Additional Prognostic Information Research Articles

Mass spectrometry–based assessment of M protein in peripheral blood during maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma

AbstractMass spectrometry (MS) can detect multiple myeloma–derived monoclonal proteins in the peripheral blood (PB) with high sensitivity, potentially serving as a PB assay for measurable residual disease (MRD). This study evaluated the significance of PB MS MRD negativity during posttransplant therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Serum samples from 138 patients treated in the phase 3 ATLAS trial of posttransplant maintenance with either carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone, or with lenalidomide alone were analyzed using EXENT MS methodology. We established feasibility of measuring MRD by MS in the PB in the posttransplant setting, despite unavailability of pretreatment calibration samples. There was high agreement between MRD by MS in the PB and paired bone marrow (BM) MRD results at the 10–5 threshold, assessed by either next-generation sequencing (NGS) or multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) (70% and 67%, respectively). Agreement between PB MS and both BM MRD methods was lowest early after transplant and increased with time. MS negativity was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS), which, in landmark analysis, reached statistical significance after 18 cycles after transplant. Combined PB/BM MRD negativity by MFC or NGS was associated with superior PFS compared with MRD negativity by only 1 modality. Sustained MS negativity carried similar prognostic performance to sustained BM MRD negativity at the 10–5 threshold. Overall, posttransplant MS assessment was feasible and provided additional prognostic information to BM MRD negativity. Further studies are needed to confirm the role and optimal timing of MS in disease evaluation algorithms. The ATLAS trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02659293.

Association of low Angiomotin-p130 and high YAP1 nuclear expression with adverse prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer.

The aim of our study was to examine the association of Angiomotin (Amot-p130) and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) expressions and their prognostic significance in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). A total of 100 primary EOC samples were obtained for immunohistochemical analysis of Amot-p130 and YAP1 expressions. Correlation analysis was performed between Amot-p130 or YAP1 and clinical factors. The overall survival time was calculated. Low Amot-p130 and high YAP1 nuclear expression were identified in 34 and 56 of 100 EOC tissues, respectively. Both low Amot-p130 and high YAP1 nuclear expression were associated with advanced tumor stage, high-grade carcinoma, and non-response to chemotherapy (p<0.05). They were also associated with shorter overall survival time (p<0.05) by log-rank test. A marker of low Amot-p130 and high YAP1 expression was associated with high-grade ovarian carcinoma, late-stage disease, non-response to chemotherapy, and shorter overall survival time (p<0.05). Low Amot-p130 and high YAP1 nuclear expression can provide additional prognostic information for patients with EOC. A marker of low Amot-p130 and high YAP1 expression may be a potent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

Combined Effects of Clonal Hematopoiesis and Carotid Stenosis on Cardiovascular Mortality

BackgroundThe expansion of hematopoietic stem cells caused by acquired somatic mutations (clonal hematopoiesis [CH]) is a novel cardiovascular risk factor. The prognostic value of CH in patients with carotid atherosclerosis remains to be evaluated. ObjectivesThis study assessed the prognostic significance of CH in patients with atherosclerosis as detected by ultrasound of the carotid artery. MethodsWe applied deep sequencing of selected genomic regions within the genes DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, and JAK2 to screen for CH in 968 prospectively collected patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis evaluated by duplex sonography. ResultsWe detected clonal markers at variant allele frequency ≥2% in 133 (13.7%) of 968 patients (median age 69.2 years), with increasing prevalence at advanced age. Multivariate analyses including age and established cardiovascular risk factors revealed overall presence of CH to be significantly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.12-2.00; P = 0.007), reflected also at the single gene level. The effect of CH was more pronounced in older patients and independent of the patients’ inflammatory status as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Simultaneous assessment of CH and degree of carotid stenosis revealed combined effects on cardiovascular mortality, depicted by a superior risk for patients with >50% stenosis and concomitant CH (adjusted HR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.08-2.38; P = 0.020). ConclusionsCH status in combination with the extent of carotid atherosclerosis jointly predict long-term mortality. Determination of CH can provide additional prognostic information in patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis.

