Additional Characterization Research Articles

A new genus of caponiid spiders with its phylogenetic placement within Nopinae and the description of a new species of Orthonops Chamberlin, 1924 from Eastern Mexico (Araneae: Synspermiata, Caponiidae).

A new caponiid genus, Aamunops gen. n., is described and its phylogenetic placement within Nopinae tested using a published morphological data matrix. This genus includes four species collected during three standardized inventories in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. All specimens were collected inside plots of oak forests and tropical wet forests fragments, from leaf litter using active searching, sifted litter processed with Berlese funnels and pitfall traps. Aamunops gen. n. was recovered monophyletic under equal and implied weighting schemes including the following species: Aamunops olmeca sp. n., A. chimpa sp. n., A. misi sp. n. and A. noono sp. n. An additional character for females and two new characters states for males were added to the published dataset. In addition, Orthonops confuso sp. n. is described and its phylogenetic affinities discussed. More information regarding these inventories and additional images for the described species can be found online at http://www.unamfcaracnolab.com.

PM 7/53 (2) Liriomyza spp.

PM 7/53 (2) <i>Liriomyza</i> spp.

Multiple linear regression for the estimation of steric effect in cyclic systems from calculation of C-13 chemical shifts and employing parameters derived using DFT method

In this work, differences between C-13 chemical shift calculated by the linear addition method (LAM) and the practical values is used as a measure of the steric effects. The C-13NMR chemical shift of a number of saturated and aromatic cyclic organic compounds were selected for achieving this study. The results obtained exhibited high agreement between the calculated and practical values, deviation is only noticed on locations exhibited steric hindrance caused by the substitution of methyl groups on two neighboring carbon atoms. The study proved that the amount of shift resulting from the spatial effect is of an additive character. The amount of shift due steric effect noticed was similar in both aromatic or saturated systems unless other factor is interfered. Density functional theory (DFT) methods is applied to calculate the bond lengths, of the aromatic molecules (toluenes), electronic densities, and the heat of formation using the method B3LYP at basis set 3-21G by (Chem office V.12,2010). Their relationship to space interference were investigated.

Seed, pollen morphology and numerical analysis of Tephrosia Pers. (Fabaceae) and their taxonomic significance

In Egypt, the seed and pollen grain morphology of the genus Tephrosia Pers. were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative and quantitative characters of seeds and pollen grains are presented. The data suggest that several seed and pollen morphological characters can distinguish the taxa of Tephrosia. Based on UPGMA clustering analysis and PCA, three main clades were recognized: Clade A comprising T. kassasii, clade B comprising T. apollinea, T. purpurea, T. quartiniana, and T. uniflora, and clade C comprising T. nubica. The seed and pollen morphological data obtained in this study provide additional characters helping in classifying the genus. Dichotomous artificial keys based on seed and pollen data of the investigated taxa are presented.

Fast reversible oxidative addition of demanding aryl chlorides to Pd under real conditions of catalysis in the Mizoroki-Heck reaction: The kinetic proof

• Quasi-equilibrium character of the oxidative addition of ArCl to Pd was demonstrated. • Quasi-equilibrated oxidative addition cannot be therefore the RDS. • Low reactivity of ArCl is caused by another reason not related to oxidative addition. The retarded oxidative addition of aryl chlorides to palladium is commonly believed to be the main obstacle for their successful conversion in cross-coupling reactions. However, this point has been fairly challenged in several papers, including those published recently, by providing experimental data obtained under both model and real catalytic conditions. Here, we provide proof of the fast and reversible character of the oxidative addition elementary step with aryl chlorides in the catalytic cycle of the Mizoroki-Heck reaction. The results have been obtained by the original kinetic approach using the differential selectivity of the competing Mizoroki-Heck reaction with two aryl chlorides. The kinetic data obtained in the real phosphine-free catalytic system unambiguously disproved the rate-determining character of the oxidative addition of aryl chloride as the key factor for lowering the catalytic activity when using aryl chlorides instead of aryl iodides and aryl bromides in the Mizoroki-Heck reaction.

