Adenoviruses In Water Research Articles

Monitoring of Adenoviruses in Water and Wastewater through Applications of PCR Based Methods

Monitoring of Adenoviruses in Water and Wastewater through Applications of PCR Based Methods

Computationally Designed Epitope-Mediated Imprinted Polymers versus Conventional Epitope Imprints for the Detection of Human Adenovirus in Water and Human Serum Samples.

Detection of pathogenic viruses for point-of-care applications has attracted great attention since the COVID-19 pandemic. Current virus diagnostic tools are laborious and expensive, while requiring medically trained staff. Although user-friendly and cost-effective biosensors are utilized for virus detection, many of them rely on recognition elements that suffer major drawbacks. Herein, computationally designed epitope-imprinted polymers (eIPs) are conjugated with a portable piezoelectric sensing platform to establish a sensitive and robust biosensor for the human pathogenic adenovirus (HAdV). The template epitope is selected from the knob part of the HAdV capsid, ensuring surface accessibility. Computational simulations are performed to evaluate the conformational stability of the selected epitope. Further, molecular dynamics simulations are executed to investigate the interactions between the epitope and the different functional monomers for the smart design of eIPs. The HAdV epitope is imprinted via the solid-phase synthesis method to produce eIPs using in silico-selected ingredients. The synthetic receptors show a remarkable detection sensitivity (LOD: 102 pfu mL-1) and affinity (dissociation constant (Kd): 6.48 × 10-12 M) for HAdV. Moreover, the computational eIPs lead to around twofold improved binding behavior than the eIPs synthesized with a well-established conventional recipe. The proposed computational strategy holds enormous potential for the intelligent design of ultrasensitive imprinted polymer binders.

Global investigation of the presence of adenovirus in different types of water resources: a systematic review.

Waterborne viruses such as adenoviruses cause major health problems in the world. Human adenoviruses are the second leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. In recent years, the presence of the virus in aquatic resources has been shown in several studies. In this paper, the global presence of adenovirus in different types of water resources are reviewed through studying several surveys conducted in different countries worldwide. We designed one search study to collect the maximum number of related articles to this subject in international databases search engine via relevant keywords. After reviewing the articles, the most relevant ones were selected, and after classification and extracting the required information, they were reported in the tables presented in this study. In general, it was found that the highest rate of the presence of adenoviruses has been reported in sewage water, inlet, and outlet of the treatment plant while the lowest rate of the presence of adenovirus in the dam water. These findings demonstrate that treatment plant system has weakness in removing the adenovirus and are strongly recommended for treatment plants to use new and better protocols to remove this virus. In addition, appropriate diagnostic methods that combines molecular biological technique with infectivity assay should be implemented for detection of adenoviruses in water resources.

Continuous inactivation of human adenoviruses in water by a novel g-C3N4/WO3/biochar memory photocatalyst under light-dark cycles.

Viruses transmitted by water have raised considerable concerns for public health. A novel memory photocatalyst of g-C3N4/WO3/biochar was successfully developed for effective inactivation of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in water, in which WO3 as an electron-storage reservoir and biochar as an electron shuttle is employed to synergistically improve photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4. The tertiary composite exhibited continuous photocatalytic performance for HAdVs inactivation without regrowth in water under light-dark cycles, i.e., ∼3.9-log inactivation under 6-h visible light irradiation and an additional ∼1.1-log inactivation under the following 6-h dark. The enhanced virucidal mechanism was attributed to the heterojunction formation and especially the electron-transfer pathway switching via biochar incorporation, contributing to electron transfer and storage in the light phase and then electron release in the dark phase, along with obviously increased generation of the virus-killing •OH radicals under light-dark cycles.

Degradation and inactivation of adenovirus in water by photo-electro-oxidation.

