Additional Income Research Articles

Analysis of economic indicators of four drying methods applied on three apple cultivars

Fruits are one of the main components of a healthy diet. They have many benefits and are recommended for regular consumption as part of a varied healthy diet. However, they are seasonal fruits, some need to be processed to ensure more extended storage and consumption throughout the year. The research aims to analyse the economic indicators of three apple cultivars (Golden Delicious, Florina and Freedom) dried by four methods (sun-died, shade-dried, dehydration, lyophilization). The methodological framework of the study includes: (1) Theoretical overview of apple drying methods; (2) Analysis of the economic indicators of apple drying – gross output, production and additional costs, net income, and rate of return; (3) Determining the benefits and drawbacks of drying apple products. It was found that the drying methods – sun-dried, shade-dried, and lyophilization – have a higher rate of profitability, while dehydration has a lower rate. The lyophilization method is the most profitable for production with Florina, followed by Freedom and Golden Delicious. Keywords: dried apple method, gross output, rate of return, production costs, net income

Identification of Motives of Children Working as Street Clowns in Manado City, North Sulawesi Province

Various activities are carried out by the community to meet their living needs. One activity that has become a new phenomenon seen in Manado City is street clowns. The phenomenon of street clowns can be found at intersections and at the entrances and exits of the Boulevard shopping area. They try to entertain the general public and drivers so that they get money, although the amount is not much. However, most of these street clowns are of school age and should not be active to earn income. This phenomenon is actually different from the culture of the Manado City Community in carrying out activities to earn income. This study was conducted to identify and analyze the motives of children who work as street clowns in Manado City. The results of this study can be used as a recommendation for the Manado City government in compiling a program to strengthen social institutions in the Community and in maintaining public order in public places. This study will be conducted using a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through interviews with children who work as street clowns and with the leaders of the Social and Community Empowerment Service and the leaders of the Manado City Civil Service Police Unit. Conducting observations on the activities of street clown professions and collecting other supporting data through internet-based electronic library searches such as Google Scholar and ResearchGate. Data analysis through the stages of data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and data verification. Children who work as street clowns in Manado City are school-age children. The main motive is to help parents meet their living needs through additional income. They come from suburban areas and have a community. The hope of feeling affection and attention and having time to play is very much needed by them.

Tourist Satisfaction in Kerala Agritourism: Insights from Domestic and International Visitors

Purpose: Tourism has been an essential component of human civilization since the beginning, evolving through various forms, phases, and practices over the centuries. Agritourism is a type of tourism that uses agricultural life as a tourist attraction. It is either agricultural tourism or agricultural marketing. It has the potential to generate additional income and employment for farmers. Agriculture has been a cornerstone of life in Kerala since ancient times, and even in today’s digital era, traditional farming methods remain prevalent among the farming community. It can help to boost local economic development and also helps to preserve biodiversity. Furthermore, rural communities must recognize the value of agricultural biodiversity and the need to protect it. It is important to measure the quality of services offered at the agritourism centre to ensure the operational effectiveness of centres as well as the tourist satisfaction [1]. The study was conducted to assess the level of satisfaction of foreign and domestic tourists in the agritourism destinations. Methodology: Primary survey was conducted among 150 domestic tourists and 150 foreign tourists who visited agritourism centres in Kerala using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Results: The findings indicated low satisfaction with accessibility, disability-friendly environment, telecommunication facilities and medical facilities available at the agritourism center. The low satisfaction level indicates that these elements are not functioning efficiently in agritourism destinations. As mentioned in the earlier discussions, accessibility is vital for the success of agritourism destinations. Most of the tourists were hesitant to revisit the centers because of inadequate accessibility. More than just a practical concern, it is crucial for boosting economic development, enhancing visitor satisfaction, and promoting sustainable agritourism practices. Likewise network connectivity challenges in agritourism centers located in hill areas pose significant obstacles to effective operation and visitor satisfaction. These issues affect communication, emergency response, and financial viability of centres as well as tourists. Medical facilities are essential to agritourism destinations, crucial for safeguarding the well-being of visitors. The agritourism centers are located in remote areas, making it challenging to access hospitals in emergency situations. So having adequate medical services in tourism centers are essential for protecting the health and well-being of tourists. Conclusion: The study assessed the level of satisfaction of foreign and domestic tourists in the agritourism destinations. Visitor satisfaction is critical to the success of agritourism destinations, as it influences visitor loyalty, the destination's reputation, operational improvements, and financial gains. By focusing on providing superior experiences and actively seeking feedback, agritourism operators can enhance their offerings, establish a positive reputation, and foster long-term growth.