Prognostic implication of 1-year decline in diffusing capacity in newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

The progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is assessed through serial monitoring of forced vital capacity (FVC). Currently, data regarding the clinical significance of longitudinal changes in diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is lacking. We investigated the prognostic implications of a 1-year decline in DLCO in 319 patients newly diagnosed with IPF at a tertiary hospital between January 2010 and December 2020. Changes in FVC and DLCO over the first year after the initial diagnosis were reviewed; a decline in FVC ≥ 5% and DLCO ≥ 10% predicted were considered significant changes. During the first year after diagnosis, a significant decline in FVC and DLCO was observed in 101 (31.7%) and 64 (20.1%) patients, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that a 1-year decline in FVC ≥ 5% predicted (aHR 2.74, 95% CI 1.88–4.00) and 1-year decline in DLCO ≥ 10% predicted (aHR 2.31, 95% CI 1.47–3.62) were independently associated with a higher risk of subsequent mortality. The prognostic impact of a decline in DLCO remained significant regardless of changes in FVC, presence of emphysema, or radiographic indications of pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, serial monitoring of DLCO should be recommended because it may offer additional prognostic information compared with monitoring of FVC alone.

Coronary calcification on invasive angiography and the Agatston score—a single-center experience

Aim: The pattern and severity of coronary artery calcification (CAC) can influence prognosis and outcome in percutaneous coronary intervention. An objective assessment of CAC during invasive angiography may provide additional prognostic information. This study aimed to assess the correlation between the angiographic Birmingham calcium score (BCS) and the Agatston coronary calcium score (CCS) performed as part of single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI). Methods: In this retrospective observational study, patients undergoing SPECT-MPI and invasive coronary angiography as part of their routine management were included. BCS was calculated by reviewing angiography images in retrospect by an observer blinded to the SPECT-MPI calcium score. Spearman’s correlation was used to analyze the correlation between BCS and SPECT-MPI. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to detect cut-off for BCS that would detect clinically significant CAC [&gt; 400 Agatston units (AU)]. Kaplan-Meier was used to report on outcomes at 5 years follow-up. Results: In this cohort of 151 patients, there was a positive correlation between BCS and CCS [Spearman correlation coefficient (r) = 0.558, P &lt; 0.001]. Cumulative BCS of 1 was able to identify clinically significant CAC [area under the curve 0.788, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.714–0.863]. Cumulative BCS ≥ 3 was associated with major adverse outcomes at 5 years follow-up (log rank P = 0.013). Conclusion: BCS correlates well with established higher CCS. Application of BCS during invasive coronary angiography will aid risk stratification, management, and follow-up with no extra patient involvement, radiation, or costs.

Comparison of cytomorphology and histomorphology in myelodysplastic syndromes.

Gold standard for the establishment of the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are cytomorphological features of hematopoietic cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirates. There is increasing evidence that bone marrow histomorphology not only aids in the diagnosis of MDS but can provide additional prognostic information, particularly through assessment of fibrosis and cellularity. However, there is only sparse data on direct comparison between histological and cytomorphological findings within the same MDS patient cohort. Therefore, we performed such an analysis under exceptionally well-standardized conditions. We reexamined biopsy material of 128 patients from the Düsseldorf MDS registry who underwent bone marrow trephine biopsy (in addition to bone marrow aspiration) at the time of diagnosis, addressing the following items: a. Analysis of concordance of diagnoses made by histology and cytomorphology b. Analysis of additional information by histology with regard to the diagnosis and prognosis. The respective biomaterials were available at our institution and had been processed according to unchanged protocols between 1992 and 2010. Fresh histopathological sections were obtained from the tissue blocks, stained under identical conditions and re-assessed by a designated expert pathologist (C.B.) without knowledge of the previous histopathological report or the respective cytomorphological diagnosis. The latter, likewise, was uniformly made by the same expert cytomorphologist (U.G.). Histopathology of bone marrow trephine biopsies reliably captured the diagnosis of MDS. Assignment to the diagnostic WHO subgroup was not entirely concordant with cytomorphology, mainly due to incongruences between the proportion of CD34-positive cells on histopathology and the cytomorphological blast count. Histopathology provided additional diagnostic and prognostic information with high diagnostic and prognostic significance, such as fibrosis. Likewise, histopathology allowed more reliable estimation of bone marrow cellularity.

Association between lipoprotein(a), LPA genetic risk score, aortic valve disease, and subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events.

