Addition Of Powder Research Articles

Addition of polyphenolic extracts of Myrtus communis and Arbutus unedo fruits to whey: valorization of a common dairy waste product as a functional food.

Whey, a nutrient-rich byproduct of the dairy sector, possesses high potential for creating novel nutraceutical products. The present study investigates a potential new functional food by incorporating polyphenolic extracts from Myrtus communis and Arbutus unedo fruits into whey in both liquid (LA) and powder (PA) addition forms. Chemical, microbiological, physical stability and antioxidant activity were monitored for 60 days (from T0 to T60). Both LA and PA of fruit extracts remained chemically stable for the whole period, except for A. unedo PA, which showed a decline in polyphenols after T45. Enriched whey samples showed higher antioxidant activity than pure whey. Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of lactic acid bacteria, indicating potential prebiotic effects. However, the high tannin concentration of A. unedo extracts partially modified the casein micelle structure. Whey enriched with Mediterranean fruit extracts shows great potential as a functional food, combining the benefits of plant antioxidants, probiotic bacteria and good stability. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Impact of fruit powders incorporation on probiotic viability and sensory properties of yogurt

Purpose The primary objective of this study was to investigate the viability of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (LGR-1) when combined with four prebiotic-rich fruit powders – apple, papaya, mango, and red beetroot – in probiotic yogurt. Additionally, the study aims to assess customer acceptability of the yogurt fortified with these fruit powders through a sensory evaluation using a nine-point hedonic scale. Design/methodology/approach The yogurt samples, inoculated with the LGR-1 probiotic strain, underwent fermentation at 38 °C for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. Following fermentation, the samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C for 1, 15 and 30 days. Throughout the study, microbial counts and pH level measurements were performed to assess the viability of LGR-1. A sensory evaluation consisted of 89 participants. A nine-point hedonic scale, ranging from 1 (dislike extremely) to 9 (like extremely), along with a questionnaire were used to assess criteria such as appearance, flavor, texture and overall acceptability of the samples. Findings All treatments at all time points maintained a minimum viable microbial count of 107 CFU/mL (colony-forming units per mL), which indicated that the addition of fruit powders supported the growth and survival of LGR-1 in yogurt. Treatment 5, fortified with papaya powder, was the only group that exhibited a significant change of microbial count after 30 days of fermentation (p = 0.018). Although there were no statistically significant differences in pH values at the 0- and 2-h time points within each treatment, the pH remained relatively stable after day 15, with an average mean pH of 4.29. Treatment 2 fortified with mango powder obtained the highest overall acceptability score because of its smooth and firm texture as well as mild mango-sweet flavor. Originality/value This study explored the viability of probiotics and the sensory properties of yogurt fortified with various fruit powders, while also examining the potential prebiotic effects of fruit powders in enhancing overall sensory appeal. The findings suggested that papain may play a role in increasing probiotic viability in yogurt. Given the inconvenience and inaccessibility of fresh fruits and the generally inadequate prebiotic intake, this research addressed the gap in prebiotic consumption by offering novel ideas for health-enhancing dairy products.

Investigation into the sheet metal forming process using solid granules medium with graphite powder addition

ABSTRACT The solid granules medium sheet metal forming process uses loose particles instead of a rigid convex mold in the deep drawing process. This study focused on a mixed medium of solid granules with added graphite powder , establishing numerical models for four different proportions of graphite powder-solid granules mixtures. A finite element simulation of deep drawing was conducted using 08AL sheets. A deep drawing test shows that the thickness distribution curve closely aligns with the numerical simulation. By adding graphite powder to the solid granules medium, the lubrication conditions between the granules and the sheet metal can be modified, increasing the thickness in the fracture-prone areas of the cylindrical part. Utilizing this numerical model yields thickness distribution and deformation characteristics that closely resemble those observed in deep drawing tests, thereby contributing significantly to the optimization and advancement of this forming technology.