The impact of alcohol consumption on economic growth in Thailand

The nighttime economy has always been an important part of tourism in Thailand. The alcohol industry contends that lifting alcohol restrictions will promote tourism and, consequently, generate additional income. Endogenous Growth Theory, however, emphasizes on investing in human capital, innovation, and knowledge as the most important factors that affect economic growth for a nation. Alcohol consumption incurs opportunity costs, as households lose financial resources and time that could be invested in children’s development. Relaxing control measures to promote alcohol consumption should impede economic development by diminishing the quality of human resources. The paper, therefore, aims to estimate the impact of alcohol consumption on economic growth by using 1990–2019 annual data from Thailand. By adopting Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, the results reveal that alcohol consumption has significant and negative effects on economic growth in the long run. The statistic tests demonstrate no presence of serial correlation, heteroskedasticity, as well as, endogeneity problems. The finding has been corroborated in international studies, in which alcohol consumption contributes to substantial social and economic costs of the society.

A value chain modeling approach for upscaling the production of fine flavor cocoa in Arauca (Colombia)

AbstractThe fine flavor cocoa (FFC) market offers additional income for small farmers. Despite the potential of several Latin American countries to produce FFC, their lack of standardized postharvest processes hinders compliance with high‐quality standards demanded by the FFC market, as these processes have a direct impact on cocoa's organoleptic characteristics. This work supports the design of a collective postharvest transformation model that coordinates the main steps in the cocoa agri‐food chain: transport of the cocoa harvest, classification, fermentation, drying, storage, and commercialization. Our methodology includes a modeling scheme combining optimization and simulation models, considering variability in the processes, and covering operational (transport and resource allocation), tactical (design and sizing of the processing plant), and strategic (sales dynamics) decisions across the cocoa value chain. We illustrate this methodology in a case study in Arauca, Colombia. Our findings emphasize the importance of combining these operational and strategic models since their inputs and outputs are interconnected influencing the decision‐making within the cocoa value chain. Our study also identifies key determinants for the postharvest design, highlighting the postharvest center capacity, FFC prices, and the market selling mode (export or local).

Agricultural Waste for Energy Storage, Conversion and Agricultural Applications

Agricultural waste residues (agro-waste) present a significant source of carbohydrates that are often underutilized despite their valuable properties. With increasing urbanization and limited non-renewable resources, the valorization of agro-waste is imperative. The global energy demand is on the rise, driven by factors such as population growth, industrialization, and a desire for enhanced living standards. Traditional energy sources, especially fossil fuels, have come under scrutiny for their environmental impact and limited availability. Consequently, there is an increasing focus on developing renewable and sustainable energy solutions, particularly through the use of agricultural waste. Agricultural waste—including crop residues, animal manure, and byproducts from food processing—represents a largely untapped resource for energy production. Converting this waste into valuable energy can help meet rising energy needs while offering environmental and economic advantages, such as mitigating waste disposal issues and creating additional income sources for the agricultural sector. Despite the significant potential of agricultural waste for energy storage and conversion, several challenges remain. These include issues related to logistics and transportation, the need for pretreatment, and concerns about economic feasibility. Future research should aim to enhance conversion technologies and better integrate agricultural waste into energy and agricultural systems. This review discusses various energy conversion technologies and applications of agricultural waste, including biofuels, biogas, and direct combustion, while exploring its role in energy storage through biochar. This review examines the composition and properties of agricultural waste, the various technologies available for energy conversion, and how agricultural waste can be utilized as a feedstock for biofuels, biogas, and direct combustion. It also investigates the integration of agricultural waste in energy storage solutions like biochar and explores other agricultural applications beyond energy production.

