Adequacy Of Compensation Research Articles

Emplacement and resistance: Social and political complexities in development‐induced displacement in Papua New Guinea

This paper argues that attending to social and political factors in development‐induced displacement is critical even for projects that involve resettlement of small populations. Taking the resettlement of two villages by the Lihir Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea as a unique case study, I analyse why one village was relatively successfully resettled, while the other has been very complicated, leading to hostility and conflict. In these cases the initial focus of all concerned in reaching a resettlement agreement was on the adequacy of compensation and housing, which mimicked the focus in the literature during the 1990s on impoverishment and compensation. From the late 1990s there have been calls for greater attention to social and political aspects of displacement and resettlement. Early attention to these factors in the Lihir case, particularly the key concepts of emplacement and disemplacement, would have highlighted flaws in the resettlement agreement and would have made it easier to avert the conflict and resistance that arose.

Collateral Damage: Do ASRs Carry Counterparty Risk? - Evergreen Solar Case Study

The case of Evergreen Solar (ESLR) suggests counterparty risk exposure be added to the litany of misgivings on the economic efficiency, absolute performance, and governance conflicts of ASRs. Evergreen Solar in July 2008 issues a convertible, enters into an offsetting, broker-backed long call-spread, and signs a stock loan/collateral agreement. Two months later, the underwriter files for bankruptcy placing Evergreen, with about 134 million shares outstanding prior to the transaction, at risk of having issued 31 million shares at a price of $0.00 (zero). Coincident with the bankruptcy filing, Evergreen rushes to assure funding by the broker/banker of a segregated collateral account. The wake up call that complex equity deals may carry substantial counterparty risk is, at best, unpleasant. The Evergreen case does not include a conventional ASR, but its three components together share many convertible-funded ASR features. That commonality raises the question of whether, similarly, the counterparty risk of complex ASRs might be routinely underestimated. In light of current economic dislocations, companies contemplating execution of complex ASRs (or with ASRs in progress) ought to weigh whether counterparty risk is attached and, if so, the adequacy of compensation. What to look for? In the case of Evergreen, the noose with the agreement might have been a clue.

Salary comparisons: New methods for correcting old fallacies

Institutions of higher education place high priority on ensuring that their faculties are adequately paid. Since gauging the adequacy of compensation is a problem of relative measure, this assessment is usually performed by comparing university-level average salaries for a group of peer institutions. Often the potential distortions caused by differences in the rank mix of the faculty are forestalled by comparing average salaries for each of the four ranks. However, few if any institutions take similar steps to prevent the skewing of averages owing to differences in cost of living, differences in distribution of faculty in academic year and twelve-month appointments, and differences in the configuration of the faculty over disciplines. This paper shows that salary comparisons that do not compensate for these variation in staff mix are seriously flawed. A recommended methodology is demonstrated.

Adequacy of Compensation, Worthiness of Recipient, and their Effects on Transgressor Compliance to Render Aid

Summary The present study investigated the effects of adequacy of compensation and worthiness of recipient (as to compensation) on the willingness of trangressing subjects to make restitution. As expected, the victim received more adequate compensation than the other two less worthy recipients. However, there were no differences across recipient conditions when compensation was inadequate. The expectation that the victim would receive more compensation when compensation was adequate than when inadequate was not supported, nor was the hypothesis that the nonvictim recipient would receive more inadequate compensation than the victim surrogate recipient. Some questions are raised concerning the conceptual validity of the “inadequate compensation” manipulation. Additional questions are posed regarding the comparability of the present study to other experiments dealing with problems of transgression.