Additives In Diesel Engines Research Articles

Performance testing of moringa oleifera seed oil biodiesel with additives in diesel engine

Now a day's liquid biodiesel fuels utilization that are produced from renewable natural resources such as moringa oleifera seeds using transesterification method accounts among the best alternative option for substituting conventional fossil fuels. This investigation shows production of biodiesel from moringa oleifera seeds by transesterification process with an additive of diethyl ether (DEE2%). It also finds out the efficiency and emission analysis of three fuels namely pure diesel, B20 (20% moringa blended with 80% diesel), and B20DEE2% (20% Moringa &2%DEE additive blended with 78% diesel) compression ignition engine using single cylinder, 4-stroke direct injection method. The observations of the fuel characterization show that B20 and B20DEE2% biodiesel blended fuels have nearly equal characteristics such as viscosity, density, and calorific values that compared to diesel fuel. Moreover, these fuels have comparable performance such as brake thermal efficiency, brake power, brake torque, and specific fuel consumption compared to clear diesel fuel, and especially B20DEE2% have better emission condition than B20 biodiesel blend fuel.

Spectroscopic verification of biodiesel synthesis from turpentine tree oil through two-step chemical reactions: investigation of the use of synthesized biodiesel and acetone as fuel additives in diesel engines

ABSTRACT In this research, the influence of acetone addition in diesel engines was assessed, examining its implications on combustion, performance, and emissions. Biodiesel was synthesized from turpentine oil via a dual-step process involving esterification and transesterification, validated through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance confirmed the presence of methyl esters while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry facilitated the biodiesel component analysis. Tests on mixed fuels, conducted under varied load settings at 1500 rpm, showcased that introducing acetone to diesel escalated in-cylinder pressures, heat release rates, and gas temperatures but mitigated pressure rise rates. In contrast, its incorporation in the diesel/biodiesel blend revealed a decline in the aforementioned parameters and an enhancement in pressure rise rates. Specifically, diesel with acetone yielded a 2.72% and 8.07% reduction in brake specific fuel consumption and carbon monoxide emissions, respectively. However, brake thermal efficiency marginally elevated by 0.01%, accompanied by a 4.19% surge in nitrogen oxide emissions. Incorporating acetone in the diesel/biodiesel blend led to a 1.13% reduction in brake thermal efficiency and a notable 7.53% cut in nitrogen oxide emissions, while brake specific fuel consumption and carbon monoxide emissions rose by 1.14% and 3.61%, respectively. These effects of acetone necessitate additional research to explore its potential as an additive.

Optimizing Biodiesel Blend Performance with Nano Additives in Diesel Engines for Sustainable Environmental Impact

Biodiesel, a sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based diesel, can be derived from various sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled cooking oils. Its production and use have gained momentum due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and diminish our reliance on fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels contributes significantly to climate change and various forms of pollution. In India's agricultural sector, the production of biodiesel from non-edible plant oils has witnessed a surge in popularity. However, the current supply of these biodiesels falls short of meeting the growing demand for fossil fuels. To address this challenge, a novel biodiesel formulation using non-edible oils has been developed. This study aims to create an innovative biodiesel blend comprising 50% cottonseed biodiesel, 50% rapeseed biodiesel, and diesel with the addition of cerium oxide. The results obtained with CR20N50 indicate a substantial 15–18% reduction in fuel consumption, a notable 12–22% decrease in carbon monoxide emissions, and a significant 13–20% reduction in hydrocarbon emissions compared to conventional diesel fuel.

Experimental Investigation of Effect of n-Hexane Addition in Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels on Performance and Emissions Characteristics

The chemical property of fuel seriously affects it’s the spray and atomization. Better atomization contributes to higher efficiency and less exhaust emissions. Fuel characteristics can be improved by addition of additives in the fuel. The effects of the using of fuel additives in diesel engine. There are many studies for this purpose. In this study, n-hexane additive was added in diesel and two different biodiesel fuels. The additive decreased the cetane number, density and viscosity values of the test fuels while increased the lower calorific value. As a result of the experiments, it was seen that there was an increase in the engine torque, engine power and specific fuel consumption by adding additives. Engine torque increased by 1.09% in DHX16 fuel compared to D0 fuel, 5% in RHX16 fuel compared to R0 fuel and 3.29% in CHX16 fuel compared to C0 fuel. The ignition delay decreased with additives and the cylinder pressure increased. The reduction in CO emissions was 7.07% in DHX16 fuel, 12.86% in RHX16 and 12.85% in CHX16 fuel. This decrease in HC emissions was 17.04%, 18.42% and 16.66%, respectively. In terms of NOX emissions, there was an increase of 4.73% in DHX16 fuel mixture compared to D0 fuel, 0.98% in RHX16 fuel mixture compared to R0 fuel and 2.01% in CHX16 fuel mixture compared to C0 fuel due to the improvement of combustion.

