Additional Content Research Articles

Desain Media Pembelajaran Hyperlink Berbasis Canva pada Materi Asmaul Husna Kelas X

This research aims to develop hyperlink-based learning media using Canva application on Asmaul Husna material for grade X students. This learning media is designed as an innovative solution that utilizes interactive features to increase student interest, understanding, and involvement in the learning process. The method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate), although in this study only until the development stage. The validation results show that this media is very feasible to use, with a material expert eligibility score of 89.5%, and a media expert of 78.5%. So that the validation results obtained from the hyperlink feature on Canva on class X asmaul husna material can be used as one of the learning media that makes it easier for students to access various additional content such as videos and articles, thus creating a more dynamic and interactive learning experience.

Impact of conducting agents on sulfide and halide electrolytes in disordered rocksalt cathode‐based all‐solid‐state batteries

AbstractAll‐solid‐state battery (ASSB) systems have attracted significant attention due to their high energy density and safety compared with conventional batteries. Moreover, the application of Mn‐based cation‐disordered rock‐salt (DRX) that possesses cost‐effectiveness and high energy density on the ASSB system as a cathode is expected to be the superior next‐generation battery system. However, DRX cathodes require high carbon contents due to their low electronic conductivity, leading to challenges in introducing them in ASSB systems, as the high carbon levels can cause electrolyte decomposition which potentially affects overall electrochemical performance. In this work, we applied Mn‐based DRX cathodes to ASSB systems within a voltage range of 1.5–4.8 V and evaluated the suitability of cathode composites using halide and sulfide electrolytes as catholytes, respectively. The experimental results showed that the high carbon contents induced side reactions with the argyrodite, resulting in electrochemical degradation such as the drop of initial discharge voltage and the capacity fading. Meanwhile, cathode composites using a halide electrolyte exhibited relatively enhanced electrochemical performance due to its high oxidation stability regardless of the high amount of carbon contents. Consequently, the electrochemical reactions of the electrolyte, influenced by the content of conductive additives and the type of electrolyte, had a great impact on the performance of ASSB systems. This study provides a deep understanding of the interplaying among solid electrolytes, cathodes, and conductive additives and offers an important foundation for future research and development in ASSB systems.image

Controllable preparation and multifunctional application of high-strength porous anorthite ceramics

Porous anorthite ceramics, as emerging green materials, garner significant interest in applications such as catalyst carriers, thermal insulation, and sound absorption due to their distinctive structural and functional attributes. In the present study, porous ceramics with anorthite as the main phase were prepared using the natural minerals kaolin, calcite, and quartz as raw materials, combined with a simple and environmentally friendly foam gel-casting method. By adjusting the additive content, we optimized the viscosity and stability of the slurry, and further investigated the impact of the slurry's foaming capacity on the resulting porosity, pore size, mechanical strength, and other key properties of the ceramics. Notably, the porous anorthite ceramic with 15 g/L of foaming agent demonstrated a porosity of 70.57%, a bulk density of 0.81 g/cm3, and a thermal conductivity of 0.26 W/(mK), along with a commendable compressive strength of 8.85 MPa due to the homogeneous sub-spherical pore structure and plate-like anorthite grains. The suitability of these porous ceramics for catalyst carrier applications was confirmed through the effective photodegradation of a methyl orange solution.

Emotion and Inspiration through Generative AI Art

Art inspires emotion. The process of creation invigorates the senses and keeps the researcher on fire. To create artistic masterpieces using words through natural language processing further stimulates the mind and helps to overcome writer’s block. An AI tool interprets the words and transforms them into artistic expressions that feel like magic. Yet, AI art is not without consequences. Critics challenge the digital rights of AI-generated images, noting that they are derivative works. This paper examines the joy of creation as well as the copyright challenges creators face when writing detailed prompts to generate amazing artwork. The role of affective computing illustrates the relationship between the designer and the AI tool while ethical concerns remind designers to use caution in their prompts. The article examines the architecture of a prompt, the characteristics to enhance it, and examples of generative AI art. Additional content includes references to handouts, art catalogs, and legal opinions regarding the copyright debate. The article concludes with a recommendation with respect to the intellectual property rights of artists and their creative work.