The effect of abrasion on resilience of fishermen/ Fish farmer livelihoods on the North coast of central Java

Fishermen on the North Coast (Pantura) of Central Java are affected by abrasion and have decreased economically and environmentally. In this context, tidal flooding damaging ponds, mangroves, public facilities, roads, and settlements allow people in coastal area to immediately adapt to livelihoods. Therefore, this research aimed to identify resilience of fishermen/ fish farmer on Pantura coast affected by abrasion. Qualitative data analysis was carried out with a constructivist-interpretivist method to produce social realities from social construction. This research was conducted in 3 regencies between April - June 2024 in Central Java with the largest abrasion areas, namely Brebes Regency, Semarang City, and Demak Regency. The selected regencies and the 3 villages had the largest abrasion area. Snowball sampling was used to obtain 20 fishermen from each village; hence, the total number of respondents was 180. The results showed that there were 10 coping strategies applied by fishermen/ fish farmer in livelihoods to analyze with the effect of abrasion. Most fishermen/ fish farmer only apply coping strategies in relation to limited resources, skills, education and ability to take advantage of opportunities. A total of 39% respondents applied the strategy of adding other jobs outside fisheries sector. Respondents obtained additional income with a relatively low business risk compared to fisheries or marine sector. There were only 5 coping strategies used to increase livelihoods by adding other jobs outside and in fisheries sector, raising houses, installing nets and making embankments.

Upaya Pemenuhan Hak dan Kewajiban Suami Istri Disabilitas

Rights and obligations arise from the practice of valid marriage. Therefore, each couple must fulfill their rights and obligations equitably. However, many couples struggle to perform these duties effectively due to various factors, including personal limitations that hinder their ability to meet their rights and obligations, often stemming from the incomplete or impaired functioning of one or more body parts. This research aims to explore the efforts made by disabled spouses to fulfill their rights and obligations and the impact of these efforts on family resilience. The study employs field research, utilizing an empirical approach and data collection techniques such as interviews and sampling. The findings indicate that the endeavors of disabled couples to fulfill their rights and obligations are remarkable. Husbands are willing to work hard to provide for their households, demonstrating care and commitment to family responsibilities. Meanwhile, wives also actively seek additional income and show obedience and respect towards their husbands. These efforts have positive implications for the resilience of their households.

Pengaruh Tambahan Penghasilan Pegawai dan Gaya Kepemimpinan terhadap Disiplin Kerja Aparat Sipil Negara Bagian Umum Sekretariat Daerah Kota Prabumulih

This study aims to determine the effect of Additional Employee Income and Leadership Style on the Work Discipline of the General State Civil Apparatus of the Prabumulih City Setda. The population is the entire Civil Apparatus of the General State of Setda Kota Prabumulih which amounts to 40 people. Sampling using saturated sampling. The study used primary data obtained through questionnaires. Using multiple linear regression analysis methods and using SPSS release 24 software as an analysis tool. The results showed that Additional Employee Income and Leadership Style had a positive and significant effect on the Work Discipline of the General State Civil Apparatus of the Prabumulih City Setda simultaneously.

Determination of Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Tea Plants at Plantations in the Black Sea Region

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition and oil content of C. sinensis seeds collected from different locations at the Northern Black Sea region. Study Design: The study based on the collection of tea seed samples from different locations at the the Northern Black Sea Region in Türkiye and comparing their fatty acid composition and oil content of analyzed samples. Place and Duration of Study: Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Agronomy, Field Crops Department, Rize, Türkiye, between 2022 and July 2023. Methodology: A total of 54 samples were taken within the scope of determining oil content and fatty acid composition of Camellia sinensis seeds collected from different locations. The location were choosen from different cities concerning altitude. The number of samples taken from the province of Rize is 37, the number of samples taken from the province of Trabzon is 7, the number of samples taken from the province of Giresun is 5, and the number of samples taken from the province of Artvin is 5. Fatty Acid composition was analyzed using GC-MS and oil content with an automated oil extraction device. Results: Oil ratio and fatty acid composition were determined in these samples. As stated in the literature, oleic acid, which is the criterion of vegetable oil quality, was found to be high in all samples. With Principal Component Analysis, the oil content and fatty acid composition data of the samples were used to reveal the differences in the samples. The obtained data will shed light on future studies. Conclusion: Knowing the fatty acid composition of tea oils will enable production of oils according to their intended use. For this purpose, it will be possible to produce oils suitable for the purpose by growing the desired types in suitable regions. We have to consider, that seeds were obtained after leaf harvest of tea plants. We can assume that the seed yield will increase if the tea plants are grown only for seed production. With governmental support tea seed oil production will be an potential additional income for local farmers.