Congochromis rotundiceps sp. nov., a new cichlid species (Actinopterygii: Cichlidae) from the Congo Drainage

A new dwarf cichlid, Congochromis rotundiceps sp. nov., (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) is described from the central Congo basin. It is a species of Congochromis based on the following characters: (1) four pores in the dentary laterosensory canal; (2) absence of a laterosensory canal in the angulo-articular, (3) six pores in the preopercle laterosensory canal; (4) a single tubular infraorbital bone behind the lachrymal; (5) 12 circumpeduncular scales; (6) jaw teeth comparatively robust, unicuspids, not closely spaced; and (7) presence of a small, supraneural bone. Congochromis rotundiceps sp. nov. is distinguished from all other Congochromis species by the combination of the following characters: (1) a larger eye diameter (31.435.1% HL), (2) a shorter snout length (29.832.7% HL), (3) a shorter upper lip length (29.232.0% HL), (4) a shorter lower lip length (26.233.6% HL), (5) a shorter lower lip width (27.731.2% HL), and (6) a shorter anal-fin length (15.316.97% SL). Diagnostic characters were extracted mainly from meristic counts and distance measurements from 326 chromidotilapiine cichlid specimens representing all chromidotilapiine genera and 40 described or undescribed species. The analysis of the complete meristic and distance measurements database allowed the diagnosis of C. rotundiceps sp. nov., but not for diagnostic separation of many other chromidotilapiine genera, species, and lineages. This result highlights the necessity to explore additional characters to elucidate chromidotilapiine cichlid taxonomy further.

Chromite Composition and Platinum-Group Element Distribution in the Proterozoic Chimalpahad Anorthosite Complex, South India: Implications for Magmatic Processes and Discrimination of Tectonic Setting

Abstract The Proterozoic Chimalpahad Anorthosite Complex (CAC) is a deformed and dismembered complex in South India comprising of anorthosite-leucogabbro-gabbro-ultramafic rocks. It is located in the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt (NKSB) within the contact zone between the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) and the Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB). The chromitites occur as small dismembered lensoidal bodies within the ultramafic rocks. Presence of micrometric inclusions of iridium-like platinum-group minerals (IPGM), such as laurite (RuS2), erlichmanite (OsS2), irarsite (IrAsS), and Ir-Os-Ru alloys, is reported for the first time in the CAC chromites. The chromite cumulates preserve magmatic character (Cr#: 0.61 to 0.77; Mg#: 0.29 to 0.55), while disseminated chromites and rims of some grains (Cr#: 0.59 to 0.89; Mg#: 0.10 to 0.25) show postmagmatic modifications. The chromites are characterised by higher Cr and Al contents and lower Fe and Ti contents. The mineral chemistry of chromites such as Cr# and Mg# contents of Al2O3 (10.05–20.07 wt.%) and TiO2 (0.1 to 0.25 wt.%) typically suggests that the CAC chromitites and their ultramafic hosts were generated from the S-undersaturated boninite melt in a magmatic arc in suprasubduction tectonic setting. A general negative slope of bulk-rock PGE distribution with upward convex pattern is observed for the CAC chromitites in the chondrite-normalized plot. These geochemical and mineral chemical characters in addition to location of the chromitites and the CAC in the tectonic zone between Eastern Dharwar Craton and Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt point towards ophiolitic affinity of the CAC chromitites. Laurite (RuS2) grains are trapped close to the cores of chromites, whereas erlichmanites (OsS2) are trapped away from the cores. Textural relations indicate primary orthomagmatic nature of laurite and Or-Ir-Ru alloys and their precipitation prior to or concomitant with chromite from an S-undersaturated melt at ~1200–1300°C and log fS2 varying between −2 and −1.3. Ru-Os disulfide and erlichmanite crystallized subsequently with a gradual decrease in temperature in the differentiating ultramafic magma. Precipitation of irarsite and base-metal sulfides can be attributed to local and rapid fluctuations of temperature, fS2, and fAs during the formation of the chromitites due to influx of fresh batch of melts or crystallization in an open magmatic system. The compositional variations of laurite-erlichmanite record heterogeneous physicochemical environment during their crystallization. In addition to zoning, preservation of IPGMs in the CAC chromites points towards fast cooling of the magma possibly associated with rapid exhumation of the chromitites and their ultramafic hosts from the roots of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) towards their final emplacement into the crust. Occurrence of the CAC along a linear extension with the Kondapalli Ultramafic Complex and deformed remnants of ophiolites (Kandra and Kanigiri complexes) along the eastern margin of the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) bordering the Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB) indicates this zone to be a Proterozoic convergent margin.