Assessing Academic Perspectives on Infodemic Management and Health Security: A Needs-Based Approach

Abstract Background The information environment significantly impacts public health decisions, behaviors, and health security. Misinformation and disinformation can compromise health interventions and undermine public trust, and this phenomenon, known as the infodemic, is increasingly challenging to address and requires innovation and transformation of public health and education of the health workforce. This study aimed to assess the relevance of infodemic management (IM) to different academic fields and training needs to create a competent workforce. Methods As part of the US Federal Assistance Award within the University Partnership Program between Emory University and the University of Belgrade, a mixed-methods study was conducted to evaluate the curricula of all 31 faculties at the University of Belgrade. An online survey was distributed to faculty deans to assess the current educational framework and opinions on IM in various academic fields. This approach provided a multidimensional view of how IM is perceived and integrated across diverse disciplines. Results The survey received 33 responses from different departments at the University of Belgrade. Over 75% of participants identified misinformation as prevalent in their respective fields. More than half of the respondents believe that students are not sufficiently familiar with the concept of the infodemic and its potential consequences, only 9% believe these topics are well covered in the current curriculum, and over 90% agree that additional content on IM is required to update study programs, indicating a gap in our current educational approach. Conclusions Academic circles have acknowledged the issue of misinformation and its negative impact on public health. Current gaps in academic curricula indicate the critical necessity of integrating IM into educational programs. This innovative approach will provide future specialists with the necessary skills to navigate the complexities of the modern information ecosystem. Key messages • Over 75% of surveyed professors identify misinformation and disinformation as prevalent in their professional fields, indicating a widespread impact. • Over half of professors feel academic programs do not sufficiently equip students to navigate the information ecosystem, with over 90% calling for additional infodemiology content.

OpenSBLI v3.0: High-fidelity multi-block transonic aerofoil CFD simulations using domain specific languages on GPUs

OpenSBLI is an automatic code-generation framework for compressible Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations on heterogeneous computing architectures (previous release: Lusher et al. (2021) [4]). OpenSBLI is coupled to the Oxford Parallel Structured (OPS) Domain Specific Language (DSL), which uses source-to-source translation to enable parallel execution of the code on large-scale supercomputers, including multi-GPU clusters. To date, OpenSBLI has largely been applied to compressible turbulence and shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions on very simple geometries comprised of single mesh blocks with essentially orthogonal grid lines. OpenSBLI has been extended in this new release to target strongly curvilinear cases, including transonic aerofoils using multi-block grids. In addition to multi-block mesh support, more efficient numerical shock-capturing methods and filters have been added to the codebase. Improvements to post-processing, reduced-dimension data output, and coupling to a modal decomposition library are also included. A set of validation cases are presented to showcase the new code features. Furthermore, state-of-the-art wide-span transonic aerofoil simulations on up to N=2.5×109 grid points demonstrate that wider aspect ratios can alter buffet predictions and increase the regularity of the low-frequency shock oscillations by accommodating fully-developed trailing edge flow separation. Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD) analysis showed that overly-narrow aerofoil simulations contain additional domain-dependent energy content at a Strouhal number of St≈3 associated with wake modes.

Towards harmonization of metal(loid)s determination in conventional and compostable plastics: Comparison of acid digestion protocols in LDPE and PBAT/TPS blends

The determination of metal-containing additives in plastic materials via acid digestion protocols has attracted growing interest to address potential environmental implications. However, the lack of protocol harmonization hinders data comparability within the literature. Here, six acid digestion protocols were employed to determine the metal(loid) content in plastics: these included three different acid mixtures (HNO3 combined with H2SO4, HCl or H2O2) for microwave-assisted digestion, with or without an additional room-temperature digestion step with H2O2.Each protocol was first validated for seven metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn) using a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) certified reference material (ERM®-EC681m). Then, validated protocols were applied on end-use materials, including conventional (i.e., LDPE) and compostable (i.e., PBAT/TPS) plastics.The combination of H2SO4 and HNO3 with a further digestion step with H2O2 was the most suitable protocol: it successfully passed validation thresholds for all metal(loid)s (recoveries in the range 98.6–101.0 %) and yielded the highest concentrations in end-use materials. All other protocols resulted in a less efficient digestion of the sample matrix, leading to lower recoveries and the formation of solid residues. Notably, end-use plastics showed a great variability in metal(loid) concentrations, likely due to their additive-rich composition, in contrast to the minimal content of acid-soluble additives of the reference material.This study represents an initial step towards the harmonization of acid digestion protocols and highlights new challenges in accurately analyzing end-use plastic materials, due to their complex additive composition.

