and citing comprehensive and appropriate resources have become non-trivial tasks. Conventional citation recommendation methods suffer from severe information losses. For example, they do not consider the section header of the paper that the author is writing and for which they need to find a citation, the relatedness between the words in the local context (the text span that describes a citation), or the importance of each word from the local context. These shortcomings make such methods insufficient for recommending adequate citations to academic manuscripts. In this study, we propose a novel embedding-based neural network called dual attention model for citation recommendation (DACR) to recommend citations during manuscript preparation. Our method adapts the embedding of three semantic pieces of information: words in the local context, structural contexts,1 and the section on which the author is working. A neural network model is designed to maximize the similarity between the embedding of the three inputs (local context words, section headers, and structural contexts) and the target citation appearing in the context. The core of the neural network model comprises self-attention and additive attention; the former aims to capture the relatedness between the contextual words and structural context, and the latter aims to learn their importance. Recommendation experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. To seek explainability on DACR, particularly the two attention mechanisms, the learned weights from them are investigated to determine how the attention mechanisms interpret “relatedness” and “importance” through the learned weights. In addition, qualitative analyses were conducted to testify that DACR could find necessary citations that were not noticed by the authors in the past due to the limitations of the keyword-based searching.

Critical Evaluation of Drug Advertisements in a Medical College in Lalitpur, Nepal.

PurposeThe information provided in drug advertisements (DAs) often do not follow the recommended criteria and may promote irrational prescribing behaviors. Recently Health Action International (HAI) formulated detailed criteria to evaluate DAs which further develop and expand on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. This study was done to evaluate DAs using both criteria.MethodsThe study was carried out from October 2019 to January 2020 in the Department of Pharmacology of KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal. A structured proforma was used to collect data.ResultsAltogether 100 DAs were analyzed. Maximum (85%) were having pictorial presentations. Majority (89%) were found to have authentic information and 3% were found to have exaggerated information. All DAs mentioned generic name, brand name, active drug per dosage form and approved therapeutic uses. Only 4% of DAs mentioned about the adverse effects that can be caused by the use of these medicines. The DAs evaluated as per the HAI criteria for pictures and images showed that people portrayed did not seem to be Nepalese. Females and males were portrayed differently with females being laypersons and males being healthcare professionals. Nineteen DAs contained 33 references to scientific literature. Thirty references contained adequate citation information to be identified and were retrievable. Retrieved references were of high methodological quality and from peer-reviewed journals. There was only one graph in the DAs and it contained the number needed to treat (NNT) information. The graph was not having statistical calculations and was not obscured by other visual material.ConclusionUsing both HAI and WHO criteria for assessing the DAs was the strength of this study. None of the DAs fulfilled all the criteria. Additionally, lack of any information on harm in the large majority of DAs, and very limited backing of claims with references was also seen.

Developing a Society Journal Utilizing the Triad Framework

Developing a Society Journal Utilizing the Triad Framework

American Hannibal: The Extraordinary Account of Revolutionary War Hero Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens by Jim Stempel

