Additional Fees Research Articles

Readiness of the health system to provide non-communicable disease services in Nepal: a comparison between the 2015 and 2021 comprehensive health facility surveys

BackgroundIn Nepal, despite the escalating burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), there is a gap in the continuum of care for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care services for NCDs. The study aimed at assessing the changes in availability and readiness scores of health facilities between two consecutive health facility surveys.MethodsWe compared NCD readiness scores between 2015 and 2021, using data from two nationally representative cross-sectional Nepal Health Facility Surveys (NHFS). Both consecutive surveys used globally validated standard tools of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)’s service provision assessment. Both surveys were undertaken using World Health Organization’s (WHO) service availability and readiness assessment (SARA) tools. Data were collected using the Census and Survey Processing System on tablets, with validation performed through field check tables. Trained enumerators with a medical background collected data for the surveys, and we analyzed the information from a de-identified dataset downloaded from the DHS website upon request. Both the NHFS protocols were reviewed and approved by the Nepal Health Research Council and the institutional review board of ICF. We calculated the readiness scores based on WHO SARA indicators for diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic respiratory disease (CRD) using a additive procedure. Multivariate linear regression analysis was undertaken to assess associated factors, with complex sampling design accounting for both surveys.ResultsThe overall availability of all three services has improved between 2015 and 2021 NHFS. Although the availability of diabetes-related services increased significantly between 2015 and 2021, this does not correspond to the increase in the readiness score. The readiness score increased by 10% points for CVDs related services and 9% points for CRDs. Compared to public hospitals, primary healthcare facilities experienced greater increase in readiness scores (11.5% versus 20.9%). Interestingly, those health facilities without quality assurance systems experienced a lower increase or even decrease in readiness scores than those with quality assurance systems. For the factors associated with readiness scores, health facilities charging additional or separate fees to the patients had a higher readiness score than those not charging any user fee for all three services. Compared to 2015, the readiness scores in 2021 improved for diabetes [β = 11.01 (95% CI 9.02 to 12.96)], CVD [β = 10.70 (95% CI 9.61 to 11.80)], and CRD [β = 8.41 (95% CI 7.20 to 9.62)].ConclusionThe improvement in NCD service availability does not correspond to the proportional increase in readiness scores, which is crucial for delivering quality care. Regular staff meetings and feedback systems are crucial for improving all services including NCD-related service readiness and should be prioritized by local and provincial governments.

Reduction of CO2 emissions by recycling low-potential heat from the Benfield CO2 removal process at a natural gas hydrogen production plant

AbstractThe EU policies related to CO2 emission strictly define the stages of carbon neutrality achieving. According to these regulations, all production installations that emit carbon dioxide will be charged additional emission fees from 2026 to fully in 2035. Analysis of the increasing emission fees shows that in some industries incurring such additional costs will result in a lack of profitability of the products. Industries directly related to the food sector, such as nitrogen fertiliser production, are strategic in the economies of all countries. Nitrogen fertilisers are produced from ammonia, which is synthesised on a large scale from hydrogen and nitrogen. Hydrogen is produced by natural gas reforming with water vapour resulting in syngas (mixture of H2, CO, CO2, H2O), which CO in the next step reacts with water vapour (water gas shift reaction) producing H2 and CO2. CO2 is separated from hydrogen using the Benfield method. The analysis of the Benfield process (one process of hydrogen production) shows a possible way to reduce CO2 emission by optimising heat balance. It was shown that in the proposed technology the heat recovery reaches 89%, while the level below 30% was reported for other available technologies. The proposed solution is based on recirculation and reuse of heat, which is lost in other technologies. The analysis is for a process balance in a medium-sized hydrogen production installation. The analysis considers also the correlations with other installations thermally linked to hydrogen production. The economic balance showed the great financial benefits of this solution. In the scenario discussed, the CO2 emission factor was reduced by 20%. Graphical Abstract

Return management in e-commerce firms: A machine learning approach to predict product returns and examine variables influencing returns