Hydrophilic PVDF emulsion separation membranes prepared using TA/APTES as a non-solvent: Effect of lithium chloride hydrate additive content

Currently, surfactant-containing oil–water emulsions are the more difficult part of oily wastewater to treat because of their small droplet size and stable oil–water interface. Membrane separation technology is commonly used for emulsion separation due to its surface wettability and adjustable pore size. Here, tannic acid (TA) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane prepolymerization solutions are used as the exchange solvents, allowing growth on the surface and inside of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). Among them, the content of lithium chloride (LCM) hydrate modulates the range and amount of growth. In the pressure range of 0.1–0.7 bar, the modified hydrophilic PVDF-TA/LCM-2 membranes exhibit high pure water permeation fluxes and emulsion separation efficiencies that can be adapted to different separation conditions. At 0.2 bar, the PVDF-TA/LCM-2 achieves pure water permeate flux and emulsion separation fluxes of 1860 and 648 L m-2 h−1 bar−1, and an emulsion separation efficiency of 99.5 %. In addition, for different kinds of oil-in-water emulsions, the high separation fluxes and high separation efficiencies indicate that PVDF-TA/LCM-2has good emulsion separation performance.

Effect of La on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Friction Behavior of In Situ Synthesized TiB2/6061 Composites

In situ synthesized 3 wt.%TiB2/6061 composites with different La contents were fabricated by an Al-K2TiF6-KBF4 system at 850 °C with ball milling and stirring casting. The effects of La content (0 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%) on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the composites at room temperature were investigated. The results showed that the addition of La could refine α-Al grains and modify the morphology of TiB2 particles significantly. In 0.3 wt.%La-3 wt.%TiB2/6061 composites, there are chamfering planes on the surface of TiB2 particles, which are caused by the adsorption of La on the {112¯0}, {12¯12} and {101¯1} crystal planes. The values of YS, UTS and EL of the composites with 0.3 wt.% La were 216.8 MPa, 273.0 MPa and 11.2%, which were 69.2%, 34.8% and 5.7% higher than those of the 3 wt.%TiB2/6061 composites. The improvement of mechanical properties was mainly attributed to the grain refinement, distributed particles and transformation of particle morphology. In friction behavior, 0.3 wt.%La-3 wt.%TiB2/6061 composites have the best wear resistance properties with the smallest and shallowest grooves on the surface after wearing. The main mechanisms of the composites are adhesive wear and abrasive wear. In summary, the best content of La addition in 3 wt.%TiB2/6061 composites is 0.3 wt.%.

Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods on Food Sustainability: Exposure Assessment and Health Implications.

Excessive consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) is a global health concern as-sociated with an increased incidence of non-communicable diseases. UPFs are characterized by their extensive industrial processing and high content of additives, preservatives, chemicals, and artificial ingredients that are used to mask defects or inferior ingredients of end food products, presenting a multifaceted challenge to contemporary society. Exposure assessment showed that almost 50% to 30% of the energy consumption per day comes from UPFs. The more processed a food is, the less likely it is to be healthy and nutritious. UPFs affect human health by increasing the risk of obesity, heart disease, cancer, depression, diabetes, etc., as these foods are typically made up of a large number of preservatives, high content of fats, sodium, and sugars, and low contents of protein, fiber, and potassium. The ingredients required for the production of UPFs are commonly derived from intensive monoculture and livestock of raw foods. This, in turn, exerts imminent effects on agriculture, biodiversity, and the global food system by altering the bioavailability of nutrients within agricultural soil, thereby increasing the dependency on ferti-lizers and insecticides. Recent studies have shown that over-consumption of UPF has an effect on culinary traditions, loss of biodiversity, human well-being, and food system sustainability. Therefore, for better food system sustainability, the consumption of UPFs should be reduced, and we should move toward minimal processing technologies, preferably for seasonal and or-ganic local products. Based on available data, there is an urgent need to implement policies and regulations for the agro-food industry to include nutritional and environmental criteria. This review explains the different dimensions of UPFs in relation to health, nutrition, environment, current challenges, future innovations, and wider sustainability concerns.