Cohort studies have demonstrated associations between calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and Lp(a). As Lp(a) is almost entirely genetically determined, in this study, we aim to determine whether Lp(a), when predicted from genetic data, is associated with CAVD and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Patients undergoing coronary angiography between January 2012 and May 2013 were invited to participate in the study. Of 752 analysable participants, 446 had their Lp(a) measured and 703 had a calculable LPA genetic risk score (GRS). The primary outcomes were the presence of CAVD at baseline and MACE over a 7-year follow-up. The GRS explained 45% of variation in Lp(a). After adjustment for cardiac risk factors and coronary artery disease (CAD), the odds of CAVD increased with increasing Lp(a) [odds ratio (OR) 1.039 per 10-unit increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.022-1.057, P < 0.001] and GRS (OR 1.054 per 10-unit increase, 95% CI 1.024-1.086; P < 0.001). Lipoprotein(a) and the GRS as continuous variables were not associated with subsequent MACEs. A dichotomized GRS (>54) was associated with MACE, but this relationship became non-significant when CAD classification was added into the model (OR 1.333, 95% CI 0.927-1.912; P = 0.12). An LPA GRS can explain 45% of variation in Lp(a) levels, and both Lp(a) and the GRS are associated with CAVD. An elevated GRS is associated with future cardiac events in a secondary risk setting, but, if the CAD status is known, it does not provide additional prognostic information.

The role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Galectin-3 as predictive biomarkers for all-cause mortality in patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Background Currently available risk scores fail to accurately predict morbidity and mortality in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis who undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). In this context, biomarkers like matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) may provide additional prognostic information. Methods Patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing consecutive, elective, transfemoral TAVI were included. Baseline demographic data, functional status, echocardiographic findings, clinical outcomes and biomarker levels were collected and analysed. Results The study cohort consisted of 89 patients (age 80.4 ± 5.1 years, EuroScore II 7.1 ± 5.8%). During a median follow-up period of 526 d, 28 patients (31.4%) died. Among those who died, median baseline MMP-2 (alive: 221.6 [170.4; 263] pg/mL vs. deceased: 272.1 [225; 308.8] pg/mL, p < 0.001) and Gal-3 levels (alive: 19.1 [13.5; 24.6] pg/mL vs. deceased: 25 [17.6; 29.5] pg/mL, p = 0.006) were higher than in survivors. In ROC analysis, MMP-2 reached an acceptable level of discrimination to predict mortality (AUC 0.733, 95% CI [0.62; 0.83], p < 0.001), but the predictive value of Gal-3 was poor (AUC 0.677, 95% CI [0.56; 0.79], p = 0.002). Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses showed that patients with MMP-2 and Gal-3 concentrations above the median at baseline had significantly impaired long-term survival (p = 0.004 and p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions In patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transfemoral TAVI, MMP-2 and to a lesser extent Gal-3, seem to have additive value in optimizing risk prediction and streamlining decision-making.

DEep LearnIng-based QuaNtification of epicardial adipose tissue predicts MACE in patients undergoing stress CMR

Background and aimsThis study investigated the additional prognostic value of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients undergoing stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. Methods730 consecutive patients [mean age: 63 ± 10 years; 616 men] who underwent stress CMR for known or suspected coronary artery disease were randomly divided into derivation (n = 365) and validation (n = 365) cohorts. MACE was defined as non-fatal myocardial infarction and cardiac deaths. A deep learning algorithm was developed and trained to quantify EAT volume from CMR. EAT volume was adjusted for height (EAT volume index). A composite CMR-based risk score by Cox analysis of the risk of MACE was created. ResultsIn the derivation cohort, 32 patients (8.7 %) developed MACE during a follow-up of 2103 days. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 35 % (HR 4.407 [95 % CI 1.903–10.202]; p<0.001), stress perfusion defect (HR 3.550 [95 % CI 1.765–7.138]; p<0.001), late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) (HR 4.428 [95%CI 1.822–10.759]; p = 0.001) and EAT volume index (HR 1.082 [95 % CI 1.045–1.120]; p<0.001) were independent predictors of MACE. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, adding EAT volume index to a composite risk score including LVEF, stress perfusion defect and LGE provided additional value in MACE prediction, with a net reclassification improvement of 0.683 (95%CI, 0.336–1.03; p<0.001). The combined evaluation of risk score and EAT volume index showed a higher Harrel C statistic as compared to risk score (0.85 vs. 0.76; p<0.001) and EAT volume index alone (0.85 vs.0.74; p<0.001). These findings were confirmed in the validation cohort. ConclusionsIn patients with clinically indicated stress CMR, fully automated EAT volume measured by deep learning can provide additional prognostic information on top of standard clinical and imaging parameters.