The mechanics of extruded polylactic acid: an investigation into the effects of its multiple recycling and the inclusion of fly ash

Abstract This study examines variations in the material properties of the 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) components after they have been recycled multiple times. Additionally, virgin polylactic acid was supplemented with fly ash from the thermal power plant, and the material’s behavior was examined after it was recycled on multiple times. By means of different tests, the impacts of filler addition on the mechanical behavior of the recycled materials are investigated. Using various forms including broken pieces, flakes, and fine powders, the filament extrusion was performed using used polylactic acid material during recycling. Under multiple recycling conditions, the mechanical characteristics of the polylactic acid and fly ash added polylactic (PLA-FA) were investigated. This work also investigates the impact of the polymer’s particulate size during the filament extrusion process. After recycling, it was found that the fine powder additions during the extrusion process provided high tensile strength of 32.61 MPa and flexural strength of 47.32 MPa for the PLA specimens. After recycling processes, the maximum tensile strength of 25.64 MPa and flexural strength of 50.22 MPa were found in fly ash enriched PLA. In contrast, the hardness of both PLA and fly ash-included PLA increased following each recycling procedure. Multiple recycling of PLA material turned the ductile material into brittle material by means of amorphous phase emergence. When compared to other particle sizes which were bigger in size, the specimens developed with filaments extruded with fine powder showed maximum results in all the tests. The tensile strength of PLA material decreased by 17.25%, while the tensile strength of PLA-FA material decreased by 21.35% after recycling. In PLA, the flexural strength drop following three recycling was 17.56% while in PLA-FA material it was 9.01%. After three times of material recycling, the hardness increased by 3.52% in PLA and by 2.48% in PLA-FA.

Dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf powder improves growth performance and antioxidant capacity via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in broilers.

This study focused on the effects of dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves (ZBL) powder on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in broilers. The experiment adopted a single-factor completely random design, and 440 healthy one-day-old AA broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (CON) was fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet, the CZ1 group was fed a basic diet with 1% ZBL powder, the CZ2 group fed a basic diet with 2% ZBL powder, and the CZ3 group fed a basic diet with 3% ZBL powder. The experiment was divided into the starter period (1-21 d) and the grower period (22-42 d). There were five replicates per group in the starter period, with 22 chickens per replicate. The same grouping as in the starter period was used in the grower period, with 20 chickens per replicate. The results showed that the addition of ZBL powder to the diet had no adverse effects on the growth performance and morphological structure of the intestine of broiler chickens in the CZ1 and CZ2 groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the diet with 1% and 2% ZBL powder significantly increased the antioxidant indicators such as CAT, T-AOC, and T-SOD in the serum and liver tissue of broiler chickens, it upregulated the related genes expression of nuclear factor erythroid derived-2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathway such as Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, SOD1, and CAT in the jejunal mucosa and enhanced the expression of ZO-1 and OCLN genes in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1% and 2% of ZBL powder into the daily diet can enhance the body's antioxidant capacity by elevating antioxidant levels in both serum and liver, upregulates the expression of genes associated with the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in the jejunal mucosa, and helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. The optimal addition level of ZBL powder in the diet was determined by quadratic regression analysis to be 1.36%-1.60% during days 1-21 and 1.14%-1.50% during days 22-42.

Influence of the nickel powder addition in 308 stainless steel coatings on H13 tool grade steel

Influence of the nickel powder addition in 308 stainless steel coatings on H13 tool grade steel

Jade powder/PLGA composite microspheres for improved performance as potential bone repair drug carrier

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has been widely used as drug delivery carrier or scaffold for bone repair due to its good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and degradation rate controllability. However, defects, like acidic degradation by-products, are associated with PLGA and restrict its practical applications. Jade powder, leftover from jade polishing process, is a natural material rich in elements of Ca, Si, and Mg while biocompatible and antibacterial. Herein, jade powder/PLGA composite microspheres with different mass ratios were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method under the optimized conditions. Characterization from SEM, EDS, FTIR, and surface water contact angle measurements indicated jade powder was successfully combined with PLGA and improved the surface wettability of the microspheres. Moreover, it was proved, through in vitro simulated body fluid test as well as adipose stem cell osteogenesis analysis, that jade powder addition enhanced the pH buffering capacity of the composite microsphere for simulated body fluid, and promoted the in vitro osteogenic activity of adipose stem cells at a certain amount. This study provides new ideas to employ jade powder, a natural material otherwise thrown away as solid waste, for improvement on PLGA performance in bone repair or potentially other biomedical fields.