The present study analyzed the efficiency of the photo-electro-oxidation process as a method for degradation and inactivation of adenovirus in water. The experimental design employed a solution prepared from sterile water containing 5.107 genomic copies/L (gc/L) of a standard strain of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) divided into two equal parts, one to serve as control and one treated by photo-electro-oxidation (PEO) for 3 hours and with a 5A current. Samples collected throughout the exposure process were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for viral genome identification and quantitation. Prior to gene extraction, a parallel DNAse treatment step was carried out to assess the integrity of viral particles. Integrated cell culture (ICC) analyses assessed the viability of infection in a cell culture. The tested process proved effective for viral degradation, with a 7 log10 reduction in viral load after 60 minutes of treatment. The DNAse-treated samples exhibited complete reduction of viral load after a 75 minute exposure to the process, and ICC analyses showed completely non-viable viral particles at 30 minutes of treatment.

Application of UV Light–Emitting Diodes to Adenovirus in Water

AbstractA ring-shaped disinfection apparatus has been developed containing twenty ultraviolet-light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) with emission at 285 nm. The apparatus was applied to Escherichia coli, Qβ, MS2, and adenovirus in water. The reduction-equivalent fluence in the apparatus was determined, based on a modification of the protocol for the bench-scale challenge test by low-pressure (LP) UV lamp systems (LPUV). All species demonstrated log-linear inactivation profiles versus the fluence, and the inactivation rate constants for E. coli, Qβ, MS2, and adenovirus were 0.157, 0.037, 0.029, and 0.023 cm2/mJ, respectively. The inactivation rate constant for adenovirus under the UV-LED exposure (kUV-LED′) was higher than that under a LPUV lamp (kLPUV′), and the ratio of kUV-LED′ to kLPUV′, which is approximated as a germicidal factor at 285 nm, was 1.15 for adenovirus. To conclude, this study demonstrated a high potential of the 285 nm UV-LEDs to inactivate microorganisms in water. The germicidal factor found...

107. A Computational Model of Adenovirus Infection

Computational modeling of biological processes provides two distinct benefits for empirical investigators. First, computational models test the impact of an immense array of variables at a broad range of values rapidly and inexpensively in silico. Second, a computational model teaches scientists about the magnitude of an impact due to changes in values of variables. The goal of this project is to develop a highly flexible, user-friendly, biologically relevant model of DNA virus infection. Adenovirus is used as a comparator for the purpose of establishing states (distinct environments) and for identifying the processes that permit transfer from state to state, the rates of those transitions, and the three-dimensional position of each virus at each time point. States in this model include free extracellular virus, cell-surface bound virus, endosome virus, lysosome virus, cytosolic virus, microtubule-associated virus, microtubule-organizing center-associated virus, nuclear bound virus, and inactivated virus. Rates governing transitions between states include diffusion rates, binding and dissociation rates, and microtubule-associated motility, among others. The model employs a game controller to introduce stochastic variability around the chosen rate ensuring that no two iterations of the model give the same dataset. Outputs from the model include comma-separated-value (.csv) data files that are amenable to spreadsheet analysis, graphs showing the relative population of viruses in each state (hundreds of viruses can be used in each infection), and three-dimensional images of the infected cell. An initial characterization of the model demonstrates the veracity of several individual elements. For example, with a pre-set half time for endocytic internalization of bound virus from the cell surface, one would predict that 87.5% of bound virus at time zero would enter the cell in 3 half times (7.5 minutes). Three iterations of the model predicted internalization of 84.2 +/- 13.9% (mean +/- sd) of bound virus over that time period. Similarly, modeling diffusion of vectors in the cytoplasm is an important element in understanding the contribution of microtubule-associated motility to DNA delivery to the nucleus. A prior study of adenovirus diffusion in aqueous medium indicated a diffusion coefficient of 3.67 +/- 0.03 × 10^-8 cm2sec-1 (Oliver et al., 1976, BBA 437:589). The cytoplasm is known to impede diffusion, especially for particles like adenovirus that are larger than 50 nm (Seksek et al., 1997, JCB 138:131), leading to a reduction of the diffusion coefficient by at least two orders of magnitude. Using conditions that allow for a total linear translocation of 1000 nm per sec with a stochastic re-setting of direction 200 times per sec, three iterations of the model predict a diffusion coefficient of 1.80 +/-0.48 × 10^-11 cm2sec-1 (mean +/- se), 204x less than diffusion of adenovirus in water. The model will be validated against published experimental data and will incorporate point-and-click selection of infection conditions. In summary, the model provides a user-friendly, visual and quantitative tool for performing computational studies of viral infection.