Effect of copper nanoparticle concentration on tribological performances of cylinder liner piston ring

AbstractThe performance of cylinder liner piston ring (CLPR) that worked under harsh conditions significantly affected the reliability of diesel engines. Nano‐copper lubricant additives have recently been introduced due to their good anti‐wear properties. This study aims to gain insights into the interactions between concentrations of nano‐copper lubricant additives and the tribological performance of CLPR. Tests are performed on a reciprocating sliding test rig under different operating conditions, and the tribological performances are characterized by the friction coefficient, wear mass losses, and morphologies of worn surface. The experimental results indicated that the optimal concentration of nano‐copper additives is 2 wt%. Additionally, deposition of the Cu nanoparticles on the worn surface during the friction process facilitates the formation of the mending layer. These findings would aid to provide a technical reference for the application of nano‐copper additives in diesel engines.

Evaluation of combustion characteristics of fuel derived from the waste lubricating oil with n-pentanol additives in diesel engine

An experiment is performed with three blends made up of pyrolysis waste engine oil (PWEO), n-pentanol, and diesel. This research study provides the solution to waste engine oil as alternate fuel to diesel. Pyrolysis waste engine oil is extracted from waste engine oil by the pyrolysis distillation method. Wherein zeolite, sodium carbonate (Na2Co3) and lime (CaO) are used as catalysts. From the experimental results the blend having the volume percentage of 65% of diesel, 25% of pyrolysis waste engine oil and 10% of n-pentanol showed better performance compared to the other blends and pure diesel, therefore the brake thermal efficiency of this blend had noticed a decrease of about 1% compared to pure diesel at full load and the NOX, CO, HC and CO2 emissions were found to be 20%, 10%, 15% and 10% lower than that of pure diesel at full load.

The regulated emissions and PAH emissions of bio-based long-chain ethers in a diesel engine

Catalytic etherification is a new and developing method for the upgradation of pyrolysis bio-oil into high performance bio-based long-chain ethers. In this work, the application of bio-based long-chain ether oxygenated additives in diesel engines have been checked by focusing on their regulated emissions and PAH emissions. Four bio-based long-chain ethers with similar structures, including: Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether, diglyme, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether and tripropylene glycol methyl ether have been blended with diesel fuel and tested in a small-duty diesel engine. The results showed that long-chain ethers were beneficial to the reduction of regulated emissions by comparing to pure diesel. Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether and tripropylene glycol methyl ether showed best performance among the four tested ethers. Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether could reduce 56% CO, 23% NO and 93% soot emissions, while Tripropylene glycol methyl ether could reduce 52% CO, 28% NO and 88% soot emissions. Besides, the particle sizes of soot particles from the blended fuels were also reduced. What's more, the addition of bio-based long-chain ethers could reduce particulate PAHs emissions by 39% ~ 67% and reduce gaseous PAHs emissions by 25% ~ 44%, and the PAHs toxicity was also reduced by 32% ~ 55%. This work proved that the structure of oxygen atoms evenly distributed in the chain could efficiently suppress the production of soot precursors and eventually reduce the soot emission

Impact of various metal-oxide based nanoparticles and biodiesel blends on the combustion, performance, emission, vibration and noise characteristics of a CI engine