Developing personas to inform the design of digital interventions for perinatal mental health.

Digital interventions are increasingly in demand to address mental health concerns, with significant potential to reach populations that disproportionately face barriers to accessing mental health care. Challenges with user engagement, however, persist. The goal of this study was to develop user personas to inform the development of a digital mental health intervention (DMHI) for a perinatal population. We used participatory User-Centered Design (UCD) methods to generate and validate personas (ie, representative profiles of potential users). We applied this methodology to a case example of an Anxiety Sensitivity Intervention. Phases included (1) Characteristic identification, (2) Persona generation, (3) Persona consolidation, (4) Persona validation, and (5) Persona refinement. Advisory Council members with lived expertise of perinatal mental health conditions generated 6 personas. We used cluster analysis and qualitative analysis to consolidate personas. We used participant interviews with perinatal individuals experiencing depression or anxiety and economic marginalization (n = 12) to qualitatively validate and refine these personas. We identified 4 user personas with potentially unique design needs that we characterized as being "Resilient," "Lonely," "Overwhelmed," and "Aware." Personas generated through this process had distinct characteristics and design implications including the need to prioritize (1) content personalization, (2) additional content describing support options and resources (eg, doulas, midwives), (3) careful consideration of the type of information provided by users, and (4) transparent options for information and data sharing. DMHIs will need to be adapted for relevance for a perinatal population. The personas we developed are suggestive of the need for design considerations specific to distinct potential user groups within this population.

Electrochemical production of zirconium silicides from KCl–K<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> melt

The unique properties of zirconium silicides attract the attention of a large number of authors from various scientific fields. Expansion of application methods also poses the challenge of developing new, more environmentally friendly and affordable methods of production. The most environmentally friendly method without equipment requirements is the electrolysis of the molten salt. The work proposes a method for producing zirconium silicides by electrolysis of the KCl–K2SiF6–ZrO2 melt. In order to substantiate the electrolysis parameters, the kinetics of cathodic reduction was studied and the limiting stage of the process was determined. The structure and phase composition of the cathode deposit were studied using X-ray diffraction and electron scanning microscopy. In the course of the work, conclusions were drawn about the change in the content of the ZrO2 additives on the morphology of the sediment, and it was also suggested that it was possible to obtain zirconium silicides from more accessible raw materials, such as zircon.

Predictive Modelling and Functional Group of Clay Soil Treated with Steel Slag and Calcium Carbide Residue

Swell-shrink subgrade soils like clay are rich in sulphate and exhibit a high rate of volume change by swelling and shrinking during wet and dry cycles, respectively, leading to heaves, cracks, and differential settlement of pavement layers. The aim of this study was to establish predictive simulation models and functional group of clay soil treated with steel slag and calcium carbide residue. Physical and geotechnical tests (such as California bearing ratio (CBR), compaction characteristics, and consistency parameters) were carried out on the unstabilised and stabilised clay soil. Using SPSS statistical software (version 23), multiple linear regression analysis was applied to the experimental data that relate CBR to compaction parameters and additive contents (steel slag and calcium carbide residues). The generated models gave a reliable coefficient of determination, R2 , of 0.990, and 0.998, which can be used to successfully predict both unsoaked and soaked CBR of the stabilised clay soil, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was examined on the clay soil, the additives, and the stabilised clay soils. The FTIR analysis showed weak peaks at 1115 and 1103 cm-1 for all the stabilised clay soils, and this revealed that both additives drastically reduced the sulphate content in the clay soil, which consequently reduced the expansion, cracking, and disintegration rates. As a result, the clay soil's chemical bonding was enhanced through physico- chemical mechanisms.