The advent of technology with internet penetration has led to exponential growth in sales through online mediums worldwide. Although the growth has increased sales and created opportunities for many firms and sellers to flourish, it also brings in the challenge of customer returns, making it a formidable challenge for businesses. For effective return handling and control, predicting product returns correctly is of utmost importance for firms. The study comprehensively examines the return management process, elucidating its multiple features and characteristics, focusing on the types of returns and the involvement of various stakeholders. Logistic regression, random forest, and gradient-boosting machine learning techniques were used on a data set to scrutinize critical variables influencing returns. Comparing the models using the ROC curve and AUC, gradient boosting performed better in predicting returns than other models. The study identifies significant variables affecting e-commerce return rates, such as total order amount, product category, and cash on delivery charge, an additional fee charged on this mode of payment. Managerial insights recommend that firms conduct due diligence and thorough assessments before introducing products from specific vendors. Quality improvement in certain categories of products, incentivizing card payments, and nominalizing the cash on delivery fees, which could be seen as burdensome by customers, are some of the steps firms need to reduce returns. Strategies like confirming weekend orders and updating replenishment times regularly by vendors can help firms mitigate returns effectively. The study contributes to the academic understanding of return management in e-commerce and offers actionable insights for practitioners.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Implementation on Reducing Emission in the ASEAN Energy Sector

Abstract In the context of global efforts to combat climate change and transition towards a low-carbon economy, the European Union (EU) has introduced the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) as part of its ambitious Green Deal. This mechanism aims to address carbon leakage from high-emitting industries and ensure fair conditions for European industries. The ASEAN region, as highlighted in the 7th ASEAN Energy Outlook (AEO7) study, is projected to experience a substantial increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reaching 6,704 Mt CO2-eq by 2050 compared to a baseline scenario of 1,815 Mt CO2-eq in 2020. Consequently, ASEAN has recognized the urgency to earnestly reduce its emissions in response to the global push for carbon neutrality. The implementation of CBAM by the EU has prompted many countries, including ASEAN Member States (AMS) exporting goods to the EU and beyond, to consider the adoption of CBAM policies. This study examines the potential implications of CBAM for the emission reduction in high-emitting industries in ASEAN (such as cement, iron and steel, aluminum, fertilizers, and electricity generation). The findings indicate that the implementation of CBAM may result in higher product prices for these industries, as they will be required to account for the climate footprint of their manufacturing activities through additional fees. However, it also presents an opportunity for emission reductions within these industries by incentivizing the adoption of renewable energy sources to mitigate their carbon footprint during manufacturing processes. To effectively respond to the implementation of CBAM, the region should adopt three key strategies: 1) active participation in and implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms, 2) increased investments in low carbon technologies, and 3) establishment of strategic partnerships to enhance trade relations between the EU and ASEAN.

How competition play a role in dental pricing? A study on French medico-administrative and tax reports dataset

ObjectivesFrench dentists charge additional fees for dental prostheses. This paper aims to provide new information on the determinants of dental price setting and inform public decision-making in the context of the widespread rejection of prosthetic dental care for financial reasons. We focus on the competitive mechanism in the dental prosthetics market and measure the impact of the density of professionals and competitors' prices on the fees charged by dentists. MethodsWe use data merging from an administrative health insurance database and information from tax declarations of French dentists. We test the effect of competitor prices and competition on individual price-setting using instrumental variables. The database obtained included 29,220 dentists. ResultsPractitioners’ prices grow with competitors’ prices (+1€ in competitor prices entails an increase of + 0.37€ in the practitioner's price). Women set lower prices, and having a young child in the household predicts an increase in price of 6.8€ (p-value=0.014). Rural areas present lower fees than urban areas (+11.4€ (p value=0.000)). ConclusionProsthetic prices are strategic complements that are compatible with the application of monopolistic competition in the dental care market. We encourage the regulator to develop competitive mechanisms, for example, through a public offer at moderate prices.