Environmental Effectors on the Inactivation of Human Adenoviruses in Water.

Environmental factors are highly relevant to the global dissemination of viral pathogens. However, the specific contribution of major effectors such as temperature and sunlight on the inactivation of waterborne viruses is not well characterized. In this study, the effect of temperature (7, 20, and 37°C), UVB and UVA radiation on viral inactivation was evaluated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), mineral water, wastewater, 1,000-fold diluted wastewater and seawater. The stability of human adenoviruses infectivity, known as human pathogens and indicators of fecal contamination, was monitored during 24h, both in the dark and exposed to UV radiation by immunofluorescence assays. In the dark, no Human adenovirus (HAdV) inactivation was observed in PBS and mineral water at any of the temperatures studied, whereas at 37°C in reactors with higher microbial concentration (wastewater, diluted wastewater, and seawater), decays between 2.5 and 5 log were recorded. UVB radiation showed a dramatic effect on HAdV inactivation and 6-log were achieved in all reactors by the end of the experiments. The effect of UVA showed to be dependent on the water matrix analyzed. At 20°C, HAdV showed a 2-log decay in all reactors radiation while at 37°C, results in wastewater, diluted wastewater, and seawater reactors were equivalent to those observed in the dark. These results suggest UVB radiation as the major environmental factor challenging viral inactivation, followed by biotic activity indirectly associated to higher temperatures and finally, by UVA radiation.

Two-day detection of infectious enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses by improved ICC-qPCR

In order to provide a more suitable response to public health concerns, we improved the detection of infectious human adenoviruses in water by optimising the commonly used integrated cell culture-PCR method. Risk evaluation studies seek for rapid detection of infectious adenoviruses, including the enteric types 40 and 41 that are considered as the second most common agents of gastroenteritis in children next to rotaviruses. The here-employed 293A cell line used for infectious status assessment showed its ability to multiply adenoviruses including type 41. Two modifications were moreover applied to the workflow for viral detection. The first occurred at the nucleic acid extraction step performed directly on all infected cells, while the second was the application of real-time quantitative PCR as detection tool. All adaptations led to a 3-day reduction of the response delay and an improved sensitivity especially for the enteric adenoviral types. The infectious status of laboratory strain types 2 and 41 was demonstrated by a more than 2-log10 increase in genome quantity. These conclusions were confirmed and reinforced by the analysis of water samples applying the improved assay. Naturally occurring infectious adenoviruses were detected in wastewater and river water, within 2 days. Types belonging to the species human adenoviruses C and type 31 were observed, but the most frequently identified type was 41 (71 % of identified sequences, n = 34). This highlights the usefulness of our method for a wide range of types, and especially for the most prevalent and public health-relevant enteric adenoviruses.

The establishment and application of the method with virus concentration and detection in drinking water

This study aimed to construct an effective method to concentrate and detect virus in drinking water, and human adenovirus pollution status in actual water samples was monitored by constructed method. The concentration efficient of NanoCeram filter for the first concentration with source water and drinking water and the concentration efficient of the different concentrations of PEG 8000 for the second concentration were assessed by spiking f₂ bacteriophage into water samples. The standard of human adenovirus for real-time PCR was constructed by T-A clone. The plasmid obtained was identified through sequence analyzing and consistency check comparing to target gene fragment was conducted by using blast algorithm. Then, real-time PCR was constructed to quantify the concentration of human adenovirus using the plasmid as standard. Water samples were concentrated by using NanoCeram filter on the spot and then concentrated for the second time by PEG/NaCl in 2011. The DNA of concentrated samples were extracted for the quantification of human adenovirus in real-time PCR subsequently to monitor the pollution of human adenovirus in water. For the first concentration by NanoCeram filter, the recovery rates were (51.63 ± 26.60)% in source water and (50.27 ± 14.35)% in treated water, respectively. For the second concentration, the highest recovery rate was reached to (90.09 ± 10.50)% at the concentration of 0.13 kg/L of PEG 8000. The sequence identity score of standard of adenovirus for real time PCR and adenovirus gene was 99%, implying that it can be successfully used to quantification with human adenovirus. The levels of human adenovirus in the water samples sampled in 2011 ranged from 4.13×10³ to 2.20×10⁶ copies/L in source water, while range from 5.57×10² to 7.52×10⁵ copies/L in treated water and the removal efficiency range was (75.49 ± 11.71)%. NanoCeram filers combined with PEG/NaCl was an effective method to concentrate virus in aquatic environment. There was a large number of human adenovirus in source water, and it is not sufficient to remove them thoroughly through conventional water treatment processes.

