Additives Treatment Research Articles

Dawadawa and Kantong Additives Improve the Growth and Health of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of condiment on the growth and hematology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), stocked at 15 fish per tank with an initial average weight of 3.11±0.25 g for 8 weeks in twelve 55 m2 circular tanks. Three experimental diets, such as Dawadawa, Kantong, and Dawakan additives, and a control diet were studied in triplicate in this trial. The growth performance and feed utilization showed significant differences (p<0.05) among the dietary treatments with SGR in the additives treatment, which ranged between 3.77±0.61 and 4.31±0.09, which was higher than the control treatment (3.69±0.63). The FCR of additive diets ranged between 1.55±0.00 and 1.65±1.0 and was lower compared to the control diet (1.67±0.00). The concentrations of white blood cells, red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin (P≤0.05) observed in the control group were lower compared to the group with an enhanced additives diet showing the best blood parameters. All in all, the fish-fed Dawadawa additive showed the best growth and health among treatments. There is, however, a need for further studies to observe the effect of the condiment on a challenged fish.

Chemical composition and silage quality of urea, molasses, and urea and molasses ensiled soybean husk

The study evaluated the effect of additives treatment on the chemical composition and silage quality of soybean husk in a 28-day experiment, using completely randomised design. Soybean husk was chopped into 1-3 cm length and ensiled in a laboratory silo. There were four treatments consisting of the control (no additive treatment; T1), urea treatment (T2), molasses treatment (T3) and urea and molasses treatment (T4). The colour of the silages was goldenrod, dark goldenrod, peru and burly wood for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Except for T2 which had a pungent smell, silage smell was generally pleasant. All the silages had firm texture. Silage temperature, ether extract and propionic acid were (P>0.05) not affected by treatments. Silage dry matter and ammonia-nitrogen were higher (P<0.05) in T2 than in other treatments. Silage organic matter, non-fibre carbohydrates, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and butyric acid were higher P<0.05) in the control relative to the additive treatments. Crude protein of the silages was lowest and highest (P<0.05) in T1 and T4 respectively. Silage pH was lower in T3 than in other treatments. Acetic and lactic acids of the silages were affected by additives treatment, and increased in the order: T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 (P<0.05). In conclusion, additives treatment enhanced the nutritive and fermentation qualities of soybean husk. However, urea and molasses treatment produced the best results.

Performance improvement of dye sensitized solar cell using vanadium (V) oxide as additives

Additives treatment is a common way to improve the performance of dye sensitized solar cells. This project aims to investigate the performance improvement of DSSCs by treating Pt as a counter electrode and TiO2-mesoporous layer with Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5-x). The electrical performance of the DSSCs show improvement and that was clear on their open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), and overall efficiency (η). The calculation of power conversion efficiency (PCE %) is improved from 8.25 % without Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5-x) to 9.10 % with the device treated TiO2-mesoporous layer with Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5-x) and PCE 8.70 % with the device treated Pt with Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5-x).

Effects of Exogenous Caffeic Acid, L-Phenylalanine and NaCl Treatments on Main Active Components Content and In Vitro Digestion of Germinated Tartary Buckwheat.

Germination is an effective method for improving the nutritional value of Tartary buckwheat (TB). The effects of exogenous additive treatments (caffeic acid (CA), L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), NaCl) on germination, main active component contents and antioxidant activities before and after in vitro digestion of germinated TB were investigated. Compared with the natural growth group, the T4 group (CA 17 mg/L, L-Phe 2.7 mmol/L, NaCl 2.7 mmol/L) treatment increased the germination rate (67.50%), sprout length, reducing sugar (53.05%), total flavonoid (18.36%) and total phenolic (20.96%) content, and antioxidant capacity of TB. In addition, exogenous additives treatment induced the consumption of a lot of nutrients during seed germination, resulting in a decrease in the content of soluble protein and soluble sugar. The stress degree of natural germination on seeds was higher than that of low concentrations of exogenous additives, resulting in an increase in malondialdehyde content. In vitro digestion leads to a decrease in phenolics content and antioxidant capacity, which can be alleviated by exogenous treatment. The results showed that treatment with exogenous additives was a good method to increase the nutritional value of germinated TB, which provided a theoretical basis for screening suitable growth conditions for flavonoid enrichment.