Impact of a financial incentive on early rehabilitation and outcomes in ICU patients: a retrospective database study in Japan

BackgroundEarly mobilisation of intensive care unit (ICU) patients has been recommended in clinical practice guidelines. Therefore, the Japanese universal health insurance system introduced an additional fee for early mobilisation and/or...

An evaluation of the best practices and barriers for the Nagasaki acute myocardial infarction secondary prevention clinical pathway

Aims The Nagasaki Acute Myocardial Infarction Secondary Prevention Clinical Pathway (NASP), a guideline-based regional clinical pathway, was developed to manage low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Nagasaki prefecture in Japan. This study aimed to summarize the perceived best practices and barriers for the dissemination and operation of the NASP. Methods This exploratory sequential mixed methods study was developed around the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework. Focus group interviews were conducted with 24 physicians with experience treating AMI in alignment with the NASP at foundation hospitals. The identified themes and insights were integrated into the development of the questionnaire. The web-based, self-administered questionnaire with a cross-sectional study design was given to 62 physicians in the Nagasaki prefecture. Mixed-method data integration of the results from both study phases was conducted through meta-inferences made from the qualitative and quantitative data. Results The best practices included the development of multi-disciplinary operation teams at medical facilities in preparation for the implementation of the NASP, the simplification of the document preparation process, and the establishment of an additional medical fees policy for the utilization of the NASP instead of patient referral documents. Practices tailored to the type of medical institute such as instructing patients on the NASP regimen during index hospitalization for acute-care hospitals, and the development of NASP instructions and manuals for primary care hospitals/outpatient clinics were also recommended. In addition, barriers to the implementation of the NASP such as missed eligible AMI patients for the NASP and the inconsistent implementation to eligible AMI patients were identified. Conclusions This study identified the perceived best practices and barriers for the NASP. This knowledge should be considered when expanding the NASP to other institutions across Japan.

Implementing group care in Dutch and Surinamese maternity and child care services: the vital importance of addressing outer context barriers

BackgroundBy addressing physical and psychosocial needs, group care (GC) improves health-related behaviours, peer support, parent-provider interactions and may improve birth outcomes. Hence, global implementation of GC is encouraged. Context analyses prior to implementation are vital to elucidate which local factors may support or hinder implementation.MethodsContextual analyses conducted in the Netherlands and Suriname were compared to identify the factors relevant to the implementability of GC as perceived by healthcare professionals (HCPs). 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Dutch and Surinamese healthcare professionals. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and coded using the Framework approach. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided the development of the interview guide and of the coding tree.ResultsOuter setting: Concerns regarding funding surfaced in both countries. Due to limited health insurance coverage, additional fees would limit accessibility in Suriname. In the Netherlands, midwives dreaded lower revenue due to reimbursement policies that favour one-on-one care. Inner setting: Appropriate space for GC was absent in one Dutch and three Surinamese facilities. Role division regarding GC implementation was clearer in the Netherlands than in Suriname. Innovation: HCPs from both countries expected increased social support, health knowledge among women, and continuity of care(r). Individuals/innovation deliverers: Self-efficacy and motivation emerged as intertwined determinants to GC implementation in both countries. Individuals/innovation recipients: Competing demands can potentially lower acceptability of GC in both countries. While Dutch HCPs prioritised an open dialogue with mothers, Surinamese HCPs encouraged the inclusion of partners. Process: Campaigns to raise awareness of GC were proposed. Language barriers were a concern for Dutch but not for Surinamese HCPs.ConclusionsWhile the most striking differences between both countries were found in the outer setting, they trickle down and affect all layers of context. Ultimately, at a later stage, the process evaluation will show if those outer setting barriers we identified prior to implementation actually hindered GC implementation. Changes to the health care systems would ensure sustained implementation in both countries, and this conclusion feeds into a more general discussion: how to proceed when contextual analyses reveal barriers that cannot be addressed with the time and resources available.

Trend analysis of pharmacist involvement in cancer care in Japan from 2015 to 2020: A nationwide survey study on hospital pharmacy practice.