ANALISIS STRUKTURAL CERPEN "DAULATU AL-'ASHAFIIR" KARYA TAUFIK AL-HAKIM

Literary work is a work of fiction that contains the imagination of an author in describing various problems and events in human life. Literary work is a complex structure. This complex structure consists of various elements. The parts (elements) of the literary work have meaning in relation to the others and the whole. Literary works have several types (genres). Among these types of literary works are short stories (short stories). Short stories in Arabic literature are known as qiah qarah. Short stories can also be divided into three groups, namely ordinary short stories, long short stories and short short stories. One of the Arabic short stories is "Daulatu al-Ashafiir" by Taufik al-Hakim in the anthology of "Arini Allah". This study aims to analyze short stories from structural aspects. This will be known through the theme; story facts consisting of plot, characters, characterizations and settings; the means of the story consisting of conflict, climax, point of view and language style; and the relationship between elements in this short story. The research method used is descriptive-qualitative method with a structural approach. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the theme of the short story is a learning given by a father to a baby bird about his life experience facing lazy and greedy human nature. This short story using a straight or progressive groove. The main character in this short story is a bird father and his child. The additional characters in this short story are humans. The background in this short story consists of three kinds, the setting of the place, namely the time setting, and the socio-cultural background. This short story is told from the point of view of an unlimited third person type. Each has intrinsic elements interrelated with one another so that together produce meaning intact.

Counteracting Dark Web Text-Based CAPTCHA with Generative Adversarial Learning for Proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence

Automated monitoring of dark web (DW) platforms on a large scale is the first step toward developing proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI). While there are efficient methods for collecting data from the surface web, large-scale dark web data collection is often hindered by anti-crawling measures. In particular, text-based CAPTCHA serves as the most prevalent and prohibiting type of these measures in the dark web. Text-based CAPTCHA identifies and blocks automated crawlers by forcing the user to enter a combination of hard-to-recognize alphanumeric characters. In the dark web, CAPTCHA images are meticulously designed with additional background noise and variable character length to prevent automated CAPTCHA breaking. Existing automated CAPTCHA breaking methods have difficulties in overcoming these dark web challenges. As such, solving dark web text-based CAPTCHA has been relying heavily on human involvement, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this study, we propose a novel framework for automated breaking of dark web CAPTCHA to facilitate dark web data collection. This framework encompasses a novel generative method to recognize dark web text-based CAPTCHA with noisy background and variable character length. To eliminate the need for human involvement, the proposed framework utilizes Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to counteract dark web background noise and leverages an enhanced character segmentation algorithm to handle CAPTCHA images with variable character length. Our proposed framework, DW-GAN, was systematically evaluated on multiple dark web CAPTCHA testbeds. DW-GAN significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art benchmark methods on all datasets, achieving over 94.4% success rate on a carefully collected real-world dark web dataset. We further conducted a case study on an emergent Dark Net Marketplace (DNM) to demonstrate that DW-GAN eliminated human involvement by automatically solving CAPTCHA challenges with no more than three attempts. Our research enables the CTI community to develop advanced, large-scale dark web monitoring. We make DW-GAN code available to the community as an open-source tool in GitHub.