Reviewed by: American Hannibal: The Extraordinary Account of Revolutionary War Hero Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens by Jim Stempel Aaron J. Palmer American Hannibal: The Extraordinary Account of Revolutionary War Hero Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens. By Jim Stempel. (Tucson, Ariz.: Penmore Press, 2017. Pp. xxv, 381. Paper, $19.95, ISBN 978-1-946409-26-3.) The concept of this book offers much promise. The standard biography of Daniel Morgan by Don Higginbotham is now nearly sixty years old, so the time seems right for a reassessment of this important American military leader. Unfortunately, Jim Stempel's book does not live up to this promise. It is neither a biography of Daniel Morgan nor a study of the battle of Cowpens. [End Page 148] Rather, it is a highly flawed general account of the southern campaigns of the Revolutionary War, focused on a handful of individuals, including Morgan. The book introduces the reader to Morgan in 1775 with the Quebec campaign. It then proceeds to the southern theater, with a rather long account of the battle of Camden and its aftermath. It takes the author six chapters and more than sixty pages to finally come back to Morgan, who arrives after Camden in dramatic, nearly miraculous fashion to rescue the shattered American army. The book moves through familiar stories of the southern campaign until it finally reaches Cowpens, which appears two hundred pages into the book and receives about fifty pages of coverage. The book then takes the reader all the way to Guilford Courthouse and Yorktown. At no point in this narrative does the author ever explain the book's title phrase, "American Hannibal." Stempel, the author of several works of historical fiction, has certainly attempted to write a lively narrative with emotional, dramatic language. However, without adequate citation, it is not possible to separate his creative assertions from hard historical fact. Stempel takes great creative license throughout the book, blurring the line between fiction and history. Overwritten, hyperbolic, and factually dubious passages such as the following are a common occurrence: "Imagine that! [Banastre] Tarleton must have been euphoric. He had come close to catching the famous Morgan napping, if not literally, then at least figuratively, just as he had surprised Thomas Sumter at Fishing Creek, not to mention the entire American command at Monck's Corner before that" (p. 177). The narrative itself collapses under its own weight. The book adopts a bizarre, point-of-view structure that follows a handful of characters in the fashion of George R. R. Martin. While such a structure works well in fantasy fiction, it entirely fails here, leaving the narrative to constantly start and stop, often with further interruptions for superficial mini-biographies. The lack of professional-quality maps is also a major problem in following along with the narrative, especially given the back and forth nature of the book's structure. Ultimately, American Hannibal: The Extraordinary Account of Revolutionary War Hero Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens advances no convincing argument and provides no new insight into the battle of Cowpens or Daniel Morgan. Some general readers may find the author's style appealing, but the book has little merit as a serious work of historical scholarship. Aaron J. Palmer Wisconsin Lutheran College Copyright © 2019 The Southern Historical Association

Citation analysis and the motives for citing

AbstractThe need for an adequate citation theory is becoming an important theme in bibliometrics. It is important, when usingbibliometrical methods such as citation analysis, that librarians do not perform only routine searches, but also offer their users more useful data. The text, otherwise part of a broader study, is dealing with a special aspect of citation, namely motives. Understanding the motives, authors have by citing other people's work, is often the key for explaining the results of citation analysis.

Dr Google

Objectives: To assess and analyze the information and recommendations provided by Google Web Search™ (Google) in relation to web searches on the HPV vaccine, indications for females and males and possible adverse effects.Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study of the results of 14 web searches. Comprehensive analysis of results based on general recommendation given (favorable/dissuasive), as well as compliance with pre-established criteria, namely design, content and credibility. Sub-analysis of results according to site category: general information, blog / forum and press.Results: In the comprehensive analysis of results, 72.2% of websites offer information favorable to HPV vaccination, with varying degrees of content detail, vs. 27.8% with highly dissuasive content in relation to HPV vaccination. The most frequent type of site is the blog or forum. The information found is frequently incomplete, poorly structured, and often lacking in updates, bibliography and adequate citations, as well as sound credibility criteria (scientific association accreditation and/or trust mark system).Conclusions: Google, as a tool which users employ to locate medical information and advice, is not specialized in providing information that is necessarily rigorous or valid from a scientific perspective. Search results and ranking based on Google's generalized algorithms can lead users to poorly grounded opinions and statements, which may impact HPV vaccination perception and subsequent decision making.

Citation time window choice for research impact evaluation

This paper aims to inform choice of citation time window for research evaluation, by answering three questions: (1) How accurate is it to use citation counts in short time windows to approximate total citations? (2) How does citation ageing vary by research fields, document types, publication months, and total citations? (3) Can field normalization improve the accuracy of using short citation time windows? We investigate the 31-year life time non-self-citation processes of all Thomson Reuters Web of Science journal papers published in 1980. The correlation between non-self-citation counts in each time window and total non-self-citations in all 31 years is calculated, and it is lower for more highly cited papers than less highly cited ones. There are significant differences in citation ageing between different research fields, document types, total citation counts, and publication months. However, the within group differences are more striking; many papers in the slowest ageing field may still age faster than many papers in the fastest ageing field. Furthermore, field normalization cannot improve the accuracy of using short citation time windows. Implications and recommendations for choosing adequate citation time windows are discussed.