Pharmacists are needed as members of oncology teams. The Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists (JSHP) conducts a nationwide survey annually to analyze the actual situation and generate fundamental information about hospital pharmacy practice in Japan. Using data from this large-scale survey, we described pharmacists' involvement in cancer chemotherapy. We explored the factors related to the acceleration of pharmacists' tasks or involvement in clinical practice, primarily in oncology. Data were obtained from annual surveys conducted by JSHP from 2015 to 2020. All variables were expressed as categorical variables and tabulated. The Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the categorical variables. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to identify significant trends. From 2015 to 2020, 22,362 responses were recorded. After applying the exclusion criteria, 20,906 were analyzed. The proportion of hospitals enrolling pharmacists with oncology-related certifications significantly increased in all hospitals providing cancer care. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that a smaller number of beds per pharmacist significantly correlated with additional fees for outpatient pharmacy services (p = 0.0002 for trend). Hospitals charging increased fees for outpatient oncology pharmacy services were associated with a smaller number of beds per pharmacist, regardless of hospital size. A balance between the number of beds and pharmacists, particularly certified oncology pharmacists, is crucial for safe and high-quality cancer treatment.

Muamalah Fiqh Analysis of the Use of Shopee Paylater

In the era of advancing technology, online services have become a solution to meet human needs by facilitating access to various aspects of life. One renowned online shopping platform is Shopee, Providing an extensive array of items, ranging from food and apparel to household appliances.. Shopee users are familiar with the "Pay Later" feature, or SpayLater, allowing payment for purchased items without an immediate settlement, known as a credit system with applicable terms and conditions. This research utilizes qualitative data obtained through documentation and literature studies from various sources, primarily secondary sources such as journals, articles, reports, and information related to the review of Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) and fundamental principles of Fiqh Muamalah concerning credit systems in buying and selling transactions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Fiqh Muamalah perspective on the credit system offered by Shopee through the "SPayLater" feature. The qualitative data obtained through documentation and literature studies from various secondary sources such as journals, articles, reports, and related information reveal that the use of the SPayLater credit system, from the perspective of Fiqh Muamalah, is considered permissible (mubah). This is because the contract executed during the transaction is evidently clear through the agreement made between the seller and the buyer during the execution of the offer and acceptance (ijab and qabul), along with the agreed-upon additional fees for deferment in the SPayLater credit system. However, the research also highlights that the use of SPayLater becomes impermissible (haram) when it involves the element of interest that must be paid by the buyer if not settled within the specified timeframe. In this case, SPayLater users are subject to a 5% interest charge on the total bill, conflicting with the fundamental principles of Fiqh Muamalah. Thus, although SPayLater may be acceptable in terms of the contract and agreement, the presence of interest in the payment system can be controversial from the perspective of Fiqh Muamalah, as this practice is considered usury, which is prohibited in Islam.

The Implementation of Surcharge Charging By Merchants in Non-Cash Transactions at the Representative Office of Bank Indonesia Bali Province

This research aims to determine the application of additional fees charged by merchants in non-cash transactions in the Legal Area of ​​the Bali Province Bank Indonesia Representative Office and how the Bali Province Bank Indonesia Representative Office supervises merchants in payment transactions via EDC machines regarding the action of charging fees. addition. Types of empirical legal research. The data collection method uses interview techniques. The results of the research on the implementation of surcharge charges by merchants in non-cash transactions are that there are charges carried out by merchants, because the authority of the Bank Indonesia Representative Office is limited to preventive enforcement, repressive law enforcement in the form of administering administrative sanctions can only coordinate with the Bank Indonesia Representative Supervision Office against merchants. in payment transactions via Bank Indonesia's central EDC machine if there is a report from a disadvantaged party. Supervision of Bank Indonesia Representative Offices on merchants in payment transactions via Electronic Data Capture (EDC) machines related to the action of imposing surcharges in the form of providing socialization, education and administrative witnesses in the form of terminating the Cooperation relationship to the party providing the EDC, ordering the merchant to return funds in the amount of the transaction value which indicates the existence of a charge subcharge fees as a form of protection for consumers if there are consumers who report experiencing losses using debit cards.