With the burning of 1 L of diesel fuel, approximately 3 kg of greenhouse gas is released into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is of great importance to reduce emissions with some additives in diesel engines. This study deals with the impacts of blends of waste cooking oil methyl ester and various metal-oxide based nanoparticles on the emission, combustion, performance, vibration and noise characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The test engine was loaded at different engine loads of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 Nm and a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. In this investigation, various fuels [called as reference diesel (D100), 10 vol% of waste cooking oil methyl ester (B10), and finally the mass fractions of 100 ppm aluminium oxide (B10Al2O3), titanium oxide (B10TiO2) and silicon oxide (B10SiO2) into the B10, separately] were tested. The addition of metal-oxide based nanoparticles has firstly increased the viscosity, cetane number, and heating value of biodiesel. Higher oxygen atoms in biodiesel-nanoparticles blends have improved the quality of the combustion process. Higher peak point in CPmax and HRRmax could be reached in these nano fuels due to their lower cetane numbers than that of D100. CO, HC and NOx emissions were significantly reduced with the blending of nanoparticles and biodiesel in comparison with those of D100. The addition of nanoparticles highly improved engine performance. B10 had the lowest thermal efficiency due to its heating value, but its efficiency was converted to the highest one with the addition of nanoparticle. In conclusion, this study is suggesting that the addition of metal-oxide based nanoparticles into biodiesel blends can give better results than using biodiesel alone for diesel engines.

Characteristics of Poultry Litter Biodiesel with Magnalium and Cobalt Oxide as a Additives

The importance of bio diesel in CI engine has substantiated, the recent research has been motivated on the use of different Nano materials as additives in diesel engines. The present investigation is to study the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder direct injection CI engine using transesterified Poultry litter(PL) biodiesel blend with and without Cobalt oxide and Magnalium nanoparticles as additives. This biodiesel blends with diesel, and biodiesel-diesel-nanoparticles with each and both the nano additives are tested in CI engine with constant speed of 1600 rpm with variation loads low to high. The performance parameters like Brake power, Brake specific energy consumption, Brake specific fuel consumption and efficiency of both Mechanical and volumetric are measured by VCR engine setup, emission characteristics like NO2 , CO, UBHC are measured by GAS ANALYSER these results are compared with pure diesel or neat diesel. The NO emissions gradually reduced for B20 Co3O4 Al-mg test fuel with percentage of 7.5% to the diesel and B20 to 11% for the diesel. Under maximum load of 10%, observed that there is improvement in Brake thermal efficiency for B20Al-Mg 30ppm Co3O4 30ppm and followed by 9% improvement in Brake thermal efficiency for B20 Co3O4 30ppm and followed by 4% increase in biodiesel test fuel, compared to diesel.

Analysis of efficiency of the vehicle transport facilities powered with diesel oil with additive of biocomponent

The prospect of renewable energy sources development to be used in transport originated form the tendency to limit the use of fossil fuels which leaves no choice but look for other possibilities to provide combustion engines with power supply. Use of fuel from renewable sources has also a positive influence on the environment and economy. The research object of the study was a power unit of a car transport means with a direct injection diesel engine, equipped with a common rail supply system. The tests were performed by the method of a laboratory experiment during which the experimental factor was controlled so that the experiment would be thoroughly scheduled. The method involved performing tests on a chassis dynamometer and measuring the power and torque depending on the engine rotary speed. Measurement of the power and the torque, in dependence on the crankshaft rotation speed of the engine, was performed for standard settings of the fuel injection controller. At the same time the impact of adding biocomponent to a fuel on its consumption values has been analysed. The tests also included an analysis of the exhaust fumes content: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, solid particulates and nitrogen oxide. The obtained results were analyzed and presented in the form of generalized conclusions concerning the impact of using various biocomponent additives in diesel engines including the impact on selected operational parameters of the vehicle, level of harmful substance emission and specific fuel consumption.

Effect of a Shale Oil–Based Additive on the Properties of Biodiesel Fuel

Multifunctional diesel fuel additives SOMAN and SO-2E were obtained on the basis of kukersite shale oil fractions. Possibilities for the practical application of the additives in diesel engines under actual service conditions were considered. It was shown that the use of the additives decreases fuel consumption and improves the performance characteristics of the engine, including reduction in the amount of exhaust gases.

Investigation on the emission quality characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with algae biofuel with nano additives

ABSTRACTIn this study, Botryococcus braunii algal oil has been converted into methyl ester with the aid of transesterification reaction. The samples B20 were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from Botryococcus braunii algal oil separately and then the cerium oxide nanoparticles were added to each B20 blend sample at the dosages of 50, 75, and 100 ppm with the aid of an ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the emission characteristics of those blend samples have been investigated from the experimentally measured engine exhaust emissions of CO, CO2, O2, NO, and UHC. The experimental results reveal that the use of biodiesel blend with nano additives in diesel engine has exhibited a reduction in exhaust emissions.