Abstract 5213: Evaluation of HER2DX risk-score in residual disease (RD) from HER2-positive (HER2+) early breast cancer (EBC) patients (pts) following neoadjuvant trastuzumab and pertuzumab (HP)-based therapy: An exploratory analysis from the PHERGain trial

Abstract Introduction: HER2DX is a prognostic (risk-score) and predictive (pathological complete response-score) genomic assay validated in baseline (BL) tumor samples from HER2+ EBC pts. RD after neoadjuvant anti-HER2-based therapy is associated with worse outcomes. Whether HER2DX risk-score analyzed in RD provides additional prognostic information is unknown. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 14 pts from group B of the PHERGain trial (NCT03161353): 6 who developed distant recurrences and 8 matched controls with HER2DX high-risk score at BL who did not. Group B pts had centrally confirmed, stage I-IIIA, HER2+ EBC and were treated with HP (± endocrine therapy), with chemotherapy added for pts without PET response after 2 treatment cycles or pathological complete response (Perez-Garcia et al, Lancet Oncol 2021).HER2DX was evaluated on tumor samples collected at BL and surgery. The primary objective was to determine the association of HER2DX risk-score in RD with the development of distant recurrences. Secondary objectives were to assess gene expression and the HER2DX signatures in BL vs RD and their association with distant recurrences. Cox regression models evaluated the association of variables with distant recurrence. Paired SAM with a false discovery rate &amp;lt;5% identified differences in gene expression between BL and RD samples. Results: Median follow-up was 4.04 years. Five (83.3%) of 6 pts with distant recurrences had HER2DX high-risk scores at BL. The 8 control pts had HER2DX high-risk scores at BL but no relapse. In RD, all 6 pts (100%) who relapsed had a HER2DX high-risk score, while 4 (50%) of 8 pts without distant recurrence presented a HER2DX downstaging. Pts with HER2DX low-risk in RD had better 3-year distant disease-free survival than high-risk pts (100% vs 50%; hazard ratio = 4.34 [1.03-18.23], p=0.045). In RD, high expression of the proliferation signature and 15 genes, including proliferation genes, and low expression of 38 genes, including immune and luminal-related genes, were associated with poor prognosis. In paired analyses of BL and RD samples, 118 genes (63.8%) were differentially expressed in pts that did not relapse, while only 3 genes (1.6%) were differentially expressed in pts that relapsed. Conclusions: These data suggest that HER2DX risk-score in RD provides additional information on the likelihood of developing distant recurrences. In RD, high expression of immune and luminal genes was associated with a reduced risk, while high expression of proliferation genes was associated with a higher risk. Molecular changes after anti-HER2 therapy were mainly observed in RD of pts that did not relapse. Prognostic impact of HER2DX downstaging merits further evaluation. Citation Format: José Manuel Pérez-García, Fara Brasó-Maristany, Elena Martínez-García, Carmen Mora Gallardo, Eileen Shimizu, Olga Boix Sánchez, Jose Rodríguez-Morató, Mario Mancino, Laia Paré, Guillermo Villacampa, Mercedes Marín-Aguilera, Patricia Galván, Ana Vivancos, Patricia Villagrasa, Joel Parker, Charles M. Perou, Antonio Llombart-Cussac, Javier Cortés, Aleix Prat. Evaluation of HER2DX risk-score in residual disease (RD) from HER2-positive (HER2+) early breast cancer (EBC) patients (pts) following neoadjuvant trastuzumab and pertuzumab (HP)-based therapy: An exploratory analysis from the PHERGain trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5213.