Enhancing Energy Conservation, Visual and Thermal Comfort in Small Houses of Karachi

The significance of housing in developing cities cannot be overstated, as individuals strive to acquire and own physical assets throughout their lives, even in the case of small plots as modest as 80 square yards. In urban areas such as Karachi, smaller houses ranging from 80 to 240 square yards mostly are predominantly constructed by contractors or by owners themselves. This is to avoid additional fees charged by architects who may tailor the design to suit the context and specific requirements. Consequently, these houses tend to exhibit a similar layout, maximizing the utilization of allowable space as stipulated by the bylaws. However, this approach often leads to limited natural ventilation and daylighting, resulting in increased energy consumption for thermal and visual comfort. Hence, the current research underscores the urgency of addressing the prevailing lack of natural ventilation and daylighting in these houses. To address these concerns, it presents a comprehensive framework of passive strategies aimed at enhancing the thermal and visual comfort of occupants. Firstly, an archival study was conducted, encompassing a comprehensive literature review, which served as a foundation to understand the subject matter. Secondly, a comparative study was undertaken to examine conventional small house typical plans prevalent in Karachi. This study was followed by the formulation of proposals for improved planning. Various secondary resources were utilized to support the comparative analysis of two typical house plans in Karachi, in conjunction with the proposed passive strategies. Through the application of these strategies, occupants can benefit from improved comfort, reduced energy consumption, and heightened well-being.

Analisis Hukum Terhadap Konsep Riba Dalam Transaksi Jual BeliOnline Menggunakan Shopee Pay Later Pada Perspektif KompilasiHukum Ekonomi Syariah

The purpose of this research is to determine the mechanism for using Shopee PayLater in the Shopee applicationand the views of the compilation of sharia economic law on the mechanism of buying and selling contracts usingShopee PayLater. This research uses an empirical normative juridical approach and the type of research uses aqualitative approach which includes the results of online surveys and interviews, with various written informationthat explains the buying and selling mechanism using Shopee PayLater payments in the view of the ShariaEconomic Law Compilation. This data relates to Shopee PayLater service provisions, payment systems, billing anduser statements. The techniques used by the author are direct and online interviews as well as literature study. Theresults of this research are that the requirements for activating Shopee PayLater are that you must have a Shopeeaccount that has been verified by Shopee and must have an ID card to activate it. The payment system is ininstallments 2 times, 3 times, 6 times and 12 times per month. Bill payments can be made via m-banking, ATM,Indomart, Alfamart, or other payments. The use of Shopee PayLater is included in the qardh contract which hasbeen regulated in the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law in article 20 paragraph 36 which explains the meaningof Qard and the articles related to qard in the use of Shopee PayLater, namely in article 606, article 607, article 608,Article 609 and Article 611. According to several legal opinions, Shopee PayLater can be said to be usury when thereis an ziyadah or additional element required in advance by the paylater publisher for its consumers. Included in thetype of debt usury which is prohibited. However, if Shopee PayLater charges additional fees then it is not usury. Aslong as the additional costs are counted as services or ijarah.Keywords: Usury, Online Buying and Selling, Shopee PayLater, Compilation of Sharia Economic Law

STS – Steel Transportation Service

Currently, a prominent challenge faced by steel companies and retail shops is their dependence on intermediaries or brokers during transactions. This reliance leads to the imposition of additional fees that businesses must pay these intermediaries for facilitating deals. The proposed project aims to address these service- related challenges by establishing direct communication channels between steel companies and retail shops. This innovative approach allows them to forge direct connections without incurring any extra fees to brokers. In the conventional scenario where steel companies and shops rely on brokers for transactions, the negotiation process for steel prices and quantities often becomes time- consuming. Our project presents a solution to this existing problem by empowering steel companies and shops. Through our user-friendly website, we facilitate a streamlined and efficient process for negotiating and finalizing deals. By eliminating the need for intermediaries, businesses can enjoy a more convenient and cost-effective transaction experience, fostering direct communication and enhancing overall efficiency in the steel supply chain.