Effect of gradation on thermal and mechanical properties of reaction‐bonded silicon carbide ceramics

AbstractParticle grading is a reliable method to improve mechanical properties of reaction‐bonded silicon carbide (RBSC) ceramics. This work aims to explore the effects of particle grading on thermal and mechanical characteristics of RBSC ceramics. Results showed that the powder grading enabled to increase sintering density of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. The use of large particle SiC powder in grading led to a 28% increase in thermal conductivity but a 22% decrease in bending strength. Meanwhile, the addition of finer SiC powder exerted minimal effect on thermal conductivity but noticeably increased bending strength by 10%. Therefore, properly adjusting particle size in grading allows for the control of residual Si content and microstructure, thereby simultaneously increasing thermal conductivity and bending strength of the material.

Yogurts fortified with postbiotic powders derived from Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5: Physicochemical, rheological, antioxidant, and sensory properties

Postbiotics have gained an increasing amount of research interest in recent years due to their health benefits. However, exploration of their potential in product development has remained limited, especially in dairy yogurt products. This study utilized cheese whey and skim milk, side-streams of the dairy industry, as substrates for fermenting Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 to produce postbiotics, which were then freeze-dried into powder. The resulting LA5-derived postbiotic powders were added to dairy milk to produce fortified low-fat yogurt. These yogurts were evaluated for physicochemical, rheological, and antioxidant properties, with assessments conducted on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 of storage; sensory properties were also assessed at 10 days of storage to determine storage stability. The addition of LA5 postbiotic powders enhanced the antioxidant activity of low-fat yogurt, doubling the DPPH inhibition compared to the control. Fortified yogurts showed increased acidity and maintained stable water holding capacity, with no adverse effects on rheological properties. Additionally, the postbiotic powders did not compromise the viability of starter cultures, which was also preserved throughout the storage period. Microstructural analysis demonstrated a more open gel network with larger pores over time, indicating the water retention in the yogurt’s structure. Consumer sensory evaluation further confirmed that the addition of LA5 postbiotic powders maintained consumer acceptability, preserving the yogurt’s sensory qualities. This study highlights that LA5 postbiotic powders offer the potential to enhance both the health benefits and shelf life of dairy yogurt while preserving its qualities, making it attractive to health-conscious consumers.

Effect of active powder addition on the mechanical properties of TiCp/manganese steel matrix composites

Abstract Different active powders were incorporated into TiC particle (TiCp) preforms of TiCp/manganese steel matrix composites to enhance the TiC/steel interfacial bonding. The effect of the active powders on bending strength and toughness of the composites was investgated. The composites were fabricated using a squeeze casting infiltration method, with a TiCp volume fraction of 50%. The active powders were mixed powders of Fe and tungsten carbide (WC), Ni and WC, and Ni and Si, respectively. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyze the interfacial microstructure of the composites. The results show that the addition of WCp results in the formation of a (W, Ti)C layer around TiCps, thereby strengthening the interfacial bonding. Conversely, the addition of Fe powder leads to the presence of significant glass-phase material at the interface, which is prone to cracking. Consequently, the composite with active Ni+WC exhibits notably higher bending strength (680.3 MPa) and impact toughness (7.7 J cm−2) compared to the composite with active Fe+WC (574.3 MPa and 2.6 J cm−2), with increases of 18.5% and 196.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the composite with active Ni+Si demonstrates the highest bending strength (886.7 MPa) and good toughness (4.3 J cm−2), which are 54.4% and 65.4% higher than those of the Fe+WC active composite, respectively, and its strength is 30.3% greater than that of the Ni+WC active composite. This improvement is attributed to enhanced wettability between TiCp and the matrix.