Profitability of diets, nutritive value, performance and cecal activity of growing rabbits fed bean vein hay

A feeding trail was conducted to study effect of bean viens hay (BVH) on the growing rabbit’s performance, nutritive value and cecum activity and economic return of experimental diets that. Seventy two New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (6 week of age) were divided into 6 groups and were fed 6 experimental diets inclusion BVH and Galzym® enzyme contains cellulase, xylanase, lipase, amylase, protease, pectinase, arabinase, phytase, α-galactosidase, and β-glucosidase additives. Group 1 fed negative control (basal diet without both BVH and Galzym®) and group 2 fed positive control diets (basal diet without BVH and with Galzym®). The 3rd and 4th groups fed 25% BVH substitution of clover hay without Galzym® (T3) and with Galzym® (T4). The 5th and 6th group’s rabbits fed 50% BVH substitution of clover hay without Galzym® (T5) and with Galzym® (T6). The crude fiber, NDF, ADF, ADL and cellulose were higher in BVH than those in clover hay while, CP% and digestible energy (Kcal/kg) were lower in BVH than those in clover hay. Results of interaction between BVH and Galzym® additives (treatment effect) had significant (P<0.05) effect on rabbits productive performance, all nutrients digestibility except EE and DCP%, blood biochemical (TP, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, cholesterol, ALT, and urea), and cecum activity (TVFA’s and NH3). Moreover, main effect of BVH was significantly (P<0.05) improved of rabbits productive performance, nutrients digestibility (DM, OM, CP, CF, and NFE%), blood constituents (TP, albumin, globulin, and ALT), and TVFA’s in cecum. Enzyme main effect decreased (P<0.05) FI and formation of NH3 in rabbit’s cecum. In conclusion, the dietary BVH improved the productive performance of growing rabbits without negative effect on health status. Enzyme addition increases the BVH utilization and diets profitability.

Revealing Morphology Evolution in Highly Efficient Bulk Heterojunction and Pseudo‐Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells by Additives Treatment

AbstractAdditives treatment is as a very effective strategy to optimize bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology. However, the inherent working mechanism of this strategy still lacks systematical investigations in non‐fullerene‐acceptors‐based organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, a series of BHJ and pseudo‐planar heterojunction (PPHJ) OSCs using PM6 and IT‐4F as the electron donor/acceptor pair, are developed to unveil the promoting effect of solvent additive 1, 8‐diiodooctane (DIO) on active layer morphologies and device performance. The study clearly demonstrates that DIO can increase the crystallinity of IT‐4F significantly, while it has less impact on PM6. It is notable that a new efficiency‐determining crystalline balanced factor (CCLpolymer/CCLacceptor) is put forward, indicating that the more balanced CCLpolymer/CCLacceptor results in more balanced charge mobility and much better short‐circuit current densities (Jsc) and fill factors (FF) of OSCs. The PPHJ blend film of PM6/IT‐4F(DIO) exhibits enhanced crystallinity with more balanced CCL and favorable hierarchical distribution morphology, contributing to a champion efficiency of 13.70% with a record Jsc of 20.98 mA cm−2 and a remarkable FF of 75.9%. This work not only reveals the underlying mechanism of DIO caused morphology evolution, but also achieves highly efficient PPHJ OSCs with superior thermal stability by elaborately controlling the morphology of PPHJ film.

The protective effects of rapamycin pretreatment on ovarian damage during ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation (OCT) has been sufficiently proven effective and feasible to preserve fertility for women especially for prepubertal girls suffering from cancer with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, grafts’ survival, significant follicle loss and a delay of revascularization during OCT still need to be resolved no matter what kind of cryopreserved method being used. Different from previous reports about additives treatment on recipient after ovarian transplantation, we here report a new vitrification protocol with pretreatment of rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mTOR signaling pathway. The rapamycin treatment has been shown to inhibit the activation of mTOR signaling pathway in fresh thawed ovaries or in ovaries shortly grafted in the recipient mice. Further study revealed increased percentage of primordial follicles and reduced apoptosis after 5 days of transplantation. Long-term follow up of ovarian development demonstrated the increase of ovarian survival rates in rapamycin treated ovaries after 2 weeks of transplantation. Although follicular development showed a slight delay with more secondary and early antral follicles found in rapamycin treated ovaries, follicular development was not blocked as manifested by the ovarian morphology after 5 weeks of transplantation. Taken together, the pretreatment of rapamycin before vitrification is a good method for clinical application with its effectiveness on preserving follicle reserve and promoting ovarian survival during the process of OCT.