Caveolin-1 gene expression provides additional prognostic information combined with PAM50 risk of recurrence (ROR) score in breast cancer

Combining information from the tumor microenvironment (TME) with PAM50 Risk of Recurrence (ROR) score could improve breast cancer prognostication. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a marker of an active TME. CAV1 is a membrane protein involved in cell signaling, extracellular matrix organization, and tumor-stroma interactions. We sought to investigate CAV1 gene expression in relation to PAM50 subtypes, ROR score, and their joint prognostic impact. CAV1 expression was compared between PAM50 subtypes and ROR categories in two cohorts (SCAN-B, n = 5326 and METABRIC, n = 1980). CAV1 expression was assessed in relation to clinical outcomes using Cox regression and adjusted for clinicopathological predictors. Effect modifications between CAV1 expression and ROR categories on clinical outcome were investigated using multiplicative and additive two-way interaction analyses. Differential gene expression and gene set enrichment analyses were applied to compare high and low expressing CAV1 tumors. All samples expressed CAV1 with the highest expression in the Normal-like subtype. Gene modules consistent with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, and stromal activation were associated with high CAV1 expression. CAV1 expression was inversely associated with ROR category. Interactions between CAV1 expression and ROR categories were observed in both cohorts. High expressing CAV1 tumors conferred worse prognosis only within the group classified as ROR high. ROR gave markedly different prognostic information depending on the underlying CAV1 expression. CAV1, a potential mediator between the malignant cells and TME, could be a useful biomarker that enhances and further refines PAM50 ROR risk stratification in patients with ROR high tumors and a potential therapeutic target.

The Prognostic Impact of Follow-up Cardiac MIBG Imaging on LV trajectory After Acute Decompensation.

Cardiac metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging provides prognostic information in patients with heart failure. Recently, the trajectory of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has been a focus in patients with reduced LVEF admitted for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We sought to investigate the prognostic value of follow-up cardiac MIBG imaging in ADHF patients with reduced LVEF in relation to LVEF trajectory. We prospectively studied 145 ADHF patients with reduced LVEF<40%. The cardiac MIBG heart-to-mediastinum ratio (late HMR) was measured on the delayed image at discharge and at the 6-month follow-up (6FUP). At 6 months after discharge, 54 (37%) patients had complete recovery of LVEF≥50% (HFcorEF), and 43 (30%) patients had partial recovery of LVEF: 40%-50% (HFparEF), while the remaining 48 (33%) patients had no functional recovery of LVEF (HFnorEF). The late HMR at 6 FUP in HFcorEF patients was significantly greater than that in HFparEF and HFnorEF patients. During a follow-up period of 4.3 ± 2.6 years, 43 patients had cardiac events, defined as the composite of readmission for worsening HF and cardiac death. Patients with lower late HMR at 6 FUP had a greater risk of cardiac events than those with higher late HMR at 6 FUP in the group with recovered LVEF, especially HFparEF, which was not observed in the HFnorEF subgroup. Follow-up MIBG imaging after discharge could provide additional prognostic information in ADHF patients with recovered left ventricular function.