Epoxy/Phenolic Nanocomposite based Adhesives: Non-isothermal Cure Kinetic Study

The curing behavior of an epoxy/phenolic-based system containing graphene oxide (GO), and rubber powder as a toughening agent has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under non-isothermal conditions at a temperature from 0 to 200°C. So, to better dispersion of GO nanoplates in the resin media, the surface of the GOs was modified by 1,12-diaminododecane and subsequently aforementioned reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric techniques (TGA). DSC results show that rubber powders despite toughening properties prohibited resin-curing reactions. On the other hand, modified GO led to the promotion of curing reactions. The results of differential and integral iso conversional approaches indicated low activation energy for nanocomposite containing modified GO. Furthermore, thermal stability results reveal that the maximum decomposition temperature and char yield values of samples were increased gradually by the addition of GO and rubber powder to the system.

Introducing the mineral powder to strengthen polyurethane grouting materials for crack repair of asphalt pavements

Cracking in asphalt pavement may lead to structural distress while existing crack repair materials have significant shortcomings in terms of cost and construction efficiency. This study incorporates mineral powder into the polyurethane grouting materials to provide a more economical and durable solution for repairing cracks in asphalt pavement. The results of bonding and tensile tests show that excessive mineral powder may deteriorate the mechanical properties of polyurethane grouting materials, which is caused by the agglomeration of mineral powder observed by the microscale characterization. Characterization tests indicate that ultraviolet exposure results in the evolution of the chemical components and thermal stability of polyurethane grouting materials, subsequently causing the degeneration in the mechanical properties. The addition of mineral powders was found to increase the tensile strength of polyurethane grouting materials after Ultraviolet aging by 12 %, while the elongation at break measured in tensile tests remained essentially unchanged. The results of the splitting test, bending test, and immersion Marshall test prove the enhanced low-temperature property and moisture resistance of mineral powder-modified polyurethane grouting materials as compared to the styrene-butadiene-styrene emulsified asphalt. The economic analysis shows that this study presents a practical approach to cost-effective asphalt pavement crack repair, offering insights for enhancing the durability of asphalt pavements.

Experimental Investigation of Quasi‐Static Compressive Properties of Polymer‐Bonded Explosives (PBX) Based on UV‐Curing 3D Printing

AbstractUltraviolet(UV)‐curing 3D printing in the preparation of explosives has get more attention due to its manufacturing flexibility. To study the effects of binder formulations on compressive properties of PBX for UV‐curing, cast HMX‐based polymer‐bonded explosives (PBX) with 5 groups of binder formulations are prepared by extruded‐based UV curing 3D printer. The test shows that the density of printed explosives exceeds 90% of the theoretical density and quasi‐static compression tests are conducted to analyze the mechanical properties of printed explosives. The results suggest that the elastic modulus and compressive strength of printed explosives with photocurable monomer TMP3EOTA as binder resin have increased by 693.1% and 424%, respectively, compared to those using polyether resin. Moreover, the mechanical properties improve as the content of Isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI) increases from 1 wt. % to 22 wt. %. The addition of aluminum powder decreases the elastic modulus and strength of samples printed by 59.5% and 62%. Meanwhile, the failure modes of printed grains have been also determined. This work provides practical references for future research of PBX on UV‐curing.

Study on the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of dual-loss type composite MWCNT/CIP/GF/EP

Abstract The electromagnetic properties of single-loss glass fiber (GF) absorbing composites with the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) particles and single-loss glass fiber (GF) absorbing composites with the addition of carbonyl iron powder (CIP) particles in the X-band were studied. Using CST electromagnetic simulation combined with experiments, dual-loss multi-walled carbon nanotube/carbonyl iron powder/glass fiber/epoxy (MWCNT/CIP/GF/EP) resin absorbing composites were designed and prepared. The effects of thickness ratio and periodic layering on the absorbing properties of dual-loss glass fiber absorbing composites were investigated. The results show that by changing the thickness ratio and periodic layering, the impedance matching and attenuation characteristics of the dual-loss glass fiber absorbing composites can be altered, thereby affecting the overall absorbing performance. The optimal group exhibited a maximum reflection loss of -55.3 dB at 8.5 GHz, with an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.0 GHz, covering 71.4% of the X-band.