Correlation Analysis of the Seasonality of Adenovirus Gene Detection and Water Quality Parameters Based on Yearly Monitoring

The goal of this study was to monitor the presence of adenovirus in rivers and lakes used for recreation and as a source for the public water supply in the city of Goiânia, Brazil, in addition to carrying out a correlation analysis of the seasonality of adenovirus gene detection and water quality parameters based on yearly monitoring. We collected 54 water samples from two lakes and two rivers. The samples were concentrated by using a positively-charged membrane, and DNA was extracted by a phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method, followed by PCR. Adenovirus was detected in 44.4% (24 of 54) of the samples collected. Physicochemical and bacteriological tests were carried out according to water quality monitoring standard procedures. Significant differences over the study period were observed for the presence of adenovirus in water and the values for nitrites, phosphates and fixed and total solids. The occurrence of adenovirus showed a seasonal trend, and significant differences with bacteriological tests were not observed. This is the first study to monitor adenovirus in water sources in the Midwestern Region of Brazil. The results may be useful to generate an eco-epidemiological profile of adenoviruses or even to identify the transmission routes of some neglected diseases, showing the importance in monitoring adenoviruses.

SP4-27 High prevalence of Escherichia coli and human adenovirus in water, mussels and young children with acute gastroenteritis living in mangrove region

IntroductionSeveral studies have shown that many aquatic ecosystems are often contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms through the discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage. The maintenance of water quality is a...

Quantitative Detection of Human Adenoviruses in Wastewater and Combined Sewer Overflows Influencing a Michigan River

Enteric viruses are important pathogens found in contaminated surface waters and have previously been detected in waters of the Great Lakes. Human adenoviruses were monitored because of their high prevalence and persistence in aquatic environments. In this study, we quantified adenoviruses in wastewater, surface water, and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by real-time PCR. Between August 2005 and August 2006, adenovirus concentrations in raw sewage, primary-treated effluent, secondary-treated effluent, and chlorinated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in Michigan were examined. CSO samples (n = 6) were collected from a CSO retention basin in Grand Rapids, MI. Adenoviruses were detected in 100% of wastewater and CSO discharge samples. Average adenovirus DNA concentrations in sewage and CSOs were 1.15 x 10(6) viruses/liter and 5.35 x 10(5) viruses/liter, respectively. Adenovirus removal was <2 log(10) (99%) at the wastewater treatment plant. Adenovirus type 41 (60% of clones), type 12 (29%), type 40 (3%), type 2 (3%), and type 3 (3%) were isolated from raw sewage and primary effluents (n = 28). Six of 20 surface water samples from recreational parks at the lower Grand River showed virus concentrations above the real-time PCR detection limit (average, 7.8 x 10(3) viruses/liter). This research demonstrates that wastewater effluents and wastewater-impacted surface waters in the lower Grand River in Michigan contain high levels of viruses and may not be suitable for full-body recreational activities. High concentrations of adenovirus in these waters may be due to inefficient removal during wastewater treatment and to the high persistence of these viruses in the environment.