Comparative root and leaf anatomy of the Turkish Iris subgenus Scorpiris and their taxonomic and phylogenetic utility

The genus Iris is an economically and ornamentally important genus in the family Iridaceae. Root and leaf anatomy have great potential to aid with species identification and clarify taxonomy of plant species within the family. Iris subgen. Scorpiris are a taxonomically difficult group due to morphological character variation and overlapping geographical distribution. Thus, additional morphological characters need to be articulated for correct identification and to define species boundaries in the group. Here, we studied root (nine characters) and leaf (10 characters) anatomical traits of seven species in the Iris subgen. Scorpiris in detail to evaluate their taxonomic value. Significant variation was found in the transverse section of the root (i.e. exodermis, cortex cells, endodermis, pericycle, xylem and phloem) but not in leaf anatomy. Hence, root anatomical traits can be used as additional characters for correct identification of species within the Iris subgen. Scorpiris. Box plots, principal component analyses and one-way analysis of variance were performed using quantitative characters for the studied species. Our results demonstrate that the number of exodermis layers, protoxylem and metaxylem numbers in the roots are of phylogenetic value in the studied species.

Palm fronds from western Canada are the northernmost palms from the Late Cretaceous of North America and may include the oldest Arecaceae

Palm leaf fossils are common from Late Cretaceous floras in the United States, but Late Cretaceous Canadian palm records are limited largely to Nanaimo Group strata of British Columbia, with only anecdotal records from east of the Rocky Mountains. Here we report Late Cretaceous leaf fossils from Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. Segment angles with the rachis or costa are investigated as an additional character to distinguish costapalmate from pinnate and entire-pinnate palm leaves. The leaf fossils from Alberta and Saskatchewan represent costapalmate-palms (Sabalites), in contrast to the relatively common entire-pinnate palm fossils known from the Coniacian–early Campanian lower Nanaimo Group of British Columbia (e.g., Geonomites imperialis; potentially the oldest known North American palm) and the Campanian Two Medicine Formation of Montana (cf. Phoenicites). The presence of fossil palms in the Campanian to Maastrichtian of Alberta and Saskatchewan constrains climate reconstructions for the Late Cretaceous high mid-latitudes of North America (c. 55° N) to exclude significant freezing episodes. Additionally, we update the nomenclature for G. imperialis, renaming it as a species of Phoenicites, and briefly consider its value to understanding the evolution of pinnate palms. Further, we challenge the interpretation of Sabalites magothiensis as a costapalmate species and reassess the age of S. carolinensis as late Campanian.

Microstructural description of the maniraptoran egg Protoceratopsidovum

AbstractSince their discovery in the 1920s, some asymmetric, elongated dinosaur eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia have been interpreted as ceratopsian eggs. However, recent views support a maniraptoran affinity mainly based on macroscopic features. Technical advancements in palaeontology provide a novel approach to diagnose maniraptoran eggs, and the discovery of soft ceratopsian eggs makes the debate a timely issue worth revisiting. Here, we analysed Protoceratopsidovum eggshell from southern Mongolia with electron backscatter diffraction and the results were compared with East Asian and North American maniraptoran and ornithischian eggs. The microstructure and crystallography of Protoceratopsidovum confirms the maniraptoran hypothesis, given that it shows diagnostic features of the clade absent from ornithischian (e.g. hadrosaur) eggs. Additional characters, such as egg shape, ornamentation, egg pairing and clutch structure also support a maniraptoran affinity. Protoceratopsidovum has both elongatoolithid (oviraptorosaur egg) and prismatoolithid (troodontid egg) features, and it may bridge the morphological gap between the two established oofamilies. Considering the similarity between Protoceratopsidovum and potential dromaeosaur eggs, at least some Protoceratopsidovum may be deinonychosaur eggs. Fossil localities that yield both deinonychosaurs and Protoceratopsidovum may yield conclusive evidence for the true affinity of this ootaxon. Future discovery of the egg‐laying taxon of Protoceratopsidovum will not only improve our understanding of maniraptoran reproductive biology but also make Protoceratopsidovum a reliable indicator of the palaeobiogeography of that maniraptoran clade.

