Addition Of Volcanic Ash Research Articles

Asphalt concrete mix analysis using volcanic ash filler

Asphalt mixture is a combination of a mixture of aggregate and asphalt. Sinabung eruption volcanic ash produced many negative impact on health and the environment. So that needs to be done in order to study the volcanic ash can be used in road pavement, especially on Asphalt Concrete pavement, the purpose of this study to determine the effect comparison of volcanic ash filler sinabung on Asphalt Concrete - Binder Course. This research was laboratory experimental in nature with asphalt level variation of 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7% and volcanic filler level of 1, 2 and 3% in each asphalt level variation. There were 5 samples used the examination was done using marshall test instrument. The test used to determine the graph of asphalt content with value stability, flow, bulk density, VIM, VMA, VFB. The results of the over all addition of volcanic ash in the petroleum asphalt. Asphalt Concrete Binder Course Marshall stability values indicate that the better that showed that a mixture of aggregate is very good. If the flow value is lower, the VIM value is getting lower, then the VMA value and VFB value have a value that is more than the minimum value.

The effect of organic fertilizer and mount Merapi volcanic ash to land rehabilitation

This study aims to determine the effect of adding organic fertilizer to the ex-eruption of Mount Merapi by using an indicator plant of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Gajah variety in order to land rehabilitation. The treatment used was the addition of volcanic ash and organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer used comes from chicken manure. The selection of chicThis study aims to determine the effect of adding organic fertilizer to the ex-eruption of Mount Merapi by using an indicator plant of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Gajah variety in order to land rehabilitation. The treatment used was the addition of volcanic ash and organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer used comes from chicken manure. The selection of chicken manure as organic fertilizer uses the principle of sustainability, where in the research area there are many chicken farmers so that the presence of chicken manure is easy and cheap to obtain. The design of this study was based on 1 block completely randomized 2 factorial design which was repeated 3 times. With the addition of volcanic ash and chicken manure, 10 tons/ha, 20 tons/ha and 30 tons/ha, respectively. Plant parameters observed were: (1) plant height, (2) fresh weight and dry weight of roots, (3) Shoots' fresh and dry weight, (4) fresh weight and dry weight of pods, (5) Seeds' fresh weight and dry weight, (6) number of seeds and pods/plant, and (7) N uptake and root nodule number. The findings indicated that chicken manure increased plant height from 1 to 5 weeks after planting. The application of 30 tons/ha of chicken manure has raised the height of plants. The addition of chicken manure tends to enhance the peanut seeds' dry weight.ken manure as organic fertilizer uses the principle of sustainability, where in the research area there are many chicken farmers so that the presence of chicken manure is easy and cheap to obtain. The design of this study was based on 1 block completely randomized 2 factorial design which was repeated 3 times. With the addition of volcanic ash and chicken manure, 10 tons/ha, 20 tons/ha and 30 tons/ha, respectively. Plant parameters observed were: plant height (cm); fresh and dry weight of shoots (g/plant); fresh weight and dry weight of roots (g/plant); number of pods/plant; fresh weight and dry weight of pods (g/plant); number of seeds/plant, fresh weight and dry weight of seeds (g/plant); N uptake; and number of root nodules. The results showed that chicken manure tended to increase plant height at the age of 1 WAP to 5 WAP. Treatment of 30 tons/ha of chicken manure will increase plant height. The addition of chicken manure also tends to increase the dry weight of peanut seeds.

The use of Mount Etna volcanic ash in the production of bricks with good physical-mechanical performance: Converting a problematic waste product into a resource for the construction industry

Volcanic ash emissions are responsible for serious damage to buildings. They can also affect vehicle traffic, cause airport closures and may be hazardous for human health. To verify the effects of the potential addition of this residue to the mixture used in the production of bricks, a detailed study of the clayey material, the volcanic ash and the bricks fired at 800, 950 and 1100 °C was conducted, assessing chemical, mineralogical, physical, mechanical and durability aspects. The addition of 10–20 wt% of volcanic ash delayed the appearance of new phases during brick firing and made them less porous. The bricks maintained their orange colour and became more compact as the firing temperature increased due to sintering and vitrification processes. The addition of volcanic ash reduced the strength of the bricks although the values were always above the limits recommended for construction work with ceramic materials. Bricks with added volcanic ash increased their resistance to decay due to salt crystallization and the general behaviour of the bricks improved when they were fired at high temperatures.

Viability of greenhouse gas removal via artificial addition of volcanic ash to the ocean

Abstract Mitigating human contributions to climate change is a highly debated topic, as it becomes evident that many nations do not adhere to optional reductions in global emission. Substantial research is taking place into negative carbon technologies that actively reduce the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) via greenhouse gas removal (GGR). Various GGR methods have been proposed, from reforestation to ocean fertilisation. This article discusses advantages of an approach based on enhanced input of tephra to the ocean, to increase the drawdown of atmospheric CO2. Natural addition of tephra to the ocean results in preservation of enhanced organic matter in sediment. Hence, augmenting its delivery should raise the level of sequestration. Calculations indicate that offshore tephra addition could sequester 2750 tonnes of CO2 per 50,000 tonnes of ash delivered (a typical bulk carrier’s capacity). The cost is estimated as ∼$55 per tonne of CO2 sequestered and is an order of magnitude cheaper than many proposed GGR technologies. Further advantages include: tephra addition is simply an augmentation of a natural Earth process, it is a low technology approach that requires few developments, and it may sequester carbon for thousands of years. Hence, offshore tephra addition warrants further investigation to assess its viability.

Analyze the proportion of volcanic ash of Sinabung volcano at the most optimum to get the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete

The development of concrete as construction material is growing very rapidly followed by the needs of diverse communities. Based on the problems, we need knowledge and inovation to get a good quality concrete with low cost. In this study, volcanic ash of Mount Sinabung was chosen as an alternative material plus concrete filler. Materials derived from the bowels of the earth will be tested optimum levels that can be used to achieve the compressive strength and maximum tensile strength. The concrete to be tested is a concrete mixture design with fc ′249 kg / cm2 (K-300). The concrete mix design was done by reducing the use of cement and the addition of volcanic ash of Mount Sinabung (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%). Compressive strength is tested when it’s 7, 14, and 28 days old. But, ultimate tensile strength is tested when it’s 28 days old. From the test result, we get optimum percentage with volcanic ash from Mount Sinabung is 10% with compressive strength 19.689 Mpa and ultimate tensile strength 1.348 Mpa. However, material is still worthy to use as concrete because it is compressive and ultimate tensile strength that almost reach normal compressive and ultimate tensile strength. Moreover, the using of material as admixture for concrete can be used as an alternative to save the environment from pollution.

Experimental study on improving the engineering properties of coarse grain sulphate saline soils with inorganic materials

Coarse grain soils are a good kind of embankment fill material. However, when they contain a high-level soluble salt, the engineering consequences can include salt expansion and collapsibility. The main objective of this study was to improve the salt expansion, collapsibility, and strength characteristics of coarse grain sulphate saline soils using inorganic binders and to provide an optimal proportion for the improvements. Coarse grain sulphate saline soils with 2% soluble salt contents were improved using different ratios of slaked lime, slaked lime-fly ash, and slaked lime-volcanic ash. Meanwhile, salt expansion tests, collapsibility tests, saturated unconfined compressive strength (SUCS) tests, and SEM tests were performed for the improved soils using different proportions. The results demonstrated that adding slaked lime, slaked lime-volcanic ash, or slaked lime-fly ash could not only effectively reduce the salt expansion amount, but also reduce the sensitive temperature range of the salt expansion. The deformation rate of salt expansion and collapsibility were <1% after adding >11% slaked lime or 15% slaked lime-volcanic ash (or fly ash). The 7 curing day SUCS of the improved soil was not <0.35 MPa. Compared with the strength of the slaked lime improved soil and the slaked lime-fly ash improved soil, the strength of the slaked lime-volcanic ash modified coarse grain sulphate saline soil was stronger. Also, the addition of volcanic ash could increase the strength gain rate in these improved saline soils. Furthermore, the feasibility and rationality of using inorganic binder to improve coarse grain sulphate saline soil were clarified by discussing the microstructure and improvement mechanism of coarse grain sulphate saline soil before and after improvement.

The influence of using volcanic ash and lime ash as filler on compressive strength in self compacting concrete

Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a technology which is developing today in which concrete solidifies by itself without using vibrator. Casting conventional concrete which has a lot of reinforcement bars sometimes finds difficulty in achieving optimal solidity. The method used to solve this problem is by using SCC technology. SCC was made by using filler, volcanic ash, and lime ash as the filling materials so that the concrete became more solid and hollow space could be filled up. The variation of using these two materials was 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of the cementitious mass and using 1% of superplasticizer from cementitious material. The supporting testing was done by using the test when the concrete was still fluid and when it was solid. Malleable concrete was tested by using EFNARC 2002 standard in slump flow test, v-funnel test, l-shaped box test, and j-ring test to obtain filling ability and passing ability. In this malleable lime concrete test, there was the decrease, compared with normal SCC concrete without adding volcanic ash and lime ash. Testing was also done in solid concrete in compressive strength, tensile strength, and concrete absorption. The result of the testing showed that the optimum tensile strength in Variation 1, without volcanic ash and lime ash – with 1% of superplasticizer was 39.556 MPa, the optimum tensile strength in Variation 1, without volcanic ash and lime ash- with 1% of super-plasticizer was 3.563 MPa, while the value of optimum absorption which occurred in Variation 5 (25% of volcanic ash + 25% of lime ash + 50% of cement + 1% of superplasticizer) was 1.313%. This was caused by the addition of volcanic ash and lime ash which had high water absorption.

The stability of clay using mount Sinabung ash with unconfined compression test (uct) value

The soil has a important role as a highway’s embankment material (sub grade). Soil conditions are very different in each location because the scientifically soil is a very complex and varied material and the located on the field is very loose or very soft, so it is not suitable for construction, then the soil should be stabilized. The additive material commonly used for soil stabilization includes cement, lime, fly ash, rice husk ash, and others. This experiment is using the addition of volcanic ash. The purpose of this study was to determine the Index Properties and Compressive Strength maximum value with Unconfined Compression Test due to the addition of volcanic ash as a stabilizing agent along with optimum levels of the addition. The result showed that the original soil sample has Water Content of 14.52%; the Specific Weight of 2.64%; Liquid limit of 48.64% and Plasticity Index of 29.82%. Then, the Compressive Strength value is 1.40 kg/cm2. According to USCS classification, the soil samples categorized as the (CL) type while based on AASHTO classification, the soil samples are including as the type of A-7-6. After the soil is stabilized with a variety of volcanic ash, can be concluded that the maximum value occurs at mixture variation of 11% Volcanic Ash with Unconfined Compressive Strength value of 2.32 kg/cm2.

Synthesis of a one-part geopolymer system for soil stabilizer using fly ash and volcanic ash

A novel approach one-part geopolymer was employed to investigate the feasibility of enhancing the strength of in-situ soil for possible structural fill application in the construction industry. Geopolymer precursors such as fly ash and volcanic ash were utilized in this study for soil stabilization. The traditional geopolymer synthesis uses soluble alkali activators unlike in the case of ordinary Portland cement where only water is added to start the hydration process. This kind of synthesis is an impediment to geopolymer soil stabilizer commercial viability. Hence, solid alkali activators such as sodium silicate (SS), sodium hydroxide (SH), and sodium aluminate (SA) were explored. The influence of amount of fly ash (15% and 25%), addition of volcanic ash (0% and 12.5%), and ratio of alkali activator SS:SH:SA (50:50:0, 33:33:33, 50:20:30) were investigated. Samples cured for 28 days were tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS). To evaluate the durability, sample yielding highest UCS was subjected to sulfuric acid resistance test for 28 days. Analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) were performed to examine the elemental composition, mineralogical properties, and microstructure of the precursors and the geopolymer stabilized soil.

Studies on concrete by partial replacement of cement with volcanic ash

This paper presents the study on the volcanic ash as replacement of cement on compression strength of concrete. Preliminary study at the early stage were conducted with the specific gravity and sieve analysis of the volcanic as replacement of cement material of concrete. The cement replacement is made with the weight of the volcanic ash in the cement ratio of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%. Compressive strength test of concrete was conducted at the age of 7, 14, and 28 days. The mechanical properties by applying slump value and compressive strength were investigated. The result showed that compression strength value of concrete with volcanic ash are close to the same with the normal concrete mix design. The addition of volcanic ash shows improvement of compression strength of concrete.

Impact of Volcanic Ash and Lime Adding on Expansive Soil for Subgrade Layer

Pavement performance is significantly affected by the mechanical properties and composition of soil subgrade. The mechanical properties of such soil are rigidity, strength, deformation and stability of subgrade material. Expansive clay is the soil with a low bearing capacity when used as the subgrade. The effort taken to improve the strength and rigidity of subgrade is represented by volcanic ash and lime stabilization. Volcanic ash is the non-widely used local material originated from Merapi and Kelud volcanoes. This research observes the value of subgrade rigidity and the changes in expansive soil morphology occurring due to the addition of volcanic ash and lime to increase the value of soil bearing capacity and stiffness. The tests are compaction, CBR, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) tests. The results show that, with the addition of volcanic ash and lime, there is an increase in the CBR value of soil, dry density and a decrease in optimum water content. The increased CBR value occurs due to the pozzolanic reaction between volcanic ash and lime and clay that results in mixed inter-particle bonding and changes in clay fraction morphology into the sand fraction, making sand stronger and more rigid.

The Utilization of Volcanic Ash and High Rusk Ash as Material Stabilization in Clay by Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

Clay is a type of soil which needs to be stabilized. The method often used is stabilization by adding additive to the soil. In this study, the additive materials that we use are Volcanic ash from Mount Sinabung and rice husk ash. The selection of these materials as additive is based on their silica content. Volcanic ash has a high silica content that is equal to 82.04%, and rice husk ash also has a high silica content which is equal to 89.8%. This study aims to improve the physical and mechanical properties of soil. Clay used or this study was taken from Patumbak, Deli Serdang, the volcanic ash was taken from Mount Sinabung, and the rice husk ash was produced from the bricks burning outcome in Stabat Langkat. The tests for soil are water content test, specific gravity test, Atterberg limits test, sieve analysis test, compaction test, CBR (California Bearing Ratio) laboratory test, and Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). The test results show that the value of liquid limit in addition of volcanic ash and rice hush decreased gradually. So does the plasticity index, the value decreased from 26.33% to 5.31% on the addition of 2.5% volcanic ash + 22.5% rice husk ash. While on the mechanical properties, the optimal CBR value obtained in the addition of 75% soil + 25% volcanic ash is 15.48%, and the addition of 25% volcanic ash causes soil increases the compressive strength from 1.38 kg/cm2 to 2.23 kg/cm2. Unconfined Compression Test result shows that the compressive Strength (qu) of original soil is 1.38 kg/cm² value, meanwhile the Compressive Strength (qu) of remoulded soil is 0.58 kg/cm2.

Origins of Bimodal Stratigraphy In Fluvial Deposits: An Example From the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Western U.S.A.

Abstract Changes in stacking density of fluvial channel-belt sand bodies are one of the most obvious aspects of alluvial architecture. The proximity of sand bodies to each other has been used as a field criterion to suggest major changes in external factors, such as basin subsidence rates, relative changes in base level, and changes in climate. In places rapid changes in stacking density are found in vertical succession between very high to very low net sandstone. In the absence of an intervening unconformity such changes are not the result of two unrelated, but juxtaposed, fluvial regimes but represent a more transitional change of formative conditions or preservation style. To study whether a rapid change in stacking density was controlled by external factors rather than autogenic behavior, we sought to document other possible changes in deposition that took place in concert with changes in stacking pattern. The Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic of eastern Utah and western Colorado, U.S.A., contains a rapid transition from the Salt Wash Member, with an average 63% net sand, to the overlying Brushy Basin Member, dominated by muddy floodplain deposits (10% net sand). We measured nine sedimentary characteristics related to fluvial system properties in both members along a down-paleoflow-oriented transect. The only significant change found between the two members is the composition and abundance of floodplain clay minerals. The transition in stacking density is coincident with a rapid increase in smectitic clay, interpreted to result from increased volcanic ash influx, at the expense of illitic clay. The ash was preferentially accumulated in the floodplain, either as airfall or carried in the wash load of rivers. Geometric calculations suggest that in order to generate the observed change in stacking pattern by the addition of volcanic ash alone, more than half of the flood-plain deposition would have to be composed of ash. An increase in ash supply would increase floodplain sedimentation rate and reduce the frequency of avulsion. Together these effects could reduce the stacking density by the requisite 50%. Dependence of stacking density on floodplain sedimentation rate highlights the danger in assuming changes in stacking density observed in alluvial sequences are mainly controlled by other external factors such as sea-level fluctuation, subsidence rate, or overall aggradation rates.