Microalgae biofuel with CeO2 nano additives as an eco-friendly fuel for CI engine

ABSTRACTIn this study, Botryococcus braunii algal oil has been converted into methyl ester with an aid of transesterification reaction. The samples B20 were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from Botryococcus braunii algal oil separately, and then the cerium oxide nanoparticles are added to the each B20 blend samples at a dosage of 50 ppm, 75 ppm, and 100 ppm with an aid of ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the emission characteristics of those blend samples have been investigated from the experimentally measured engine exhaust emission of CO, CO2, O2, NO, and UHC. The experimental results reveal that the use of biodiesel blend with nano additives in diesel engine has exhibited reduction in exhaust emissions.

Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae methyl ester with doped nano additives

Algae are organisms that grow in marine environments and use carbon dioxide and light to create bio-mass. There are two groupings of algae: microalgae and macroalgae. Macroalgae are the large, multi-cellular algae often seen growing in ponds. Microalgae, on the other hand, are tiny, unicellular algae that normally grow in suspension within a body of water. Algae oil from microalgae has the possible to become a sustainable fuel source as biodiesel. Microalgae are produced through photosynthesis by utilizing sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and other nutrients. The Botryococcus braunii algal oil was extracted by mechanical extraction method. The transesterification reaction of Botryococcus braunii algal oil with methanol and base catalyst was used for the production of biodiesel. The samples B20 were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from Botryococcus braunii algal oil separately and then the doping of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles were added to the each B20 blend samples at a dosage of 50ppm and 100ppm with an aid of ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the performance and emission characteristics of those blend samples have been investigated from the experimentally measured values such as density, viscosity, calorific value, etc. while the engine performance was also analyzed through the parameters like BSFC, BTH, exhaust emission of CO, HC, NOx and CO2. The experimental results reveal that the use of biodiesel blend with nano additives in diesel engine has exhibited good improvement in performance characteristic and reduction in exhaust emissions.

Using Pd(II) and Ni(II) complexes with N,N-dimethyl-N′-2-chlorobenzoylthiourea ligand as fuel additives in diesel engine

Fuel additives have been used to improve engine performance and also to reduce the pollutant emissions that occur after the combustion in engine. The effect of additions of bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N′-2-chlorobenzoylthioureato)palladium (II), PdL2 and bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N′-2-chlorobenzoylthioureato)nickel (II), NiL2 complexes into diesel as metal additives was investigated experimentally. PdL2 and NiL2 complexes were added as 50 and 100ppm to diesel and the properties (density, viscosity, calorific value, Cetane number, sulphur content, flash point, pour point and copper strip corrosion) of each test fuel were investigated. In general, the metal additives haven’t led to major changes on fuel properties of diesel. However pour point values of additive blends reduced while flash point increased compared to diesel. All blends were tested in a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine to find out the performance and emission characteristic. The results revealed that the use of PdL2 and NiL2 complexes nickel has no significant effect on engine torque and brake power while considerable decrease was obtained for engine pollutant emissions (CO, NOx and smoke). Also the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) showed overall declining trend.

Emission Reductions of Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Using Microalgae Biodiesel, Butanol and Water in Diesel Engine

The transport sector is a major consumer of fossil fuels especially petroleum diesel, which is used to power diesel engines used on-road and off-road in trucks, tractors, passenger cars as well as marine vessels. This is because the diesel engine offers various benefits compared to the spark ignition engine. The advantages include superior fuel efficiency, higher thermal efficiency, greater power output, better fuel saving, lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, larger torque and greater durability. Conversely, the diesel engine is a major source of both criteria and non-criteria air pollutants, which contribute to the deteriorating air quality thereby putting the health of mankind at risk. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of butanol- microalgae biodiesel-diesel blends in terms of energy performances and pollutants’ emission reductions by comparing the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gases temperatures as well as the nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) of various diesel blends and against the baseline performance of regular petroleum diesel. All diesel blends showed higher BSFCs and BTEs compared to regular petroleum diesel, whereby BT20W0.5 had the highest BSFC and BT15B2 had the best performance in terms of BTE. Among the diesel blends, only 2% microalgae added to diesel blends increased the NOx emissions by about 2%, while for the addition of 10–20% butanol fractions and 0.5% water fractions resulted in lower NOx emissions by about 12–28%, when compared to petroleum diesel. All the diesel blends considered in this study showed PM reductions ranging between 22.4% for B2 and 60.4% for BT15W0.5%, while reductions of PAH emissions were ranging from 6.5% for B2 to 22.76% for BT20W0.5. On the other hand, only the use of 2% microalgae biodiesel showed reductions in CO emissions of about 0.34% and 1.01% for B2 and BT20B2 blends, respectively, while other diesel blends showed increased CO emissions of about 1.72–2.94% in comparison to CO emissions of diesel fuel emissions. The addition of higher butanol fractions of 20% increased the HC emission factors by approximately 18% and 70%, while the HC emission factors for biodiesel, 10–15% butanol fractions and 0.5% water additions lead to reductions in emission by about 8–50%. According to the results of this study, more research is recommended on the economic potential of using of oxygenated additives in diesel engine especially water addition, higher alcohols and dieselhols blends to evaluate the possibility of synergetic properties of these kinds of fuels to achieve simultaneous reductions in the emissions of NOx, PM, CO, HC, PAHs and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