Human Adenoviruses in Water: Occurrence and Health Implications: A Critical Review

Adenoviruses are important human pathogens that are responsible for both enteric illnesses and respiratory and eye infections. Recently, these viruses have been found to be prevalent in rivers, coastal waters, swimming pool waters, and drinking water supplies worldwide. United Sates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed adenovirus as one of nine microorganisms on the Contamination Candidate List for drinking water because their survival characteristic during water treatment is not yet fully understood. Adenoviruses have been found to be significantly more stable than fecal indicator bacteria and other enteric viruses during UV treatment. Adenovirus infection may be caused by consumption of contaminated water or inhalation of aerosolized droplets during water recreation. The goal of this review is to summarize the state of technology for adenovirus detection in natural and drinking waters and the human health risk imposed by this emerging pathogen. The occurrence of these viruses in natural and treated waters is summarized from worldwide reports.

Rapid detection of infectious adenoviruses by mRNA real-time RT-PCR

Adenoviruses are among the most persistent and ubiquitous viruses in water and wastewater, but some of them are difficult to detect due to non-cytopathogenicity and slow growth in cell cultures. A TaqMan ® real-time RT-PCR method in conjunction with cell culture infectivity was developed to rapidly detect mRNA produced by infectious adenoviruses in water samples. Only infectious adenoviruses were detected by this method, based on their ability to produce mRNA during replication in cell culture. The mRNA of Ad41 was detected as soon as 3 days after infection at levels as low as 5 infectious units (IU) per cell culture. In order to confirm that our methods detected only infectious viruses, 1-ml volumes of 10 4 IU of Ad41 were exposed to different free chlorine doses. No mRNA was detected in cells inoculated with Ad41 treated with the highest free chlorine dose of 100 mg min/l. However, mRNA of adenovirus was detected in cells inoculated with virus that was untreated or exposed to a lower free chlorine dose of 1 mg min/l. These results suggest that mRNA detection by real-time RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific method to detect low levels of infectious adenoviruses in water and other environmental media within 1–3 days.

Detection of infectious pathogenic viruses in water and wastewater samples from urbanised areas

Regardless of the remarkable improvement in sanitary conditions in urbanised areas, infectious diseases caused by pathogenic viruses in water have been reported year after year. The actual situation for the behaviour of pathogenic viruses in urbanised society should be understood. In this study, infectious enteroviruses and adenoviruses in water and wastewater samples from urbanised areas were investigated. Infectious enteroviruses were continuously detected from sewage and sewage sludge during the summer season. The detection of infectious viruses in sewage and sewage sludge was facilitated by the enzymatic virus elution (EVE) method. The concentration of infectious enteroviruses in positive samples of sewage and sewage sludge was >400 virions/L. Infectious viruses were also detected from water samples at levels >4 virions/L.

Kinetics of inactivation of adenovirus in water by chloramine-T

The use of chloramine-T (CAT) as a possible alternative to chlorine, which forms genotoxic trihalomethanes during the disinfection of water, was examined. Kinetics of inactivation of adenovirus type 3 in buffered water by CAT were performed to determine the viricidal potential of CAT. The viral inactivation curves showed two stages. The initial linear part of each curve represented pseudo-first-order kinetics with the test virus. A dose-response relationship between CAT concentration and 99% adenovirus inactivation time was demonstrated. The rate of inactivation of the virus by CAT decreased with increase in pH of water. The inactivation followed first-order kinetics in [CAT] and fractional-order in [H +] or inverse fractional-order in [OH −]. The effect of ultrasonication or of salts on the inactivation rate was significant at pH 6 and negligible at pH 10, suggesting that the viral aggregation is greater in acidic than in alkaline water. Inactivation kinetics were also performed at different temperatures and Arrhenius and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. Our results show that the rate of inactivation of adenovirus type 3 by CAT was faster in slightly acidic than in alkaline water suggesting that as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine, CAT would be more effective in slightly acid water.

The inactivation of purified type 3 adenovirus in water by chlorine.

Journal Article THE INACTIVATION OF PURIFIED TYPE 3 ADENOVIRUS IN WATER BY CHLORINE Get access NORMAN A. CLARKE, NORMAN A. CLARKE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT E. STEVENSON, ROBERT E. STEVENSON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar PAUL W. KABLER PAUL W. KABLER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 64, Issue 3, November 1956, Pages 314–319, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119844 Published: 01 November 1956 Article history Received: 30 July 1956 Published: 01 November 1956