Characterization and Effective Utilization of Volcanic Ash for Soil Improvement

Volcanic ash becomes environmental important issues as waste material if it is not effectively reduced or reused. In engineering practice, utilization of volcanic ash as substitution material is limited. Indonesia has a large road on soft soil and volcanic ash. The objectives of this paper are focused to study the characterization, classification and utilization of volcanic ash as soil stabilization material which give benefit in engineering practice and also be environmental friendly material. Engineering properties, mineral composition and soil mixture characteristics involve physical and mechanical properties are discussed. Result shows that the effect of addition of volcanic ash after curing time 14 days can improve the engineering properties of soft soil, decrease liquid limit, change curve of grain size distribution, increase bearing capacity, and decrease swelling potential. The soil-volcanic ash mixture with 35% of volcanic ash and 5% of lime is obtained as optimum mixture design. This result is still early stage and need further study.

Soil genesis on the island of Bermuda in the Quaternary: The importance of African dust transport and deposition

The origin of terra rossa, red or reddish‐brown, clay‐rich soils overlying high‐purity carbonate substrates, has intrigued geologists and pedologists for decades. Terra rossa soils can form from accumulation of insoluble residues during dissolution of the host limestones, addition of volcanic ash, or addition of externally derived, long‐range‐transported (LRT) aeolian particles. We studied soils and paleosols on high‐purity, carbonate aeolianites of Quaternary age on Bermuda, where terra rossa origins have been debated for more than a century. Potential soil parent materials on this island include sand‐sized fragments of local volcanic bedrock, the LRT, fine‐grained (&lt;20μm) component of distal loess from the lower Mississippi River Valley, and LRT dust from Africa. These parent materials can be characterized geochemically using trace elements that are immobile in the soil‐forming environment. Results indicate that local volcanic bedrock on Bermuda has Sc‐Th‐La, Cr‐Ta‐Nd, and Eu/Eu*, LaN/YbN, GdN/YbNthat can be distinguished from African dust and lower Mississippi River valley loess. Bermuda soils have Sc‐Th‐La, Cr‐Ta‐Nd, and Eu/Eu*, LaN/YbN, GdN/YbN that indicate derivation from a combination of LRT dust from Africa and local volcanic bedrock. Our results indicate that soils on islands in a very broad latitudinal belt of the western Atlantic margin have been influenced by African LRT dust inputs over much of the past ∼500 ka.

Influence of trace metal release from volcanic ash on growth of Thalassiosira pseudonana and Emiliania huxleyi

Recent studies demonstrate that volcanic ash has the potential to increase phytoplankton biomass in the open ocean. However, besides fertilizing trace metals such as Fe, volcanic ash contains a variety of potentially toxic metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Especially in coastal regions closer to the volcanic eruption, where ash depositions can be very high, toxic effects are possible. Here we present the first results from laboratory experiments, showing that trace metal release from different volcanic ashes can have both fertilizing and toxic effects on marine phytoplankton in natural coastal seawater. The diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana generally showed higher growth rates in seawater that was in short contact with volcanic ash compared to the controls without ash addition. In contrast to that, the addition of volcanic ash had either no effect or significantly decreased the growth rate of the coccolithophoride Emiliania huxleyi. It was not possible to attribute the effects to single trace metals, however, our results suggest that Mn plays an important role in regulating the antagonistic and synergistic effects of the different trace metals. This study shows that volcanic ash can lead to changes in the phytoplankton species composition in the high fall-out area of the surface ocean.

Effect of Mount Pinatubo volcanic ash on the mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber vulcanizates

AbstractMt. Pinatubo volcanic ash, collected from Porac, Pampanga, was screened at 32 mesh screen, wet‐ground in a pot mill for 3, 5, and 7 days, and dried. The volcanic ash was characterized and compounded with styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates. Mineralogical investigation of the volcanic ash showed the presence of feldspar, homblende, quartz, mica, and magnetite. The particle size of the volcanic ash ground for 3, 5, and 7 days ranged from 1440 to 4, 720 to 2, and 640 to 2 μm, respectively. The addition of volcanic ash did not significantly influence the mechanical strength of the SBR vulcanizates. Stress–strain curves of the volcanic ash–filled SBR vulcanizates showed a slight increase from that of the pure gum. As the particle size of the volcanic ash decreased, the tensile strength and elongation at break points increased. Crosslinking sites also increased with the addition of rubber. Furthermore, it was noted that the addition of diethylene glycol hastened the curing reaction without affecting the mechanical properties of SBR vulcanizates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 68–73, 2005