The Anatomy of a Data Citation: Discovery, Reuse, and Credit

INTRODUCTION Data citation should be a necessary corollary of data publication and reuse. Many researchers are reluctant to share their data, yet they are increasingly encouraged to do just that. Reward structures must be in place to encourage data publication, and citation is the appropriate tool for scholarly acknowledgment. Data citation also allows for the identification, retrieval, replication, and verification of data underlying published studies. METHODS This study examines author behavior and sources of instruction in disciplinary and cultural norms for writing style and citation via a content analysis of journal articles, author instructions, style manuals, and data publishers. Instances of data citation are benchmarked against a Data Citation Adequacy Index. RESULTS Roughly half of journals point toward a style manual that addresses data citation, but the majority of journal articles failed to include an adequate citation to data used in secondary analysis studies. DISCUSSION Full citation of data is not currently a normative behavior in scholarly writing. Multiplicity of data types and lack of awareness regarding existing standards contribute to the problem. CONCLUSION Citations for data must be promoted as an essential component of data publication, sharing, and reuse. Despite confounding factors, librarians and information professionals are well-positioned and should persist in advancing data citation as a normative practice across domains. Doing so promotes a value proposition for data sharing and secondary research broadly, thereby accelerating the pace of scientific research.

The Dallas Myth: The Making and Unmaking of an American City (review)

2g2Southwestern Historical QuarterlyOctober These reservations aside, Cemeteries of Ambivalent Desire remains a rewarding read, highlighted by incisive textual analysis, and propelled by the belief that we, as the living, must confront the ghosts ofthe past ifwe are to understand the world we inhabit and all of its injustices and possibilities. Indiana UniversityChris Stone TL· Dallas Myth: TL· Making and Unmaking ofan American City. By HarveyJ. Graff. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. Pp. 400. Illustrations, appendixes, notes, index. ISBN 9780816652OgS1 $34.g5 clodi.) This is a peculiar book, and die author admits that it is experimental. Harvey J. Graff, a social historian of literacy who spent twenty-three years teaching at the University ofTexas at Dallas, sees Dallas as poorly defined, insecure, and in denial of its own history. The city basically has failed to offerjustice for minorities, create a distinct culture, or end segregation. It has not promoted an outstanding research institution of higher education, and the downtown architecture, according to Graff, lacks originality. For Graff, Dallas is a second-rate city. The deficiencies result from people and leaders forgetting their own history and accepting controlling myths. Among others, Graff focuses upon two myths about the founding of Dallas—that it was a place destined for greatness and thus inevitable, or on the other hand, that it was an accidental, self-made city and therefore has no history or limits. He is not explicit about who accepts these myths or how they are carried into public life. Graff rejects both of these myths as non-historical and misleading; however, and he blames local historians for their lack of corrective information. He attacks historian Michael Hazel's conclusion in a brief history of Dallas (Dalbs: A History of "Big D, " Texas State Historical Association, 1997), for example, that the city was no accident but rather the result ofindividuals working to exploit their location in a period of rapidly expanding transportation . Hazel seems to offer a reasonable interpretation. But for Graff, Hazel only conflates the obscuring myths of destiny and accident. Graff often exaggerates, repeats, and makes polemical statements without supporting evidence. He includes a thin chronology and an oudine of historical development as appendixes and then refers to them after he makes his declarations . For example, "Dallas's achievements have come at great human, environmental , cultural, and political costs. (See die appendixes.)" (p. 94). There is no guidance or support for the statement and the reader, seemingly, is expected to search the appendixes to fill in the blanks. The endnotes, in contrast, usually provide adequate citations along widi extensive "see also" bibliographic references. These indicate that Graff has looked broadly at the writings about contemporary Dallas. This is a peculiar book. Readers who want some pointed comments about recent Dallas might find this study insightful, and people who hate Dallas might embrace it for its criticisms. For others, particularly those who prefer objective narrative history, the book will prove of litde use. Colorado State UniversityDavid G. Mccomb, Professor Emeritus ...