The Triple E project: a factorial randomised controlled trial to enhance engagement with eHealth approaches to improve health risk behaviours among adolescents

BackgroundDigital, or eHealth, interventions are highly promising approaches to help adolescents improve their health behaviours and reduce their risk of chronic disease. However, they often have low uptake and retention. There is also a paucity of high-quality research into the predictors of eHealth engagement, and a lack of studies that have systematically evaluated existing engagement strategies in adolescent populations. This paper describes the protocol for a randomised controlled trial which primarily aims to assess the effectiveness of different strategies in increasing engagement with a healthy lifestyles app, Health4Life. Associations between the engagement strategies and improvements in adolescent health behaviours (healthy eating, physical activity, sleep, recreational screen time, smoking, alcohol use) will also be examined, along with potential predictors of adolescents’ intentions to use health apps and their use of the Health4Life app.MethodsThe current study will aim to recruit 336 adolescent and parent/guardian dyads (total sample N = 672) primarily through Australia wide online advertising. All adolescent participants will have access to the Health4Life app (a multiple health behaviour change, self-monitoring mobile app). The trial will employ a 24 factorial design, where participants will be randomly allocated to receive 1 of 16 different combinations of the four engagement strategies to be evaluated: text messages, access to a health coach, access to additional gamified app content, and provision of parent/guardian information resources. Adolescents and parents/guardians will both complete consent processes, baseline assessments, and a follow-up assessment after 3 months. All participants will also be invited to complete a qualitative interview shortly after follow-up. The primary outcome, app engagement, will be assessed via an App Engagement Index (Ei) using data collected in the Health4Life app and the Mobile App Rating Scale – User version.DiscussionThis research will contribute significantly to building our understanding of the types of strategies that are most effective in increasing adolescents’ engagement with health apps and which factors may predict adolescents’ use of health apps.Trial registrationThe trial is registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000399695). Date registered: 19/04/2023.

Influence of polypropylene fibers on the tensile mechanical properties of calcium silicate hydrate: molecular simulation.

This research assesses the influence of polypropylene (PP) fibers, both homopolymer and hydroxylated (PPOH), on the tensile properties of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) composites through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our models explore C-S-H matrices integrated with PP and PPOH fibers at varying polymerization degrees. The results demonstrate that both PP and PPOH fibers significantly influence the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composites. Notably, PPOH fibers contribute to more substantial mechanical enhancements than PP, attributed to the increased polarity and enhanced intermolecular interactions from the hydroxyl groups. The study reveals a nonlinear relationship between polymer additive content and mechanical performance, with optimal properties at a polymerization degree of 20. Additionally, stress-strain analysis indicates that PPOH composites exhibit superior ductility and fracture energy, particularly at polymerization degrees of 20, showing enhanced ultimate strain and fracture energy by up to 9.6% and 13.9%, respectively, compared to PP counterparts. These results highlight the crucial role of tailored polymer additive composition and chemical modifications in maximizing the mechanical efficacy of C-S-H-based materials, enhancing their durability and structural performance. All MD simulations were conducted using LAMMPS. The models employed a combination of Clayff and Cvff force fields. During the entire tensile simulation, the system was configured under the NPT ensemble at 300K.

Preparation of mixed-phase TiO2/Ti3C2 composites by solid-phase milling-roasting: Efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

Reasonable interface design is a key factor to improve the activity of photocatalysts. In this paper, TiO2/Ti3C2 composite photocatalyst with high activity of anatase/rutile mixed crystal were prepared by solid-phase milling-roasting method. The microstructure of the mixed-phase TiO2/Ti3C2 composites could be adjusted by the calcination temperature and additive content. The results showed that NaBF4 could promote the transformation of anatase TiO2 to rutile TiO2. An appropriate amount of rutile TiO2 forms a heterojunction with anatase TiO2, which enables efficient charge separation and transfer at the interfaces of the composites. The optimized sample (MT550) showed 98 % degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation within 180 min, which was 8 times higher than that of the sample without added NaBF4. This study presents a strategy for the synthesis of mixed-phase (anatase/rutile) TiO2/Ti3C2 composites with high activity under visible light, which has potential in the design and application of photocatalytic materials.