О некоторых проблемах регулирования оплаты и стимулирования труда преподавателей вузов в России на федеральном уровне

The article examines the features of the legal regulation of remuneration and labor incentives for university teachers at the federal level. The subject of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, are the features of the legal regulation of remuneration and incentives for the work of university teachers at the federal level. The purpose of the study is to consider possible ways to increase wages and incentive payments for university teachers at the federal level. As research methods, the author included methods such as legal analysis of the existing legal regulation of the activities of a university teacher, as well as the method of situational modeling of the legal regulation of the activities of a university teacher. During the study, it was found that, unfortunately, the current Russian legislation at the federal level does not contain effective incentives for university teachers: the salary of a university teacher practically does not depend on the results of his scientific and educational achievements, bonuses for an academic degree and academic title have been removed, there is no budget doctoral studies, and extended paid leave for teachers is often not fully realized due to the need for additional income for teachers. Ways have been proposed to improve the legal regulation of the activities of university teachers, aimed at stimulating the activities of university teachers at the federal level, including the return to Russian legislation of additional payments for an academic degree and academic title in the amount of at least 40% of their salary, the need for regular payment of bonuses for scientific work , the return of budget-funded doctoral studies, and an increase in the salaries of university teachers based on a single salary scale.

Bioactive Compounds and Valorization of Coffee By-Products from the Origin: A Circular Economy Model from Local Practices in Zongolica, Mexico.

The by-products of green coffee processing are rich in compounds that can be recycled for their possible use in the production of beverages, fertilizers and weed control in production areas. The objective of this work was to identify the organic and inorganic bioactive compounds of green coffee and the coffee by-products related to the production of origin, such as dried cascara (skin-pulp), parchment and silverskin (unroasted), in order to investigate the role their biomolecules may have in reuse through practices and local knowledge, not yet valued. The metabolomic profile by HPLC-ESI-HRMS of the aqueous extract of the dried cascara highlighted 93 non-volatile molecules, the highest number reported for dried cascara. They belong to groups of organic acids (12), alkaloids (5), sugars (5), fatty acids (2), diglycerides (1), amino acids (18), phospholipids (7), vitamins (5), phenolic acids (11), flavonoids (8), chlorogenic acids (17), flavones (1) and terpenes (1). For the first time, we report the use of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the identification of metabolites in aqueous extracts of dried cascara, parchment, silverskin and green coffee. The DART analysis mainly showed the presence of caffeine and chlorogenic acids in all the extracts; additionally, sugar adducts and antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols were detected. The mineral content (K, Ca, P, S, Mg and Cl) by EDS spectrometry in the by-products and green coffee showed a relatively high content of K in the dried cascara and green coffee, while Ca was detected in double quantity in the silverskin. These metabolomic and mineral profile data allow enhancement of the link between the quality of green coffee and its by-products and the traditional local practices in the crop-growing area. This consolidates the community's experience in reusing by-products, thereby minimizing the impact on the environment and generating additional income for coffee growers' work, in accordance with the principles of circular economy and bioeconomy.

Teacher Professional Development Through Writing Scientific Papers

Objektive: This research aims to develop teacher professionalism through the writing of scientific papers. Theoretical Framework: Professional teachers will be reflected in the implementation of the service of tasks characterized by the presence of expertise, both in materials and methods. In addition, it is also shown through his responsibility in carrying out all his devotion. Professional teachers should be able to bear and carry out their responsibilities as teachers to their learners, parents, society, nation, state, and religion. Professional teachers have personal, social, academic, moral, and spiritual responsibilities. Method: The design used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data sources are 139 Indonesian language teachers from the Gorontalo Province. The research data consists of scientific papers written as part of the development of teacher professionalism, with the sources being 139 teachers. Data analysis is based on three processes, namely data reduction, data display, and verification, focusing on scientific papers to develop teacher professionalism. Results and Discussion: The teacher is one of the components of education in schools that has an important and strategic role. Among a number of competencies of professional teachers, the most important thing we emphasize is competence in learning management. A profession is a skill and authority in a certain position that requires certain competencies (attitudes, knowledge, and skills) specifically obtained from intensive academic education. In relation with that compiling scientific work is one of the forms of teacher professional development activities. Writing scientific papers for teachers is actually a basic necessity for developing their profession. Furthermore, the development of the ability to write scientific papers for teachers will have two main impacts, namely (a) teachers earn additional income from writing scientific papers if they are published in the mass media and win competitions and (b) teachers’ insight and understanding of the world of education and learning more deeply and comprehensively. Research Implications: This research has implications for increasing teacher professionalism through the writing of scientific papers. Teachers' ability to correctly write scientific papers significantly impacts their professionalism in teaching. Teachers will have better teaching skills if their scientific writing skills are also good. Additionally, teachers will serve as exemplary role models for their students in scientific writing. Originality/Value: This research significantly contributes to the improvement of teacher professionalism. Teachers with previously low professionalism can be continuously improved through their ability to write scientific papers. Gradually but surely, the persistent training in scientific writing will lead to increased professionalism. This professionalism is