Strategic responses to the aggregator platform: Pricing and information sharing

The platform economy has increasingly enabled customers to require service online, and service providers can provide services through both self-operated and aggregator platforms, each attracting a fraction of original customers who favor it. In response to this, we aim to explore the optimal strategy for improving throughput and revenue, from the perspectives of pricing and information sharing. We develop a queueing theoretical model to examine the impact on the system throughput and revenue of different queue-length information provision policies implemented by the service provider. We characterize the equilibrium behavior of customers and investigate the optimal information sharing strategy and optimal additional fee correspondingly. We find that more information should be shared to maximize the system throughput as the market size increases. As more customers prefer the aggregator platform, a congested system may instead boost their probability of placing orders under a specific information strategy. Finally, service providers ought to abandon self-operated platforms when a significant number of customers show a preference for aggregator platforms with an intermediate market size. Our paper highlights the unintended consequences of information sharing and offers prescriptive guidance for managing such a service system within aggregator platforms.

Exercise instruction during haemodialysis treatment after changes to the insurance regime: a nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan

In April 2022, an additional medical fee for exercise instruction during haemodialysis treatment was approved for insurance claims in Japan. We conducted a questionnaire survey to investigate the current situation regarding exercise therapy during haemodialysis treatment after this change. Questionnaires were mailed to 4257 haemodialysis facilities, almost all the haemodialysis facilities in Japan, on January 31, 2023. In total, 1657 facilities responded, of which 550 (33%) provided exercise instruction during haemodialysis treatment, and 65% of these claimed the new fee. Of the 550 facilities that had claimed the fee at the time of survey, 245 (55%) started exercise instruction in April 2022 or later. Exercise instruction focused on resistance training (81%) and aerobic exercise (62%) for 20–30 min (66%) three times a week (80%). The instructors included physicians in 45% of facilities, nurses in 74%, and physical therapists in 36%. Efficacy was evaluated in 76% of the facilities providing instruction, mainly by assessing change in muscle strength (49%). Overall, 39% of facilities had experienced some adverse events, but none were life-threatening. In conclusion, after the change in the insurance regime, exercise instruction during haemodialysis treatment has become more popular, and more patients on haemodialysis are undergoing exercise therapy.

Impact Analysis of a new, Cross-sector Service Provision of Gastroenterologic Endoscopic Services in Accordance with 115f SGB V (Hybrid-DRG): Allocation Matrix and Cost Analysis

With the introduction of §115f SGB V, the prerequisites for "sector-equal remuneration" ('Hybrid DRG') have been created. In an impact analysis, we assigned inpatient gastroenterological endoscopic (GAEN) cases in a matrix of future hybrid DRG versus outpatient surgery (AOP) or inpatient treatment. In selected DRGs (G47B, G67A, G67B, G67C, G71Z, H41D, H41E) an allocation matrix of GAEN cases was created on medical grounds. For this purpose, service groups from the DGVS service catalog ('Leistungskatalog') were assigned to the groups: 'Hybrid-DRG', 'AOP' and 'Inpatient' by a group of experts based on the DGVS position paper. Cost data from the DGVS-DRG project for the 2022 data year from 36 InEK calculation hospitals with a total of 232,476 GAEN cases were evaluated. 26 service groups from the DGVS service catalog were assigned to a "Hybrid-DRG", 24 to the "inpatient" group, and 12 to the "AOP" group. 7 performance groups were splitted "depending on the OPS code" and classified at this level. Cases with additional fees were excluded from a hybrid DRG because these cannot be agreed there.The cost analysis shows that services that are already in the AOP have a similar cost level to services that have been classified as 'Hybrid-DRG'. With the cost calculation, a cost level could be presented for the hybrid DRGs formed. Based on clearly defined structural, procedural and personnel requirements, services from suitable DRGs can be transferred to a hybrid DRG. Assigning services without the involvement of clinical experts seems extremely difficult. Case assignment based on arbitrary contextual factors increases complexity without demonstrably increasing the quality of the assignment and needs to be further developed. A cost analysis can be derived from the known inpatient costs and must serve as the basis for the 2025 Hybrid DRG catalog.

Integration of electronic project management software in an investigational drug service pharmacy within an academic medical center.

An investigational drug services (IDS) pharmacy plays a vital role in supporting clinical trial research by ensuring the safe and efficient management of investigational products. This article describes the implementation of an electronic project management software to improve an IDS pharmacy's study protocol work. The article describes the implementation of the software and how this approach addressed specific challenges, including project oversight, process standardization, documentation, reporting, accountability, and intrateam communication. We describe an electronic project management software system used to streamline and standardize the work associated with study protocols. This software provides an organized and customizable workspace to manage tasks associated with each study protocol. The software automates task creation, tracks progress, and ensures comprehensive record keeping. Additionally, the software fosters effective communication within the team and offers real-time reporting to assess team productivity and progress. We have observed improved consistency, enhanced revenue, including approximately $18,000 in additional fee capture, and increased collaboration among pharmacy team members. Implementing an electronic project management software has proven highly beneficial in the IDS pharmacy. The software has significantly improved workflow efficiency by addressing challenges in study protocol management. While initial setup and training required time and resources, the long-term benefits in project oversight, collaboration, and revenue capture justify the investment. An electronic project management software is a valuable tool in managing the complexity of study protocol activities and supports the pharmacy's crucial role in advancing clinical research.

Implementation of CPM and PERT Method in Canteen Development Project CV Super Makmur

Project management is the science and art concerned with planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling projects to achieve predefined goals by utilizing available resources optimally. The CPM (Critical Path Method) method is a deterministic approach that identifies the longest path of activities in a project, while the PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) method is used to plan, estimate and control completion time by considering the uncertainty in each project activity. The goal to be achieved from this research is that the application of the method and implementation of the CPM and PERT methods can optimize project completion by knowing critical activities, operations, estimated time, costs and project resources, as well as reducing the risk of delays and additional project costs. This research adopts a quantitative approach and applies descriptive analysis using the CPM and PERT methods. Based on the analysis results, it is known that there are two critical paths, namely A-C-E-I and B-D-G-K, so accelerating the project time without delaying or waiting for completion in 11 weeks, with a value of Z = 2.27 in the normal distribution table shows the number 0.9984, meaning the probability that the project can be completed during 11 weeks is 99%. because there is an additional fee of IDR 2,588,940 which is an additional acceleration fee. So, the cost of completing a 12-week project is IDR 1,171,739,257 while for 11 weeks it is IDR 1,174,328,197.

Gid Crypto: Application for End-to-End Encrypt and Decrypt E-mail and Data

Privacy and security in our digital environment have become essential today. Some data stored on hard disks, in flash memory, or exchanged through our communication channels is sensitive and should be kept confidential. Additionally, documents containing confidential information, such as business algorithms or new application coding, require adequate measures to ensure privacy and security. Therefore, data encryption is crucial in protecting information from being intercepted, misused, or stolen. While encryption tools are available for business e-mails, using these tools often requires subscribing as a member and paying extra fees. Effective tools are not limited to e-mail alone. Still, they can also be applied to any text data that requires a high level of security and complexity to ensure the protection of the data for a duration longer than it needs to be safeguarded. Our research aims to develop a stand-alone application that encrypts data to ensure its confidentiality without additional subscriptions or fees. The application is designed to be user-friendly, with fast encryption and decryption capabilities. It can be used not only for encrypting and decrypting e-mail messages but also for programming languages and Excel data. The application development utilizes techniques such as Diffe-Hellman, Mersenne Twister, and AES, arranged in layers to generate complex ciphertext that is difficult to decrypt without the developed application. LabVIEW was used for testing encryption speed. The attempt to attack encrypted data was subjected, but the result yielded no successful key retrieval.