High-temperature oxidation resistance of sputtered (Al,Cr,Nb,Ta,Ti,Si)N coatings

High-entropy metal-sublattice (Al,Cr,Nb,Ta,Ti)N coatings, with up to 15.0 at% additional Si content were developed and investigated for their oxidation resistance by exposing them for 3, 30, and 100 h to ambient air at 900, 950, and 1000 ∘C. The Si-free coating is rapidly oxidized, but all of the Si-alloyed coatings survive even the harshest oxidation test. The oxides crystallize mostly in the rutile structure with some Ta2O5-type phase fractions at higher Si contents. Detailed TEM investigations reveal a varied microstructure across the oxide scales with a succession of Cr-, Al, and Ti-rich top oxide layers, which agrees with a reported thermodynamical calculation of oxide stabilities.

Freeze-thaw durability of clayey soils stabilized by alkaline-activated kaolin and recycled cement kiln dust

Weak soils pose significant challenges for civil engineering projects, particularly in cold regions. Stabilizing such soils with additives is a common practice to enhance their geotechnical properties. This research aimed to evaluate the durability of clayey soils stabilized by alkaline-activated kaolin at 10, 25, and 50%, along with 10% recycled cement kiln dust (CKD). The stabilization process involved curing the soils at different temperatures (40, 60, and 80°C) for varying durations (1, 7, 14, and 28 days). The stabilized soils underwent 5, 10, and 20 freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles to evaluate their durability. The results indicated F-T cycling led to a reduction in the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of unstabilized soils, with a more pronounced impact as the number of cycles increased. However, this adverse effect was mitigated by additive stabilization. The improvement in UCS in stabilized soils was directly linked to the additive content, curing duration, and temperature. Both additives demonstrated superior resistance to F-T cycles, with CKD outperforming kaolin. These findings provide guidelines for utilizing kaolin and CKD for earthwork applications in cold regions with economic and sustainability advantages.

Stabilization of PE with the natural antioxidant t-resveratrol: Interaction of the primary and the secondary antioxidant

The study focuses on the possibility of using resveratrol, a stilbenoid-type natural antioxidant, as a stabilizer in polyethylene. The experiments were carried out in two stages. First, the efficiency of the natural antioxidant was compared to that of a commercial product, and then polymer properties were determined as a function of additive content. Stabilization efficiency was determined by multiple extrusion experiments. Resveratrol proved a very efficient stabilizer, more efficient than the commercial hindered phenolic antioxidant. Resveratrol provides excellent processing stability and the residual stability of PE containing it is exceptional. Because of its large efficiency, 400–500 ppm additive is sufficient to achieve adequate stability for practice. Resveratrol interacts with the secondary phosphorous stabilizer used in the study, and the effect is antagonistic; resveratrol performs better alone than in combination with PEPQ. Accordingly, this unusual effect must be taken into account during formulation and the construction of the actual additive package. Resveratrol is used in other industries, thus it is available in large quantities and relatively cheap. Besides its advantages, the natural antioxidant has some drawbacks, like its high melting temperature, limited solubility in polyethylene, and strong color of its reaction products. Nevertheless, resveratrol has great potential as a stabilizer in certain products.

Impact of delayed compaction on the geoengineering properties of stabilised pond ash

ABSTRACT The impact of delayed compaction on the geoengineering properties of pond ash (PA) treated with geopolymer, Portland cement, and hydrated lime is presented in this paper. The gradation, compacted dry density (CDD), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), hydraulic conductivity, and compressibility index of PA treated with 3%, 9%, and 15% additive contents were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h delay periods. The mineralogical and morphological changes in the stabilised material were assessed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis. The results show an enhancement in the particle size of PA with delay time due to the development of cementitious products and agglomeration of particles. Delay in compaction causes a reduction in dry density and strength properties, whereas hydraulic conductivity and compressibility index increase with delay time. The formation of cementitious products and agglomeration during delay periods leads to improper compaction and deteriorates the mechanical performance. The formations of both sodium-based geopolymer compounds and calcium-based hydration products contribute to the superior geoengineering properties of geopolymer-stabilised PA compared to cement and lime-stabilised PA, which have Ca-based hydration products alone. The developed mathematical models predict the engineering properties of stabilised PA with higher R-square values (>0.90). Based on this study, it is concluded that the geopolymer is more effective as a stabiliser than lime and cement.