ANALISIS TOKOH DAN PENOKOHAN DALAM NOVEL TRAUMA KARYA BOY CANDRA

AbstrackThis study aims to describe the analysis of characters and characterizations in the novel Trauma by Boy Candra with a behavioristic psychology which means that changes in behavior as a result of the interaction between stimulus and response. This research uses descriptive method, qualitative research form, and behavioristic psychology approach. The data source in this research is the novel Trauma by Boy Candra. The data in the study are in the form of quotations, words, phrases, and sentences. The data collection technique in this research is a documentary study. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that. 1) the author describes the main character, namely directly and indirectly. The main characters in the novel Trauma by Boy Candra are Kimara who has a friendly, vindictive, and caring character, 2) the author describes the additional characters in the novel Trauma by Boy Candra, either directly or indirectly. Mother has a caring character, Ardi Sabil has a humble character, Kori Marsandi has a bad- tempered character, Dent Sasindra has a selfish and liar character, Raditio Rahadi has a caring character, Mona has a friendly character, Grandpa has a caring character, and finally the additional character is Putra Marnanda. has a deceitful character. The results of this study can be implemented in learning Indonesian in high school, especially in class XII students in even semesters.Keywords: Behavioristic, Character and Characterization

Holothuriophilus trapeziformis Nauck, 1880 (Decapoda: Pinnotheridae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico: taxonomic revision based on integrative taxonomy.

BackgroundHolothuriophilus trapeziformis Nauck, 1880 is a holothurian-dweller pinnotherid crab representing one of the two species of the genus distributed along the Pacific coast of Mexico and Chile, respectively. While the parasitic ecological interaction with its host is well established, the morphology of the male remains unknown, and DNA information for the species is not available. Furthermore, the only morphological trait separating both species of the genus is subjective and corresponds to the presence or absence of a gap between the fingers of the chelae. Our goal is to complete and clarify the taxonomic status of H. trapeziformis and describe the male morphology with the use of the integrative taxonomy, providing additional characters to differentiate this species.MethodsWe collected new biological material in the Pacific coast of Mexico including the topotypes. We also reviewed material from national collections to integrate morphology (based on a complete and detailed description and illustration of the species using light microscopy), ecological data (based on the identification of the host and the place where it was located within the host), and the mtCOI gene information (commonly known as DNA barcode) to differentiate Holothuriophilus trapeziformis from other related crabs.ResultsThis species presents marked sexual dimorphism only in the primary sexual characters. For the first time we describe morphological variability of traditionally stable characters. In addition to the gap between the fingers of the chelae, Holothuriophilus trapeziformis differs from H. pacificus (Poeppig, 1836) by their ornamentation, the shape of the male abdomen, and the gonopod. Cytocrome Oxidase 1 gene (COI) distance divergence was >3% between both Holothuriophilus species forming a clear clade. DNA barcoding indicates only one taxon, with a maximum divergence of 2.2%. All the specimens have the same Barcode Index Number (BIN; BOLD: ADE9974). All the hosts for H. trapeziformis were identified as Holothuria (Halodeima) inornata Semper, 1868; the presence of the crab in the host’s coelomic cavity was confirmed, and for the first time we found it within the intestine. The geographical distribution is the Pacific coast of Mexico. Based on the data presented here, the taxonomic status of Holothuriophilus trapeziformis is now complete.

Leaf epidermal and petiole anatomical features as taxonomic characters in some Vernonia species in Nigeria

Foliar and petiole micro-morphological characteristics of some members of the genus Vernonia namely; Vernonia amygdalina Del. (bitter variety), Vernonia amygdalina Del. (non-bitter variety), Vernonia cinerea (L) Less., Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less., and Vernonia adoensis Sch. Bip. in Jos, Nigeria was investigated to provide additional micro-morphological characters to support existing taxonomic information regarding the species. Epidermal peels of fresh leaves were made and transverse sections of petioles were cut using a rotary microtome. Staining was done using Safranin and slides observed using a light microscope. Quantitative characters were measured and subjected to Duncan Multiple Range Test. Stomatal distribution was amphistomatic except for V. galamensis and V. cinerea with hypostomatic distribution; stomata type was mostly anomocytic except V. galamensis with paracytic stomata. Stomata index varied among taxa with V. adoensis and V. amygdalina (bitter variety) having the highest (10.84 %) and lowest (0.67%) respectively. Anticlinal cell wall patterns were straight to slightly undulate while wavy anticlinal cell wall pattern was diagnostic to V. cinerea. Trichome types observed were glandular and multicellular uniseriate with highest and lowest trichome indices recorded in V. adoensis (2.80%) and V. galamensis (0.02%) respectively. Petiole outline was convex to concave, epidermis was uniseriate, trichome multicellular uniseriate and vascular bundles bicollateral. Variations observed in the stomatal complex, epidermal cell complex, petiole outline, petiole vasculature type, trichome and stomata indices could be employed for species identification and delimitation.