Abstract PR002: Proteomic profiling of endometrial carcinomas

Abstract While endometrial cancer (EC) has an overall favorable prognosis, some patients do poorly and may benefit from refinements of current classification systems. The TCGA-inspired pragmatic molecular classification tool Proactive Molecular Risk Classifier for Endometrial Cancer (ProMisE) has been integrated into international guidelines for EC risk stratification and management. ProMisE stratifies ECs into four prognostic groups: POLEmut, NSMP (no specific molecular profile), MMRd (mismatch repair deficient), and p53abn, where POLEmut has the best prognosis and p53abn has the worst prognosis. Our objective was to determine if proteomic profiling could provide additional prognostic or predictive information for EC patients, across or within ProMisE molecular subtypes. Global proteome profiling of FFPE samples, that had clinicopathologic and outcome data, was performed on 184 ECs encompassing all four ProMisE subtypes, including replicate samples of the same tumor, and both biopsy and final hysterectomy specimens. To ensure representation of each subtype, we aimed for an approximately equal distribution; 40 (27 %) MMRd, 33 (22 %) POLEmut, 42 (28 %) NSMP and 33 (22 %) p53abn, rather than the population-based distributions. There was high reproducibility in the proteomic profiles of intra-tumor replicate samples, and between matched biopsy and hysterectomy tumor samples (Pearson’s correlation &amp;gt;0.9). Consensus clustering generated four clusters, named ‘Adhesion’, ‘Immune’, ‘Proliferation’, and ‘Metabolic’ based on proteins enriched in each cluster. The Proliferation Cluster had the worst outcomes and the highest proportion of stage III/IV, serous, and p53abn tumors than the other clusters. The Immune Cluster had the most favorable outcomes, despite having a relatively substantial proportion of stage III/IV, serous, and p53abn tumors. We correlated protein expression with common mutations, including ARID1A mutations that cause loss of ARID1A protein expression, found in up to 60% ECs. ARID1A positive tumors also express proteins in the retinoic acid signaling pathway, while ARID1A-deficient tumors express proteins indicative of neutrophil infiltration. Comparing molecular subtypes, we found p53abn ECs were enriched in proteins associated with poor outcomes in many tumor types, such as GRB7. We validated elevated GRB7 expression in p53abn tumors using immunohistochemistry and found an association with worse disease specific survival (DSS) across the whole cohort (HR=2.39). Nucleolin expression was associated with worse prognosis in the NSMP subtype (DSS HR=9.88), while BABAM1 expression was associated with better prognosis within p53abn tumors (DSS HR=2.43). Knockout of BABAM1 (part of the BRCA complex) in cell lines resulted in increased sensitivity to PARP inhibition. Proteomic analysis of EC identifies candidate prognostic markers that may further refine current molecular classification and help guide treatment decisions. New therapeutic interventions could be developed to target proteins and pathways identified by EC proteomic profiling. Citation Format: Dawn R. Cochrane, Gian Luca Negri, Jutta Huvila, Juliana Sobral de Barros, Forouh Kalantari, Nissreen Mohammad, David Farnell, Emily Thompson, Amy Lum, Sandra E. Spencer, Amy Jamieson, Samuel Leung, Derek Chiu, Martin Koebel, Stefan Kommoss, Friedrich Kommoss, Blake Gilks, Lien Hoang, David Huntsman, Gregg B. Morin, Jessica N. McAlpine. Proteomic profiling of endometrial carcinomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Endometrial Cancer: Transforming Care through Science; 2023 Nov 16-18; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(5_Suppl):Abstract nr PR002.

Temporal evolution of liver function parameters predicts clinical outcome in chronic heart failure patients (Bio-SHiFT study).

Liver dysfunction contributes to worse clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients. However, studies exploring temporal evolutions of liver function parameters in chronic HF (CHF) pa- tients, and their associations with clinical outcome, are scarce. Detailed temporal patterns of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), total bilirubin (TBIL) and albumin (ALB) were investigated, and their relation with clinical outcome, in patients with stable CHF with reduced ejection fraction. Tri-monthly plasma samples were collected from 250 patients during 2.2 (1.4-2.5) years of follow-up. ALP, GGTP, ALB, and TBIL were measured in 749 selected samples and the relationship between repeatedly measured biomarker levels and the primary endpoint (PEP; composite of cardiovas- cular death, heart transplantation, left ventricular assist device implantation, and hospitalization for worsened HF) was evaluated by joint models. Mean age was 66 ± 13 years; 74% were men, 25% in New York Heart Association class III-IV. 66 (26%) patients reached the PEP. Repeatedly measured levels of TBIL, ALP, GGTP, and ALB were associated with the PEP after adjustment for N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide and high sensitivity troponin T (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] per doubling of biomarker level: 1.98 [1.32; 2.95], p = 0.002; 1.84 [1.09; 3.05], p = 0.018, 1.33 [1.08; 1.63], p = 0.006 and 1.14 [1.09; 1.20], p < 0.001, respectively). Serial levels of ALP and GGTP, and slopes of the temporal evolutions of ALB and TBIL, adjusted for clinical variables, were also significantly associated with the PEP. Changes in serum levels of TBIL, ALP, GGTP, and ALB precede adverse cardiovascular events in patients with CHF. These routine liver function parameters may provide additional prognostic information in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients in clinical practice.

Integration of on-treatment modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) to improve imaging-based prediction of outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer on immune checkpoint inhibition