Barney K. Riggs: The Yuma and Pecos Avenger (review)

2oo8 Book Reviews225 the decline of family-owned chain stores in Texas. Large companies, such as Eckerd's and (one can assume) Walmart, began to change the relationship between citizens and their communities. In addition, the impact of the corporate raider on American business could be further studied. Finally, a historian could review the differences, briefly mentioned by Nance, between the development of the business cultures of Dallas and Houston. Harold Simmons despised the term corporate raider. Historians or lawyers may create a definition of the term, butJohn Nance provides a significant counterweight to any application of it to Harold Simmons. As Harold Simmons might say, "Never bring in the lawyers until the deal is done." Oklahoma State UniversityCarter Mattson Barney K. Riggs: The Yuma and Pecos Avenger. By Ellis Lindsey and Gene Riggs. (Privately printed, pp. xxiv+342. Forward, illustrations, maps, epilogue, appendix, bibliography, index. ISBN: 1-4010-7061-2. $29.69, cloth. ISBN: 14010 -7060-4. $19.54, paper.) In popular histories of the U.S. West, Barney Riggs has received occasional mention for his gun battles. The authors of Barney K Riggs: The Yuma and Pecos Avenger argue that Riggs "demonstrated two of the greatest acts of bravery and heroism in the annals of the Old West" (p. xv), and they attempt in tiieir book, to enhance his profile. Born in 1856, Riggs spent his formative years in Bell County, Texas, before moving with family members to Arizona around 1880. During the time Riggs spent there, the Southwest was riddled with violence. Six years after arriving in Arizona, he faced a life sentence in the Yuma prison for murdering Richmond Hudson. According to testimony at the trial, Hudson died as a result of his boasting in public about an affair with the defendant's wife. The first part of this book focuses on Riggs's incarceration and his first "act of heroism." In 1887 a group of Mexican inmates attempted to escape by seizing and stabbing die prison superintendent. Riggs, who happened to be in the middle of the fray, grabbed a pistol and shot their leader. The governor granted Riggs a full pardon for having defended the prison. Riggs returned to Texas and settled near Pecos, about 200 miles from El Paso. By the end of the nineteenth century, Pecos had become embroiled in a bloody feud. The violence culminated in a battle between Riggs and two opposing gunmen, members of the Miller gang. Riggs triumphed and was often credited with bringing peace to the community. The authors, Gene Riggs and Ellis Lindsay, are relatives of their subject: Gene Riggs is the grandson and Ellis Lindsey the first cousin twice removed of Barney K Riggs. Thus, it is unsurprising that this biography often celebrates its subject and at times requires a richer assessment of Barney Riggs' character. The authors' apologist attitude regarding Riggs's unpleasant characteristics prevents the reader from understanding the complexity of western history and the role Riggs played in it. For instance, the authors acknowledge, but ultimately discount , evidence of abuse in Riggs's relationship with his second wife, Annie 226Southwestern Historical QuarterlyOctober Frazer Johnson. For the authors, such knowledge should "not detract from his accomplishments" (p. xxi). Perhaps, but one can argue that Riggs's accomplishments should not serve as cover for his violent outbursts. Indeed, given diat the authors want us to celebrate Riggs's gun battles, understanding his other violent outbursts might provide insight into his general motivation. Moreover, the book's descriptions of people and circumstances surrounding Riggs are mostly one-dimensional. Too often, the authors describe Riggs's enemies simply as "evil." Similarly, in the often volatile communities where Riggs lived, people frequently clashed over ideas about race, gender, and national identity . Yet, there is little discussion of these in Riggs's life. The authors provide a rousing image of Riggs and it is clear diat the book was a labor of love. They seem to have searched for every piece of information diey could find and took care to reproduce several rare documents. Moreover, they take both amateur and professional historians to task for previously sloppy research on Riggs. Still, the book's lack of adequate citations...