A comprehensive experimental study of eco-friendly hybrid polymer composites using pistachio shell powder and Aquilaria agallocha Roxb

This study investigates the effects of incorporating pistachio shell powder and a mixture of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb (AAR) resin with epoxy on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability properties of an epoxy composite. Filler loadings ranged from 10 to 35% by volume, in 5% increments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform distribution of the hybrid polymer materials, particularly at 30% natural resin content, enhancing the load-bearing capacity of the composites. The addition of pistachio shell powder and AAR resin significantly improved the flexural modulus and strength of the composites. At a filler volume of 35%, the hybrid polymer exhibited a maximum impact resistance of 2,718 J/m2, demonstrating increased energy absorption. Moreover, the hybrid system enhanced the damping factor by up to 30%, suggesting superior dynamic mechanical performance. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the hybrid composites displayed better thermal stability compared to pure epoxy resin. These findings suggest that the combination of pistachio shell powder and AAR natural resin offers a sustainable approach to reinforcing epoxy-based composites, providing improved mechanical and thermal performance for potential industrial applications.

Investigating the Potential Use of End-of-Life Fire Extinguisher Powder as a Soil Amendment in Different Soil Types: A New Approach Following a Circular Economy Model

A first attempt to assess the potential alternative use of fire extinguisher filler powder after its exhaustion has been investigated in the present research. The chemical composition of fire extinguisher filler powder, specifically type ABC 40%, consists of monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate. As its nitrogen and phosphorus content is particularly high, the thought of its possible use as a fertilizer and/or a soil amendment is a challenge. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out and two leafy vegetables (spinach and lettuce) were used as biomarkers. Two soil samples from rural areas, one acidic (pH = 5.8 ± 0.1) and one alkaline (pH = 8.2 ± 0.7), were selected for the experiments. Filler powder from a used fire extinguisher was added to the soil samples in two levels (1 and 2% v/v). It was found that the addition of fire extinguisher filler powder caused no toxicity to either of the two plants studied. On the contrary, an increase in their above-ground biomass was observed, proportional to the amount of powder added. It was established that in the pots where the powder was added, in both plant species observed, the plant height, root length, and chlorophyll content of leaves increased, the total antioxidant capacity was enhanced, and the concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in the leaves and roots of plants also increased, compared to the soil without the addition of fire extinguisher powder. The early signs appear to be encouraging, as an increase was observed in almost all aspects. The mandatory end of the life cycle of the powder as a fire-extinguishing agent and its disposal is also a challenge in the context of the circular economy, as reducing the energy requirements for fertilizer production is one of the objectives of sustainable development.

Preparation and Characterization of PLA-Based Films Fabricated with Different Citrus Species Peel Powder

The present study aimed to investigate whether different citrus peel powders (orange, mandarin, and lemon) could be incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA), for the preparation and characterization of biodegradable films made of this fruit waste. In particular, films were prepared by the solvent casting method and tested in terms of physicochemical and biochemical parameters, along with mechanical properties. Furthermore, the citrus peel powders were tested for their physicochemical and biochemical properties after ethanolic extraction. The results showed that the addition of citrus powders into PLA proved to be efficient compared to the control films (PLA). The citrus peel-based films showed high antioxidant capacity (38.37%–32.54%), a considerable total phenolic content (17.2–12.58 mg GAE/L), good lightness (L*: 42.83–41.93), elastic Young’s modulus (257.95–175.38 MPa), oxygen transmission rate (976.5 mL m−2 day−1–1218 mL m−2 day−1), elongation at break (183.06%–135.95%), and tensile strength (6.15–4.56 MPa), which were affected significantly (p &lt; 0.05) by the botanical origin of citrus peel. Concerning the citrus peel extracts, the highest values in antioxidant capacity (52.56%), total phenolic content (724.8 mg GAE/L), and titratable acidity (714.67 mg of citric acid/L) were recorded in the extract of lemon peel powders. The corresponding values for orange peel powder extracts were 39.43%, 563.8 mg GAE/L, and 576 mg of citric acid/L, while those for mandarin were 33.01%, 558.46 mg GAE/L, and 54.67 mg of citric acid/L. The application of multivariate analysis of variance and linear discriminant analysis on the mechanical properties, physicochemical, and biochemical data resulted in the differentiation of pure PLA and PLA-based films fabricated with citrus peel powder. From the above findings, it is concluded that citrus peel powders are sources of phytochemicals and can be used for the preparation of PLA-based films for potential applications in food preservation.