Highly Conductive, Stretchable, and Transparent PEDOT:PSS Electrodes Fabricated with Triblock Copolymer Additives and Acid Treatment.

Here, we report on a highly conductive, stretchable, and transparent electrode of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) fabricated via modification with triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)- block-poly(propylene glycol)- block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEO20-PPO70-PEO20, Pluronic P123), and post-treatment with sulfuric acid. The fabricated electrode exhibits high transparency (89%), high electrical conductivity (∼1700 S/cm), and minimal change in resistance (∼4%) under repetitive stretch-release cycles at 40% tensile strain after stabilization. P123 acts as a secondary dopant and plasticizer, resulting in enhanced electrical conductivity and stretchability of PEDOT:PSS. Furthermore, after sulfuric acid post-treatment, P123 helps the electrode to maintain its stretchability. A successful demonstration of the stretchable interconnection was shown by stretching the P123-modified PEDOT:PSS electrodes, which were connected with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in series. Finally, a stretchable and transparent touch sensor consisting of our fabricated electrodes and an LED array and stretchable semitransparent supercapacitor were presented, suggesting a great potential of our electrodes in the application to various deformable devices.

Binary Solvent Additives Treatment Boosts the Efficiency of PTB7:PCBM Polymer Solar Cells to Over 9.5% (Solar RRL 4∕2018)

Binary Solvent Additives Treatment Boosts the Efficiency of PTB7:PCBM Polymer Solar Cells to Over 9.5% (Solar RRL 4∕2018)

Binary Solvent Additives Treatment Boosts the Efficiency of PTB7:PCBM Polymer Solar Cells to Over 9.5%

In this work, a 9.5% of power conversion efficiency (PCE) is obtained in the thieno [3,4‐b] thiophene/benzodithiophene (PTB7): (6,6)‐phenyl‐C70‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) based polymer solar cell (PSC) by using a novel binary solvent additive of diphenyl ether (DPE): 1,8‐diiodoctane (DIO). We find that this binary solvent additive approach increases the PTB7 donor crystallinity using DPE and enhances the PC70BM dispersion using DIO. This amended aggregation results in a better donor/acceptor phase separation. We show that the improved crystallization and face‐on orientation preference of PTB7 contributes to higher light absorption and charge transport efficiency in the active layer. Moreover, a better D/A phase separation provides more efficient charge extraction and suppresses the charge recombination, leading to an improved FF >70%.

Effects of UV radiation on the process of wilting and application of additives at ensiling on the fermentation quality of Siberian wildrye silage on the Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau

AbstractEffects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and formic acid (FA) on silage quality of ultraviolet (UV)‐radiated Siberian wildrye (Elymus sibiricus L.) were studied on the Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau. Siberian wildrye seeds were sown in early April, 2012 and harvested in 2013, 2014 and 2016. Fresh forage was radiated for 0, 4 and 8 h under ambient/laboratory UV radiation conditions during the wilting process, and then mixed with LAB inoculant (105 cfu g−1 fresh matter [FM]) and FA (3 mL kg−1 FM), respectively, no additives treatment as control. After additive treatments, chopped Siberian wildrye plants were packed in 30 cm × 40 cm polythene bags and stored in a dark room at ambient temperature (<15°C) for 90 days. Silages of UV‐radiated Siberian wildrye had higher (P < 0.05) pH and ammonia‐nitrogen (N) content, lower (P < 0.05) acetic and propionic acid content and in vitro ruminal dry matter digestibility. Compared with control, treatments with additives (especially for inoculant LAB) enhanced pH decline, increased (P > 0.05) acetic acid content, decreased (P < 0.05) butyric acid and ammonia‐N content of silages of UV‐radiated Siberian wildrye. It was concluded that the application of FA and inoculant LAB at ensiling could reduce the negative effects of extended UV radiation on the process of wilting.