Manajemen Risiko Usahatani Cabai Rawit: Studi Kasus Di Kawasan Gunung Merapi

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L) is a common horticultural commodity cultivated by farmers in the Mount Merapi area. Farmers in this region face the risk of fluctuating productivity due to unpredictable volcanic eruption activities. This study aims to describe the types, sources, and levels of risk, analyze and examine risk management in bird's eye chili farming based on risk levels, risk mapping, and the total household income analysis of bird's eye chili farmers in Mount Merapi. The sample consists of 100 farmers selected through simple random sampling, with the criteria being residents who have been farming cayenne pepper for 10 years in the Mount Merapi area, growing cayenne pepper as the main commodity on their farmland, and farmers with and without additional income sources outside of farming. Data analysis includes risk analysis, total household income analysis, and descriptive quantitative analysis. In Pakem Subdistrict, the coefficient of variation values for production, price, and profit risks are 0.67, 0.08, and 1.20, respectively. In Dukun Subdistrict, these values are 0.55, 0.14, and 2.40, respectively. Lastly, in Selo Subdistrict, the values are 0.45, 0.07, and 0.84, respectively. Household income analysis is divided into two categories: farmers with additional income sources outside of farming and those without additional income sources in each district. The highest average total household income of cayenne pepper farmers is found in Selo Subdistrict. Important considerations in agricultural risk management include providing insurance for cayenne pepperi, market development, and land diversification.

State support for employment of rural population in Kazakhstan

Purpose - the problems of employment in rural areas are considered and the ways of their solution are proposed. Methods - economic and statistical method, monographic, systematic, sociological analysis - to determine the indicators and factors of providing jobs - were used in identifying the trends of employment of rural population. Results - the current situation in the labor market was studied, the state programs for the expansion of this segment and the results of their implementation were analyzed. The statistical data of unemployment rate by categories in dynamics are compared: age, gender composition, share of labor-sufficient urban and rural populations. The experience of foreign countries is shown, the approved norms of the number of employees employed in agriculture are presented. Conclusions - to improve the socio-economic infrastructure of rural areas and to improve the quality of life of rural residents it is important to improve the system of subsidizing economic entities. This, in turn, is achievable under the condition of investment of staff units in agricultural production and strengthening social protection of the population. Structural reorganization of the economy has affected the decrease of labor employment in the agrarian sphere, which is one of the criteria of economic development of the republic. Diversification in the agro-industrial complex, support of peasant (farmer) farms and alternative forms of labor relations in rural areas allow to smooth negative trends and receive additional income. The priority direction of labor mobility of rural residents is the expansion of small business. To this end, it is necessary to ease the tax burden on its enterprises, create regional centers for their support, which should direct the available financial and material resources primarily to the implementation of projects and employment programs in rural areas.

An Eco-Friendly Alternative to Orange Peel, Sustainable Fashion Hair Accessories

The fashion industry contributes around 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 35% of plastic micro-fibers released in oceans [4][5]. This impact is amplified by the increasing demand for hair accessories, which are often made from plastic or metal and contain harmful chemicals. The global market for hair accessories is estimated to be worth Rs. 1,96,566 Crs. in 2023 and is forecasted to reach Rs. 3,50,201 Crs. by 2030 with a growth rate of 8.60%. To address the significant environmental impacts of hair fashion industry, there is a need to emphasize sustainable and eco-friendly fashion practices, including the use of organic waste. This action research project explores the use of bio-plastic made from Orange Peels, for creating sustainable and eco-friendly hair accessories. Due to high cellulose content in orange peel, bio-plastic produced using simple techniques have shown promising results, with excellent strength, flexibility, and biodegradability [1]. This research not only showcases the ‘best from the waste’ concept but also opens the door of additional income source to the orange farmers & consumers. A comprehensive online survey was conducted to get feedback from key stake holders toward promotion of eco-friendly fashion. The ‘Sakhi Paryavarnachi’ campaign has been initiated to promote the bio- plastic hair accessories amongst the end users. Overall the combined efforts of experimentation, observation, evaluation and survey based campaign have been explored herein to promote ‘Orange peel eco-friendly alternative for sustainable fashion in hair accessories.’