Ephedra pangiensis, a new synonym of E. intermedia (Ephedraceae)

Ephedra pangiensis Rita Singh &amp; P. Sharma is recognized here as a new synonym of E. intermedia Schrenk &amp; C.A. Mey. as both found conspecific. A detailed description of E. intermedia with additional taxonomic characters, photographs, illustrations and distribution map are provided. Morpho-anatomical comparison of E. intermedia with its congeneric taxa occurring in India is also provided for an ease of identification.

Achene micromorphological character study of six Kyllinga spp. (Cyperaceae) from south India using scanning electron microscope (SEM) for its taxonomic significance

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) study was used to examine achene epidermal surface features to add additional taxonomic characters for classification and to solve identification problems in six Kyllinga species of South India that are deposited in the Madras Herbarium (MH). The present study reveals that, the presence and absence of silica body in each cell based on the epidermal features plays an important role to differentiate the distinct individuals. Previous investigations support the data of achene micromorphology like exocarp cell shape, anticlinal and periclinal walls of the epidermal cell obtained using SEM delimits the taxa.

GENDER DALAM NOVEL HABIS GELAP TERBITLAH TERANG KARYA ARMIJN PANE DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN SASTRA DI SMA

The purpose of this study is to describe gender inequality and the characterizations contained in the novel Habis Gelap Terbitlah Terang by Armijn Pane. The method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The objectives of the research are gender inequality and the characterizations in the novel Habis Gelap Terbitlah Terang by Armijn Pane published by Balai Pustaka. Content analysis techniques were applied to analyze the data. The result of the research shows that: 1) the marginalization of women is contained in the novel Habis Gelap Terbitlah Terang by Armijn Pane. 2) women's subordination, 3) stereotypes of women who obey customs, and 4) stereotypes that place women's position in a weak place. In addition, the research results obtained in this study are in the form of a study of the characters in the novel, which can be divided into several types of naming based on the angle from which the naming was done. A character can be categorized by several types of naming at once. From the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the characterizations are more emphasized on the female main character, namely R.A Kartini, While the additional characters occupy the minority portion. However, the figures who accept the form of gender injustice are R.A Kartini, M. Ngasirah, Kardinah, and Rukmini. In the female figures, the injustices received are in the form of marginalization, subordination, stereotypes, and violence against women.

A new species of genus Amoebotaenia alokni sp. nov. From Gallus gallus domesticus from Ahmednagar district, (MS) India

Present communication deals with taxonomical studies to identified and describe a new species, about forty nine cestode parasites were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of Gallus gallus domesticus from different villages of Ahmednagar district for taxonomical studies. The genus Amoebotaenia was erected by Cohn L. in the year 1900, since from 1900 about 19 species are added in Amoebotaenia genus. After going through the literature the identified Amoebotaenia alokni n. sp. parasite is differ from the known species of the genus Amoebotaenia in distinct and differentiating characters like shape and size of the scolex, number of hook, testes, Proglottids and Shape and Size Ovary etc. Some additional characters are given in comparative chart at the end. These distinct characters are more than enough to erected a new species from this genus and hence the name Amoebotaenia alokni n.sp

Beetles of the Genus Lewisister (Coleoptera, Histeridae), with Description of a New Species from Taiwan.

The genus Lewisister Bickhardt, 1912 was previously only known to contain a single species, L. excellens Bickhardt, 1912, and had only been recorded from Southeast Asia. In this study, a new species found in Taiwan, L. masumotoi sp. nov., is described and the male genitalia are illustrated. Additional morphological characters are presented for L. excellens Bickhardt, 1912 and an illustration of its male genitalia is provided. The pairwise genetic distance of COI sequences of Lewisister are also provided to support the delimitation of both species. Both species are distributed in Taiwan, and the distribution records from Taiwan are discussed.