‘PUBLISH OR PERISH’: THE PITFALLS OF DUPLICATE PUBLICATION

Abstract: Duplication of previously published text or figures in the scientific literature without adequate citation is plagiarism or, in the case of an author's own work, self‐plagiarism. It breaches the ethical standards that are expected in science and threatens the integrity of scientific journals. Three examples of duplication are noted, one of which involves Palaeontology. Redundant publication lowers the quality of scientific literature, damages the good standing of journals, and reduces the intellectual impact of a study. Multiple papers on a particular theme are only acceptable if each builds significantly upon previous work and contains only as much background information as necessary to put the new data and observations into perspective.

Investigación de fuentes de información jurídica en materia de discriminación

El objetivo del proyecto fue elaborar estrategias de búsqueda eficaces, con el objeto de seleccionar citas para la composición de una bibliografía referente a la discriminación en el ámbito laboral a personas afectadas de SIDA. Se analizaron los términos de indización utilizados y la estructura de las fuentes de información, tanto impresas cuanto electrónicas, de uso más frecuente en el ámbito jurídico de la Argentina. Mediante el estudio comparativo del tratamiento que cada fuente da al tema, respecto a estructuración y términos de indización, se llegó a una hipótesis de trabajo para efectuar búsquedas específicas en materia de doctrina, legislación y jurisprudencia. En conclusión, se comprueba la efectividad de analizar la nomenclatura jurídica de los diferentes repertorios, con el fin de ajustar las estrategias de búsqueda a dichos términos y obtenerse el mayor grado de pertinencia de la información requerida, en el menor tiempo de recuperación.

A Hundred Years of Andrei Platonov. Vol. I by Angela Livingstone (review)