Fuel additives based on shale oil

Multifunctional diesel fuel additives SOMAN and SO-2E were obtained on the basis of kukersite shale oil fractions. Possibilities for the practical application of the additives in diesel engines under actual service conditions were considered. It was shown that the use of the additives decreases fuel consumption and improves the performance characteristics of the engine, including reduction in the amount of exhaust gases.

Size distribution dynamics of fuel-borne catalytic ceria nanoparticles

Ceria-based fuel additives in diesel engines when dosed at above a certain concentration into the fuel have been shown to lead into bimodal exhaust particle size distributions in a previous study. In order to model this complex problem it is assumed that the soot aggregate size distribution (where each aggregate consists of individual primary particles) evolves fast toward a constant total surface area (determined by the “open” non-coalesced fractal aggregate morphology) and this surface represents a sink for the ceria nuclei. The latter undergo kinetic aggregation among them as well as are simultaneously scavenged by the soot particles. The mathematical model is formulated in terms of an aerosol population balance equation for the ceria particles. The governing parameter in the resulting dimensionless population balance equation is the ratio of the total surface area of the soot aerosol over the initial additive surface area. The latter is proportional to the total additive mass if the ceria critical nuclei are assumed to consist of one molecule, an appropriate assumption for high surface tension, metal oxides like ceria. The experimental results show that the critical additive concentration at the onset of the bimodal shape of the exhaust size distribution scales linearly with the exhaust soot mass fraction, hence the soot aggregates must have a quite “open” fractal structure in order for their total area to be proportional to their total mass. Although simple population balance models may provide some insight into the problem of interest, the experimental results show that models accounting for more complex interactions of additive and soot particles (potentially involving incomplete accommodation) must be investigated in the future.

A chemical kinetic modelling study of the mechanism of soot reduction by oxygenated additives in diesel engines

Oxygenated fuel additives are effective in reducing soot emissions and breaking the soot/NOx tradeoff in diesel engines. The extent to which molecular structure of the oxygenate plays a role in soot reduction has remained unclear and controversial. It has been suggested in the literature that the rapid breakdown of oxygenates to carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and subsequent interaction between CO and CO2 with the radical pool, may play a key role. Here a constant-pressure homogeneous reactor model, SENKIN, has been used to simulate the effect of small amounts of CO and CO2 on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as surrogates for soot, and other key species such as acetylene (C2H2) using three different detailed chemical mechanisms. The addition of O2 was also studied as a reference case. It is found that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and C2H2 decrease with CO addition, and increase slightly with the addition of CO2, regardless of the mechanism used. These results suggest that CO produced by oxygenated additives in diesel fuel is able to effect reduction in PAH as suggested in the literature, but does not confirm a similar effect from CO2.

Studies on Determination Methods for Neutralization Number of Lubricating Oils and Additives (2)

It has been found that there is a remarkable difference between the base numbers of engine used oils by the JIS K 2502 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 664) and the glacial acetic acid back titration method reported in our previous paper. Because the chief function of basic additives in diesel engine is to neutralize sulfuric acid, laboratory and engine tests were made to determine which method gives the reliable results on the basis of neutralization capacity toward sulfuric acid.The laboratory studies indicated that the glacial acetic acid back titration method gave the valid results, and the JIS method gave the unreasonably lower results. This conclusion also proved true by the engine tests. When used oils sampled from marine service was compared with fresh oils by laboratory engine test, the used oil showed an equivalent performance to the fresh oil of about the same base number by the glacial acetic acid back titration method.In addition, the reason why the JIS method gave unreasonably lower results was inquired from preliminary studies.