10.8% Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells Based on PTB7‐Th and PC71BM via Binary Solvent Additives Treatment

In this work, polymer solar cells are fabricated based on the blend of PTB7‐Th: PC71BM by using a mixed solvent additive of 1,8‐diiodooctane and N‐methyl pyrrolidone to optimize the morphology of the blend. A high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.8% has been achieved with a simple conventional device. In order to deeply investigate the influence of the mixed solvent additives on the morphology and device performance, the variations of the molecular packing and bulk morphology of the blend film cast from ortho‐dichlorobenzene with single or binary solvent additives are measured. Although all the blend films exhibit similar domain size and nanoscale phase separation, the blend film processed with mixed solvent additive shows the highest domain purity, resulting in the least bimolecular recombination, relatively high Jsc and FF, and hence enhanced PCE. Therefore, the best photovoltaic performance with the Voc of 0.82 V, Jsc of 19.1 mA cm−2, FF of 69.1%, and PCE of 10.8% are obtained for the device based on the blend with binary solvent additive treatment.

Fuel Additives and Heat Treatment Effect on the Structure and Morphology of Strontium Titanate Nanopowders Prepared by the Sol-gel Combustion Method

In this study, the sol-gel combustion method was used to prepare strontium titanate nanopowders. The raw precursors and two different fuels (citric acid and glycine) were used in various ratios of metal nitrate to fuel. The results were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. XRD revealed that the ratio of 1:3 is optimal. SEM showed that the particle sizes are similar in the nano-scale range and are agglomerated. TEM showed that the particles are differed in shape. The powder produced by the citric acid route was semispherical in shape; however, a cubic shape was obtained when using the glycine route. The particle sizes were approximately 20 nm.

전환기 젖소의 사료첨가제 급여가 사료섭취량, 산유량 및 대사성장애 발생에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 분만전후 40두의 젖소에 무첨가, Aspergillus oryzae(T2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 혼합제(T3) 및 효소분비촉진제(T4) 급여시 사료섭취량, 산유량 혈중대사물질 및 대사성 질병에 발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 완전임의배치법 10반복으로 수행하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 분만전 건물섭취량은 처리간에 별 차이가 없었지만 분만일과 분만후 3주 동안에는 Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 혼합제 및 효소분비촉진제를 급여했을 때가 대조구보다 다소 많았다. 산유량은 사료첨가제를 급여한 구가 무첨가구보다 더 높았으며 특히 효소분비촉진제에서 산유량이 가장 높았다. 혈중 글루코스 및 NEFA 함량은 분만전에는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었지만 분만일과 분만후 1, 2 및 3일에는 사료첨가제 급여구에서 대조구보다 혈중 글루코스 함량은 더 높고 반면에 NEFA 함량은 더 낮았다. 혈중 Ca 수준은 시험기간동안 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 대사성질병 발생은 대조구에서만 케토시스 1두 발생하였으며, 후산증체는 효소분비 촉진제구는 전혀 발생하지 않았으나 다른 구에서는 공히 2두가 발생하였다. 자궁 내막염은 T2구에서 1두 발생하였다. 결론적으로 전환기 젖소에 사료첨가제를 급여하면 사료섭취량 및 산유량 증가와 더불어 대사성질병 발생이 저하될 것으로 사료된다. The objective of this study was to evaluate a feed additives used mainly in lactating cow diets in transient pregrent cow diets. The study was conducted as a completely randomized design with forty Holstein pregnant cows to determine the effect of feeding Aspergillus oryzae(T2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixture(T3) and enzyme(cellulase, xylanase) - releasing chemicals(ERC) (T4) on the dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition and metabolic disorders. Dry matter intake was similar among treatments for 3 weeks prepartum but cows fed enzyme tended to increased feed intake compared to no additives treatment both in calving day and for 3 weeks postpartum. Cows fed Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ERC produced more milk than those fed no additives. However, there is no significant difference among treatments. Concentration of glucose was not significantly different among treatment prepartum but that in plasma of cows fed ERC was higher at calving and 3 weeks postpartum compared to others. Increase in NEFA began at 3 weeks prepartum and accelerate during the final 7 days before calving at all treatments but lower for ERC-treated cows at calving and 3 weeks postpartum. Ca concentration not different among treatment prepartum and postpartum. Corticoid content decreased significantly for cows fed ERC compared to those fed non-additives. Metabolic disorder was not occurred in cows fed ERC. However, ketosis and displased abomasum were happened 1 cow when fed non-additives, metritis 1 cow when fed Aspergillus oryzae and retained placenta 1 cow in all treatments except cows fed ERC.