MLRy 98.1, 2003 257 over realist literature. In the main, however, the case for intercultural literature as a coherent ifhighly complex field of study is convincingly argued. The volume also has a sequence of highly informative appendices: the media and migrants; research centres, other institutions, and prizes; bibliographies for groups and individuals along with short C Vs; an index ofnames; notes on the editor and contributors and on illustrations. University of Nottingham Elizabeth Boa A Hundred Years ofAndrei Platonov. Vol. i. Ed. by Angela Livingstone. (Essays in Poetics, 26 (Autumn, 2001), Platonov Special Issue in Two Volumes) Keele: Keele Students Union Press. 2001. v+167 pp. ?20. ISBN 0-9509080-5-3. 1999 was not only the year of Pushkin and Nabokov, but also of Platonov. This and his undoubted, but oft-disputed, significance in Soviet literature have led to a considerable number of publications over recent years. Scholarly editions of his works are at last being published in Russia, albeit fitfully,and Harvill is to be commended for its commitment to a series of English translations. Books and collections of essays appear with reasonable regularity in Moscow and St Petersburg, and occasionally in provincial cities. Outside Russia, a number of books have been published in various languages, and Platonov is the subject of several important journal articles. A Hun? dred Years of Andrei Platonov contains eleven papers delivered at a conference held in Oxford in 2000, and deals largely with the close study of four texts, Chevengur, The Foundation Pit, Dzhan, and Happy Moscow. With contributions from some of the world's leading Platonov scholars, the volume contains many fascinating insights into Platonov's writing: Valerii Vuigin reflects on riddles and enigma; Robert Chandler shares some of his thoughts as a translator; Thomas Seifrid opens up ways of thinking about time and the novel; and Marina Koch-Lubouchkine traces concepts of emptiness through Dzhan and the play Fourteen Little Red Huts. Five essays are particularly fine. Inverting Shkolvskii's famous notion of defamiliarization , Olga Meerson argues that a key feature of Platonov's prose is 'automatization, non-estrangement, or re-familiarization' (p. 22). This is notjust a quasi-formalistconceit ; it implicates the reader ethically in the world inhabited by the characters. Meerson 's book fSvobodnaia veshch":poetika neostraneniiau AndreiaPlatonova (Berkeley: Berkeley Slavic Specialties, 1997) treats this topic at greater length, but it is good to have a clear account of her ideas in English. Angela Livingstone sensitively traces instances of music as a primal sound which expresses the nature of the better world after which so many of Platonov's heroes strive. Hamid Ismailov's account of Sufi themes in Dzhan is a lucid and stimulating piece, which illustrates the profundity of Platonov's involvement with Turkmenistan. Bringing together the themes of collectivity and scatology, Eric Naiman's typically punning analysis of 'lexical heroes' in Happy Moscow is one of the few pieces of Platonov scholarship which entertains as much as it enlightens. Finally, Clint Walker offersa dense and involving presentation of Happy Moscow in the light of Stalinist ideology, Lunarcharskii's contribution to Soviet culture, and Platonov's dialogue with Pushkin's Bronze Horseman. These, the strongest articles in the collection, all suggest approaches and topics for further research, but are also complete in their own right, with adequate citations, references, and argument. Other pieces too obviously suggest their origin as presentations and it is a shame that little attempt appears to have been made either to include material not delivered at the time or to reconsider arguments in the light of the often interesting discussions which were held at the conference. Consequently, these rather brief contributions contain insufficient exegesis, and contextualization to satisfy or stimulate either specialists or general readers. Still, there are riches to be found in 258 Reviews this volume by the attentive and determined reader, and after all, attentiveness and determination are qualities that any lover of Platonov's works must possess. WOLFSON COLLEGE, OXFORD PHILIP ROSS BULLOCK Return from the Archipelago: Narratives of Gulag Survivors. By Leona Toker. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 2000. xv + 333 pp. ?28.50. ISBN 0-253-33787-9. Return from theArchipelago is a comprehensive, thorough...

(Not) giving credit where credit is due: Citation of data sets

Adequate Citation of data sets is crucial to the encouragement of data sharing, to the integrity and cost-effectiveness of science and to easy access to the work of others. The citation behavior of social scientists who have published based on shared data was examined and found to be inconsistent with important ideals of science. Insights gained from the social sciences, where data sharing is somewhat customary, suggest policies and incentives that would foster adequate citation by secondary users, and greater openness and sharing in other disciplines.

The Student Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Summary Statement on Research

As part of a long-term effort to preserve the historical legacy of the AfricanAmerican freedom struggle, the Martin Luther King, Jr., Papers Project is preparing a definitive, multivolume edition of King's papers.' King Project staff members and students at Stanford University, Emory University, and at the Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change have been assembling and preparing accurate texts of King's most significant correspondence, sermons, public statements, published writings, and unpublished manuscripts. The initial two volumes of The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr will cover the period before the start of the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott in December 1955. These volumes will document King's family background, his childhood in Atlanta, his academic training at Morehouse College in Atlanta (1944-1948), Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania (1948-1951), and Boston University (1951-1955), and his first year as pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery. The volumes are scheduled for publication by the University of California Press in 1992. In accordance with established procedures for documentary editing, the King Project investigated the historical and intellectual context in which King's Crozer and Boston University academic papers were created. Project staff members then prepared annotations for more than fifty papers, calling attention to texts that may have influenced King's writings. Early in 1988, staff members became aware that many of the papers, including King's dissertation, contain passages that are similar or identical to texts King consulted and that he did not adequately cite those source texts. King's bibliography or notes nearly always identify his sources, but the lack of adequate citations and quotation marks obscures the extent to which King relied upon the works of others.