IntroductionA large number of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) achieve stable disease (SD) as the best overall response, which is associated with heterogeneous outcomes. In this context, complementary biomarkers that improve outcome prediction are needed. We have recently demonstrated that measuring the on-treatment modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), which is based on the two serum markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin, can improve outcome prediction complementary to radiological staging in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. However, this concept has not been assessed for patients with NSCLC on ICI. MethodsWe assessed the prognostic and predictive value of on-treatment mGPS at week six in patients with NSCLC treated with atezolizumab or docetaxel in the phase 3 OAK trial (NCT02008227) comprising n = 750 patients and validated the findings in the phase 2 BIRCH (NCT02031458, n = 560). ResultsOn-treatment mGPS assessed at week six demonstrated valuable prognostic information (Hazard Ratio (HR) for mGPS low-risk vs intermediate risk 2.34 (95 % CI 1.76–3.11, p < 0.001) and vs high risk 3.56, (95 % CI 2.57–4.91, p < 0.001) in the atezolizumab-treated subgroup. On-treatment mGPS predicted overall survival more accurately than imaging using RECIST criteria (concordance index: on-treatment mGPS 0.646 (95 % CI 0.615–0.677) vs RECIST 0.606 (95 % CI 0.575–0.637)). On-treatment mGPS provides additional prognostic information to imaging-assessed treatment response at first staging, especially for the patient subgroup with SD. These findings were validated in the BIRCH trial. ConclusionsWe highlight the novel concept of integrating on-treatment mGPS for improved outcome prediction in conjunction with radiological imaging for patients with NSCLC on ICI.

Differences Between Cystatin C- and Creatinine-Based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Association with Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: Results from Three Cohorts of Adults with Diabetes.

To explore the association between the differences between cystatin C- and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRdiff) with the risk of mortality and cardiovascular (CV) events in individuals with diabetes. Three prospective cohorts analyzed data of adults with diabetes from the Incident, Development, and Prognosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease (INDEED) study (2016-2017 to 2020) in China, the National Health, Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2004 to 2019) in the United States, and UK Biobank (UKB, 2006-2010 to 2022). Baseline eGFRdiff was calculated using both absolute difference between cystatin C- and creatinine-based calculations (eGFRabdiff), and the ratio between them (eGFRrediff). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the association between eGFRdiff and outcomes including all-cause mortality and incident CV events. A total of 8,129 individuals from the INDEED (aged 60.7±10.0 years), 1,634 from the NHANES (aged 62.5±14.4 years), and 29,358 from the UKB (aged 59.4±7.3 years;) were included. At baseline, 43.6%, 32.4% and 42.1% of participants in the INDEED, NHANES and UKB had an eGFRabdiff value ≥15 ml/min/1.73 m2. During a median follow-up of 3.8 years for the INDEED, 15.2 years for the NHANES, and 13.5 years for the UKB, a total of 430, 936 and 6143 deaths and a total of 481, 183 and 5583 CV events occurred, respectively. Each 1-standard deviation higher baseline eGFRabdiff was independently associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality and CV events, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.77 and 0.82 in the INDEED, 0.70 and 0.68 in the NHANES, and 0.66 and 0.78 in the UKB. Similar results were observed for eGFRrediff. eGFRdiff represents a marker of adverse events for diabetes among general population. Monitoring both eGFRcys and eGFRcr yields additional prognostic information and has clinical utility in identifying high-risk individuals for mortality and CV events.

Clinicopathological Characteristic of Radioactive Iodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital 2016-2021

Background Initial therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is thyroidectomy with or without cervical lymph node dissection. Furthermore, radioactive iodine (RAI) is given to patients by considering risk stratification and other patient factors. Although most cases of DTC have a good prognosis after standard therapeutic approaches, the risks of local recurrence and distant metastases can be as high as 20% and 10%. Among these patients, two-thirds showed RAI-refractory. This is concerning because 10-year survival rate is less than 10%. This study aimed to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of RAI-refractory DTC. Methods This is a case-control study. Data was collected from the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Theranostics and Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung period 1 January 2016 - 31 December 2021. Results Clinicopathological factors associated with RAI-refractory DTC are age, sex, aggressive histologic subtype, LVI (lymphovascular invasion), m-ETE (microscopic extrathyroid extension), TNM (tumor, nodal, metastasis) stage, and ENE (extranodal extension), with p-value &lt;0.05. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the histologic type between RAI-refractory and non-RAI-refractory groups. Conclusion In the pathology report, it is necessary to include prognostically relevant tumor histopathological characteristics. In addition to histologic type, histologic subtype, and tumor size, other features such as presence and extent of capsular invasion, LVI, microscopic and macroscopic ETE, ENE, and number and size of metastatic lymph nodes, have been shown to provide additional prognostic information and are required in standard pathology reports for DTC.

Influence of the Pre-shock State on the Prognosis of Medical Patients with Sepsis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of the pre-shock state on the mortality of patients with sepsis. MethodsWe enrolled patients with sepsis admitted to the medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care university hospital. These patients were then classified into three groups: sepsis, pre-shock state, and septic shock. The primary outcome was the 28-day mortality rate. The secondary outcomes were the 90-day, 180-day, and 1-year mortality rates. ResultsA total of 303 patients (groups: sepsis 135 [44.6%]), pre-shock state (93 [30.7%]), and septic shock (75 [24.8%]) completed the 1-year follow-up. The mortality rates at 28 days, 90 days, and 180 days and 1 year were significantly higher in the pre-shock state group than those of the sepsis group, but significantly lower than those in the septic shock group, especially among older patients. When compared with the pre-shock state group, the sepsis group had significantly lower mortality risks at 28 days, 90 days, and 180 days and 1 year, whereas the sepsis shock group had higher mortality risks at these time points. ConclusionThe mortality rates of patients in the pre-shock state were notably different from those of patients with sepsis or septic shock. The introduction of a modified sepsis severity classification, which includes sepsis, pre-shock state, and septic shock, could offer valuable additional prognostic information.

Cholesterol Crystal Dissolution Rate of Serum Predicts Outcomes in Patients With Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Aortic stenosis has pathophysiological similarities with atherosclerosis, including the deposition of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins. The resulting cholesterol crystals activate the NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3) inflammasome, leading to inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to investigate the cholesterol crystal dissolution rate (CCDR) of serum in patients with aortic stenosis and to assess the prognostic value of this biomarker. The study included 348 patients with aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. The CCDR was measured using flow cytometry to enumerate cholesterol crystals that were added to a serum solution, at baseline and after 2 hours of incubation. Based on the median CCDR, the cohort was stratified into high and low cholesterol crystal dissolvers. The incidence of the primary end point, a composite of 1-year all-cause mortality and major vascular complication, was significantly lower in the high CCDR group (7.3 per 100 person-years) compared with the low CCDR group (17.0 per 100 person-years, P=0.01). This was mainly driven by a lower 1-year mortality rate in patients with a high CCDR (7.3 versus 15.1 per 100 person-years, P=0.04). Unplanned endovascular interventions were significantly less frequent in high cholesterol crystal dissolvers (12.8 versus 22.6 per 100 person-years, P=0.04). Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were comparable in both groups (101.8±37.3 mg/dL versus 97.9±37.6 mg/dL, P=0.35), only patients with a low CCDR showed a benefit from statin treatment. In multivariate analysis, low CCDR (hazard ratio, 2.21 [95% CI, 0.99-4.92], P=0.04) was significantly associated with 1-year mortality. The CCDR is a novel biomarker associated with outcome in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. It may provide new insights into patients' anti-inflammatory capacity and additional prognostic information beyond classic risk assessment.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging-derived intraventricular pressure gradients in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a long-term follow-up study

Abstract Aims Recently, novel post-processing tools have become available that measure intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPGs) on routinely obtained long-axis cine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images. IVPGs provide a comprehensive overview of both systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) functions. Whether IVPGs are associated with clinical outcome after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is currently unknown. Here, we investigated the association between CMR-derived LV-IVPGs and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in a large reperfused STEMI cohort with long-term outcome. Methods and results In this prospectively enrolled multi-centre cohort study, 307 patients underwent CMR within 14 days after the first STEMI. LV-IVPGs (from apex-to-base) were estimated on the long-axis cine images. During a median follow-up of 9.7 (5.9–12.5) years, MACE (i.e. composite of cardiovascular death and de novo heart failure hospitalisation) occurred in 49 patients (16.0%). These patients had larger infarcts, more often microvascular injury, and impaired LV-IVPGs. In univariable Cox regression, overall LV-IVPG was significantly associated with MACE and remained significantly associated after adjustment for common clinical risk factors (hazard ratio (HR) 0.873, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.794–0.961, P = 0.005) and myocardial injury parameters (HR 0.906, 95% CI 0.825–0.995, P = 0.038). However, adjusted for LV ejection fraction and LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), overall LV-IVPG does not provide additional prognostic information (HR 0.959, 95% CI 0.866–1.063, P = 0.426). Conclusion Early after STEMI, CMR-derived LV-IVPGs are univariably associated with MACE and this association remains significant after adjustment for common clinical risk factors and measures of infarct severity. However, LV-IVPGs do not add prognostic value to LV ejection fraction and LV GLS.