Local Wisdom-Based Skills Apprenticeship Process for Women Ex-Migrant Workers in Kediren Village, Magetan District, Indonesia

Kediren Village is a village where most women of productive age from the village are former migrant workers who have minimal skills and knowledge when returning to their hometown. The skills apprenticeship process organized by the Head of Kediren Village aims to reduce the population's poverty rate and unemployment for former migrant workers. Skills apprenticeships organized based on local wisdom can positively impact women who are former migrant workers, including providing additional activities that can be carried out to earn additional income. This research examines the importance of skills apprenticeships for female former migrant workers in Kediren Village. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The location of this research is Kediren Village, Lembeyan District, Magetan Regency, East Java. The informant criteria included the Kediren village head, chief, female former migrant workers, stakeholders, and community leaders as data sources in the research. Data was collected using in-depth interview techniques, observation, and documentation studies. Data analysis was carried out using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. This research shows that the skills apprenticeship process aimed at female ex-migrant workers can positively impact their ability to make traditional batik to support progress in improving the village economy and for individuals, as well as actively participating in activities organized by the chief executive. Research suggestions are aimed at female former migrant workers to develop the learning they have obtained in their daily activities and as an ongoing entrepreneurial field.

ENTOMOPHAGY AS A POTENTIAL TOURISM PRODUCT: THE CASE OF THE MOPANI DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

Entomophagy and entomophagy tourism have been gaining traction as a growing trend in various parts of the world. Although the concept may be relatively new in some regions, entomophagy has existed for many years and offers various benefits for farmers, local communities, and tourists alike. Entomophagy tourism involves a tourist visiting an area to learn about and experience insect-based foods in various forms such as tasting dishes or participating in insect harvesting and preparation. When implemented sustainably, entomophagy tourism can generate additional farmer income, create job opportunities, utilise more farm resources, and preserve natural and cultural heritage. This study aimed to explore and assess the potential of entomophagy tourism in the Mopani District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. This involved investigating the cultural, ecological, and economic dimensions of insect consumption in the region, specifically focusing on how entomophagy can be leveraged to promote tourism. Ultimately, the goal was to provide insights and recommendations that can contribute to the sustainable development of entomophagy tourism in the Mopani District, fostering cultural preservation and economic growth in the region.

Sustainable Agritourism for Farm Profitability: Comprehensive Evaluation of Visitors’ Intrinsic Motivation, Environmental Behavior, and Satisfaction

Unstable farm income and the desire to diversify revenue sources have increased the significance of agritourism as an alternative economic opportunity for farmers and ranchers. Agritourism integrates the top economic drivers—agriculture and tourism—and has been identified as a highly effective complementary business for farmers to generate additional income and mitigate the financial uncertainties associated with traditional farming enterprises. Visitors’ satisfaction is critical for operating a successful agritourism business, as it influences destination choice, consumption of products and services, and the decision to return. This study examined the relationship between agritourism visitors’ intrinsic motivation, environmental behavior, satisfaction, and intentions to revisit and recommend. With a total of 615 survey responses, the study reveals a significant relationship between agritourism visitors’ intrinsic motivation, environmental behavior, and satisfaction related to destination, risk, and food attributes. Furthermore, visitors’ overall satisfaction with these three attributes significantly influences their intentions to revisit and recommend the destination. The findings of this study will enable agritourism operators and policymakers to formulate appropriate policies for the sustainable development of this sector. Future promotional and educational tools could be developed based on these findings.

Financial Literacy of the Undergraduate Students at the College of Hilly Region in Nepal: A Case of Okhaldunga Campus

This study aims to evaluate the status of financial literacy of the undergraduate students of the campus situated in a hilly region of Nepal taking into consideration of 108 students as the convenient sample respondents among from the 459 students studying at the Okaldhunga Campus, Okaldhunga. The data collected through face-to-face manner and structured Google form of questionnaire and analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics indicates that the undergraduate students did not differ by gender in respect to their level of financial knowledge. However, younger, higher-income earners, and management students demonstrated comparatively higher level of financial knowledge than their counterparts. In terms of financial behavior, respondents predominantly adopt moderate spending habits and prioritize saving for future security, commonly depositing savings into bank accounts and using additional income for fixed deposits. Most respondents track their expenses at least occasionally, with the primary motivation for saving being to create a safety net for emergencies. Regarding financial influence, many students rely on family and social media for guidance on managing their money, and parents are often the primary decision[1]makers for finances in many households.