Orange-flesh sweet potato powder as a promising partial substitution rice flour to produce high quality and low glycemic index vermicelli

This study aims to improve the quality of vermicelli products by replacing a portion of rice flour with orange-fleshed sweet potato powder at four ratios ranging from 10 % (F1) to 25 % (F4) (5 % interval), while the control sample used 100 % rice flour (F0). The products were analyzed for quality and sensory characteristics. The analysis of five vermicelli production formulas revealed that the product made from formula F3, which contains OFSP powder and rice flour at a ratio of 20:80 %, had a relatively high amount of β-carotene (9.29 μg/g), a bright color (L∗ = 67.15, b∗ = 29.45), and a suitable hardness (46.79 g-force). The F3 sample had better cooking quality than the F0 sample, which was proved by the percentages of weight increase, volume increase, and dry matter loss of 59.88 %, 56.89 %, and 7.08 %, respectively. The estimated PRAL score of the product prepared from formula F3 was −1.45 (PRAL<0), indicating that the vermicelli product is alkaline, which can support and improve human health. A quantity of 100 g of vermicelli contains 25.15 g of carbohydrates, 3.17 g of protein, 1.48 g of lipids, 4.26 g of resistant starch, 2.43 g of fiber, and 1.66 g of ash. The reduction in estimated glycemic index (eGI) was also found, reaching a value of 51.24 for the F3 sample, whereas the eGI of F0 was 58.24 (medium-high range). Furthermore, microstructural image analysis (from a scanning electron microscope) of sample F3 indicated that OFSP powder addition could result in a better gel network structure than occurs in conventional vermicelli. The findings from this study will be a steppingstone to processing various popular food products with enhanced nutrients. This activity can also be developed on a larger production scale, improving the quality of life for communities, especially in areas with chronic vitamin A deficiency.

The Effect of Including Sea Buckthorn Berry By-Products on White Chocolate Quality and Bioactive Characteristics under a Circular Economy Context

The by-products of the extraction of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) concentrated juice may represent a functional food ingredient for white chocolate production, as a rich source of bioactive compounds. The effects of six treatments derived from the factorial combination of two types of by-products (with oil or without oil) and three different concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%), were assessed on rheological, quality, colour, antioxidant, and mineral properties of chocolate. The 15% addition of full powder led to the highest values of max firmness, total shear energy, shear energy, cohesiveness, gummosity, dry matter, and ABTS, compared to the untreated control, but the two highest concentrations of the oil-deprived powder resulted in the protein content increasing. The full powder addition always raised fat levels. Both the ‘L’ and ‘a’ colour component as well as total carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene, and vitamin C increased with the rise of H. ramnoides powder addition, compared to the untreated control. The opposite trend was shown by the ‘b’ colour component and pH, whereas polyphenols and antioxidant activity attained higher values with the oil-deprived powder. The content of potassium decreased upon the 15% addition of the Hippophae ramnoides by-product powder, compared to the untreated control, whereas calcium and magnesium increased. The 15% H. ramnoides full powder elicited the augmentation of phosphorus content in chocolate, compared to the untreated control, contrary to the effect of the oil-deprived powder on P and Zn. The employment of SBB by-products highlights the great potential for manufacturing innovative functional foods with high nutritional value, such as chocolate.

VALORIZATION OF ARTICHOKE LEAF POWDER IN EXTRUDED SNACKS: PRODUCT QUALITY AND IN VITRO STARCH DIGESTIBILITY

Artichoke waste is a rich source of fibers and bioactive phenolic substances. The study aimed to investigate the effect of artichoke leaf powder (ALP) addition on physical properties and in vitro starch digestibility of wheat flour (WF) - based extrudates. Feeds were prepared to have extrudates with ALP:WF ratios of 0:100, 3:97, 6:94, and 9:91. Increasing ALP ratio reduced sectional and volume expansion indexes but increased bulk density and hardness values. The water absorption index decreased for the highest ALP: WF ratio (9:91), while the water solubility index was not affected by ALP addition. