Increase In Rate Of Addition Research Articles

Biochar amendment effectively reduces the transport of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (a main degradation product of chlorpyrifos) in purple soil: Experimental and modeling.

This study investigates biochar amendment effectively reduces the transport of polar pollutant 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCP, a main degradation product of chlorpyrifos, and quantitatively explores the physical and chemical mechanisms through inversion simulation. Thus, five biochar addition rates to soil, 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0%, are tested and compared. The adsorption isotherms experiment, breakthrough curves, BTCs, in both repacked and undisturbed soil columns are also compared. And finally the non-equilibrium convection-diffusion equation, CDE, is used to uncover the change of hydraulic properties of soil and mass non-equilibrium of TCP in the soils mixed with different contents of biochar. The results show that the addition of biochar can reduce the transportation of TCP significantly in the purple soil with macro pores, and the reduction is mainly attributed to two aspects: increase of adsorption ability and decrease of diffusion coefficient and convection velocity. The former is reflected by the linear increase of Kd value with the increase of biochar addition rate and soil organic matter content. The latter is demonstrated by the dramatic reduction of TCP concentration in outflow of BTC experiment and the delayed leaching time. The inversely simulated results also reveal that the diffusion coefficient decrease from 5.35 to 3.95 when biochar addition rate increases from 0 to 5%. Compared with the repacked soil columns, the preferential flow does not disappear in the undisturbed soil columns, accompanied by a higher maximum concentration, an earlier equilibrium time and a less residual amount.

Preparation of basundi from buffalo milk blended with custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) pulp

In present investigation Basundi was prepared from buffalo milk blended with different levels of custard apple pulp as control with O% (T 1 ), 5% (T 2 ), 10% (T 3 ), 15 (T 4 ) and 20 (T 5 ). The results revealed that, fat, protein, Ash and total solid contents were normally decreased while total sugar was increased with increase in levels of custard apple pulp. For sensory evaluation the results revealed that overall acceptability scores obtained were 7.09, 7.53, 7.96, 7.19, and 6.92 for the treatment T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 and T 5 , respectively. The treatment T 3 scored significantly highest scores for flavour, colour and appearance, consistency and overall acceptability which were found superior amongst all the treatments. The custard apple pulp prepared from all combinations of buffalo milk basundi was found acceptable. The cost of production per kg of custard apple basundi was slightly increased with increase in rate of addition of custard apple pulp percentage. i.e. Rs. 98.18 (T 1 ), Rs. 104.78 (T 2 ), Rs. 110.83 (T 3 ), Rs. 116.4 (T 4 ) and Rs. 121.53 (T 5 ).

Grain Refinements of Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub> in Sn-3wt%Ag-5wt%Cu High Temperature Solder Alloys

This paper investigated the effect of trace addition of Al and Mg on the grain refinements of Cu6Sn5in Sn-3wt%Ag-5wt%Cu high temperature solder alloys. Furthermore, the effect of Al and Mg addition on the Sn/Ag3Sn eutectic were also investigated. It was found that the addition of both Al and Mg successfully refined the Cu6Sn5in Sn-3wt%Ag-5wt%Cu solder alloy. In addition, Al suppresses the formation of Ag3Sn in the Sn/Ag3Sn eutectic; while Mg promotes the formation of fine Sn/Ag3Sn eutectic microstructure. The refinement of Cu6Sn5is believed to be due to heterogeneous nucleation by Al and Mg rich intermetallic particles respectively. Effect of Al and Mg addition on the undercooling of the Sn/Ag3Sn eutectic was found to be similar, both reducing undercooling effectively at a low addition rate of 0.025wt%. The addition of Al and Mg have mixed effect on the nucleation temperature of Cu6Sn5. It is found that the nucleation temperature of Cu6Sn5is increased with 0.025wt% Al and 0.1wt% Mg addition to the unmodified alloy, while the nucleation temperature slowly decreases again as the trace element addition rate increases.

Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in boreal forest carbon pools in northeastern China: Effects of nitrogen deposition

An increase in nitrogen (N) deposition has been proposed to cause boreal forests to capture and store a globally significant quantity of carbon (C), but the size of the boreal forest C sink remains uncertain after N addition. Therefore, we conducted a N addition experiment using four N addition rates (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5gNm−2yr−1) in the boreal zone of northeastern China to determine the changes in forest C sequestration and to investigate the mechanisms of the changes in C sequestration after N addition. Our data show that N addition increases the total C sequestration, but the efficiency of this effect is reduced as the N addition rate increases. We also found that the amount and the mechanism of the C sequestration increase in above- and belowground C pools vary with different amounts of N addition. Low- and medium-N addition increased the above- and belowground C sequestration, and the potential mechanisms responsible for such C accumulation include N-induced increases in photosynthesis via a decrease in the foliar C content and increases in root mass via increased plant C allocation in the roots. However, high-N addition decreases aboveground C sequestration by inhibiting photosynthesis and increases belowground C sequestration by inhibiting soil C losses. Our data indicate that the response patterns of above- and belowground C pools to different amounts of N addition may involve several complex biochemical processes and occur by different mechanisms; therefore, separating the effects of N addition on above- and belowground C sequestration will help improve and validate current modeling efforts.

Studies on physico-chemical properties ofGulabjamun prepared from cow milk Khoa blended with wheat bran

In present investigation wheat bran was used for preparation of Gulabjamun with different per cent i.e. T 1 (control), T 2 (5 %), T 3 (10 %), T 4 (15 %), T 5 (20 %) with the main objective physico-chemical properties of Gulabjamun prepared from cow milk Khoa blended with wheat bran. During the study of chemical composition it was observed that, addition of wheat bran in Gulabjamun increased moisture, ash, carbohydrate and fibre content significantly in finished product while per cent ash, fat, protein and total solid content was decreased significantly due to increase in rate of addition of wheat bran. Texture profile analysis of product revealed that addition of wheat bran in Gulabjamun progressive decreased hardness towards higher of incorporation. 20 per cent level of wheat bran in Gulabjamun decreased the score for cohesiveness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness.

Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Nitrogen Resorption in Temperate Shrublands in Northern China.

Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves is a key mechanism of nutrient conservation for plants. The nutrient resorption efficiency is highly dependent on leaf nutrient status, species identity and soil nutrient availability. Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in most ecosystems, it is widely reported that nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) was highly dependent on the soil nitrogen availability and vary with N deposition. The effects of nitrogen deposition on NRE and nitrogen concentration in green and senescing leaves have been well established for forests and grasslands; in contrast, little is known on how plants in shrublands respond to nitrogen deposition across the world. In this study, we conducted a two-year nitrogen addition manipulation experiment to explore the responses of nitrogen concentration in green and senescing leaves, and NRE of seven dominant species, namely, Vitex negundo, Wikstroemia chamaedaphne, Carex rigescens and Cleistogenes chinensis from the Vitex negundo community, and Spirea trilobata, Armeniaca sibirica, V. negundo, C. rigescens and Spodiopogon sibiricus from the Spirea trilobata community, to nitrogen deposition in two typical shrub communities of Mt. Dongling in northern China. Results showed that NRE varied remarkably among different life forms, which was lowest in shrubs, highest in grasses, and intermediate in forbs, implying that shrubs may be most capable of obtaining nitrogen from soil, grasses may conserve more nitrogen by absorption from senescing leaves, whereas forbs may adopt both mechanisms to compete for limited nitrogen supply from the habitats. As the N addition rate increases, N concentration in senescing leaves ([N]s) increased consistent from all species from both communities, that in green leaves ([N]g) increased for all species from the Vitex negundo community, while no significant responses were found for all species from the Spirea trilobata community; NRE decreased for all species except A. sibirica from the Vitex community and W. chamaedaphn from the Spirea community. Given the substantial interspecific variations in nutrient concentration, resorption and the potentially changing community composition, and the increased soil nutrient availability due to fertilization may indirectly impact nutrient cycling in this region.

Sensory evaluation and chemical composition of shrikhand blended with unripe banana

The present investigation entitled Sensory evaluation and chemical composition of shrikhand blended with unripe was undertaken in the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during the year 2013-2014. The efforts were made to incorporate the nutritional value of banana in shrikhand and prepared the value added fermented dairy product. The investigation was planned with main objectives to standardize the optimum level of unripe banana pulp in shrikhand, sensory evaluation and determination of chemical composition of shrikhand. It was found that blending of 20 per cent unripe banana in cow milk chakka produce a good and more acceptable quality shrikhand. Regarding chemical composition it was found that, fat, protein, total solids and titratable acidity was decreased with increase in rate of addition of unripe banana while, solids not fat and moisture content was increased with increased in the level of addition of unripe banana pulp in shrikhand.

Studies on sensory evaluation, chemical quality and cost structure of sweet yoghurt from cow milk blended with Soymilk

The present investigation was carried on the studies on sensory evaluation, chemical quality and cost structure of sweet yoghurt from cow milk blended with soymilk in the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. Fresh and clean cow milk and soymilk was blended in various proportions as 100 : 00, 75 : 25, 50:50, 25: 75 and 00:100 for treatment T 1 , T 2 , T 3 ,T 4 and T 5 , respectively. The chemical composition in respect to per cent fat, total solids and solids not fat content recorded significantly decreased trend due to increase in the rate of addition of soymilk in cow milk. While the levels of protein content were found nonsignificant only numerical decrease was recorded. Yogurt prepared from 100 per cent cow milk recorded highest score for overall acceptability (92.85) then after score was decreased due increase in rate of addition of soymilk, while it was noticed that yoghurt prepared from 50 per cent cow milk and 50 per cent soymilk also scored satisfactory score for its acceptability. The cost of production of yoghurt was decreased with the increase in the level of soymilk.

Effect of rate of addition of starter culture on textural characteristics of buffalo milk Feta type cheese during ripening.

The effect of rate of addition of starter culture on textural characteristics of buffalo milk Feta type cheese was investigated during ripening period up to two months. The textural characteristics of buffalo milk Feta type cheese in terms of hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness were analyzed by using textural profile analyzer. The maximum hardness was found with cheese made using 1% culture, while the minimum was found with 2% culture. The cohesiveness and springiness decreased as the level of addition of starter culture increased. The chewiness of cheese also decreased, as the rate of addition of starter culture increased for cheese making. In addition to this, yield, moisture, fat, FDM, protein, salt and S/M of fresh buffalo milk Feta type cheese increased with the increase in rate of addition of starter culture; however, TS of experimental cheeses decreased.

Effect of Digestion Time and Alkali Addition Rate on Physical Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles

We investigate the effect of digestion time and alkali addition rate on the size and magnetic properties of precipitated magnetite nanoparticles. It is observed that the time required to complete the growth process for magnetite nanocrystals is very short (approximately 300 s), compared to long digestion times (20-190 min) required for MnO and CdSe nanocrystals. The rapid growth of magnetite nanoparticles suggests that Oswald ripening is insignificant during the precipitation stage, due to the low solubility of the oxides and the domination of a solid-state reaction where high electron mobility between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions drives a local cubic close-packed ordering. During the growth stage (0-300 s), the increase in the particle size is nominal (6.7-8.2 nm). The effect of alkali addition rate on particle size reveals that the nanocrystal size decreases with increasing alkali addition rate. The particle size decreases from 11 to 6.8 nm as the alkali addition rate is increased from 1 to 80 mL/s. During the size decrease, the lattice parameter decreases from 0.838 to 0.835 nm, which is attributed to an increase in the amount of Fe3+ atoms at the surface due to oxidation. As the alkali addition rate increases, the solution reaches supersaturation state rapidly leading to the formation of large number of initial nuclei at the nucleation stage, resulting in large number of particles with smaller size. When alkali addition rate is increased from 1 to 80 mL/s, the saturation magnetization of the particles decreases from 60 to 46 emu/g due to the reduced particle size.

숯 첨가 콘크리트벽돌의 물성특성과 친환경 성능에 관한 연구

After the new house symptoms recently, room environment pollution problem of building syndrome and so on is becoming research about ways to solve this being risen. Is taking advantage of nature data by building materials by one of this way, but Friendly Environmental performance examination for structure material is insufficient misgovernment being real condition that put emphasis in ability as most embellishment and in finish. Environmental examination is insufficient misgovernment on factor itself as structure material. Also, being real condition that radon that is responsible for lung cancer occurrence next to smoke in building materials such as concrete and so on is happened, the danger is reported much through mass communications and research paper etc. Therefore, this research measured radon release amount and the carbon dioxide adsorption rate for physical special quality measuring and Friendly Environment Efficiency that follow to 'KS F 4004 Concrete bricks' regulation after manufacture Concrete Bricks utilizing charcoal that is nature material by sand. This study finding carbon dioxide density appeared and displayed effect that charcoal Controls radon release that happen in Concrete Bricks to maximum 74% that decrease to best 95% though decreased the charcoal addition rate increases.

Mango soy fortified set yoghurt: effect of stabilizer addition on physicochemical, sensory and textural properties

The effect of stabilizer addition on physicochemical, sensory, textural properties and starter culture counts of mango soymilk fortified yoghurt (MSFY) were studied. Three stabilizers, namely gelatin, pectin and sodium alginate, were used. The addition rate of stabilizer was 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, w/w. Significant effects of type and addition rate on acidity, moisture content and total solids of MSFY were observed. Syneresis and acetaldehyde content of MSFY was reduced significantly. Lightness ( L ∗ ) and yellowness ( b ∗ ) of MSFY increased with gelatin and decreased with pectin and sodium alginate. The greenness ( a ∗ ) value decreased with increase in addition rate of stabilizers. Gelatin gave better effect on appearance and colour, body and texture, flavour and overall acceptability in comparison with other stabilizers at 0.4% addition rate. Hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness of MSFY increased up to 0.4% stabilizer addition, while springiness and gumminess did not follow any trend. There was a significant effect of stabilizer addition on Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus counts.

Serine 380 (P14) → Glutamate Mutation Activates Antithrombin as an Inhibitor of Factor Xa

Heparin regulates the inhibitory activity of antithrombin. It has been proposed that residues P15 and P14 are expelled from beta-sheet A of antithrombin by heparin binding, permitting better interaction of the reactive center loop with factor Xa. We have made a P14 antithrombin variant (S380E) to create an activated inhibitory form of antithrombin in which P14 is already expelled from beta-sheet A. S380E antithrombin fluorescence is enhanced 35 +/- 5% compared with control antithrombin. There is minimal further increase in antithrombin fluorescence upon heparin binding. The variant has a 5 degrees C lower T(m) than control antithrombin. The variant is an inhibitor of proteinases and has a nearly 200-fold increased basal rate of inhibition of factor Xa, after correction for an increased stoichiometry of inhibition. This is comparable to that of antithrombin activated by high affinity heparin pentasaccharide. Full-length high affinity heparin causes only a 7-fold additional increase in rate and a large increase in stoichiometry of inhibition. In contrast, the basal rate of inhibition of thrombin is similar to that of control antithrombin but is increased 300-fold by heparin. These findings suggest that the native state of the S380E variant exists in a loop-expelled conformation that is consequently highly reactive toward factor Xa.

Collagen Synthesis during Lung Development and during Hyaline Membrane Disease in the Nonhuman Primate

To assess maturational changes in collagen synthesis, lung tissue was obtained from healthy Macaca nemestrina monkeys at different ages, ranging from 68% of term gestation to adulthood. We hypothesized that infants delivered prematurely have a greater rate of collagen synthesis than do older animals because of their greater rate of lung growth during gestation. Secondly, we hypothesized that lung repair in infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) is associated with an additional increase in lung collagen synthesis rate. Therefore, lung tissue was obtained during the first week of life from monkeys delivered at 82% of term gestation, a stage at which half of them developed HMD. The rate of total protein synthesis in lung samples was determined by measuring the incorporation of [3H]proline; the rate of collagen synthesis was determined by measuring the conversion of proline into hydroxyproline. Premature monkeys had a higher rate of collagen synthesis (9.9 +/- 2.7 nmol/mg DNA/h) than did term infants (5.3 +/- 1.1) or older animals (2.1 +/- 0.4, p less than 0.05). There was no additional increase in rate of collagen synthesis in animals with HMD from 3 h (14.3 +/- 6.9) to 7 days of age (15.1 +/- 6.1); control premature animals also had no significant change during the first week of life (10.9 +/- 3.0 at 3 h; 11.6 +/- 4.6 at 7 days). The early stage of recovery from HMD in premature monkeys does not appear to be associated with an increase in collagen production beyond the already increased synthesis rate associated with lung growth.

Evidence that cyclic AMP stimulates bacterial glycogen synthesis by relieving AMP inhibition of and by increasing the cellular level of ADP-glucose synthetase

Using Escherichia coli mutants that possess an ADP-glucose synthetase (EC 2.7.7.27, the rate-limiting enzyme of bacterial glycogen synthesis) that differs in its inhibition by physiological levels of AMP, evidence was obtained that cyclic AMP stimulates cellular glycogen synthesis during nitrogen starvation by relieving AMP inhibition of this enzyme (without altering the cellular AMP level). Deinhibition for AMP of an enzyme controlled by the adenylate energy charge allows selective release from this control despite the maintenance of a constant cellular energy charge value. It was also shown that an additional increase in rate, not accounted for by AMP deinhibition, was due to an increase in the cellular level of ADP-glucose synthetase.

Boundary-layer turbulence measurements with mass addition and combustion.

Results are presented of an experimental study consisting of two parts: 1) an investigation of the turbulent velocity fluctuation field in an isothermal boundary layer with homogeneous injection, and 2) a preliminary investigation of the turbulent velocity and temperature fluctuation fields in a boundary layer with both mass addition and combustion. The isothermal data indicate that the mean velocity profile with mass injection is well described by danger's universal velocity distribution when a pseudofriction velocity is defined using the maximum shear stress in the boundary layer. The turbulent intensities are increased significantly, and spectral measurements indicate that the additional energy is introduced at low wave numbers. As the mass addition rate increases, a progressively larger portion of the boundary layer tends to become isotropic in character, as though the interaction between the mean flow and the turbulence near the wall is damped by the blowing. Combustion measurements indicate that the turbulent intensity of the velocity fluctuation normal to the wall is approximately doubled near the wall, reflecting energy transfer from the combustion region to the turbulence. The spectral shapes obtained between the flame zone and the wall show distortion caused by combustion, as predicted by Eschenroeder.

Improvement of Binary Transmission by Null-Zone Reception

In the customary methods of transmitting binary data the receiver, as a result of the decision process made on each transmitted pulse, prints out one of two symbols. Schemes are considered here in which the receiver prints out one of three symbols (single-null zone reception) or one of four symbols (double-null zone reception). These extra symbols permit the receiver to indicate when the a posteriori probabilities of the two transmitted states are nearly equal. Single-null zone reception is shown to be capable, under optimum conditions, of achieving about one-half of the improvement in information rate theoretically attainable by increasing the number of receiver levels without limit. Double-null reception, which splits the null zone and thereby retains polarity information, offers only a slight additional increase in rate. It affords a significant advantage over single-null reception, though, because it is much less sensitive to variations in null level.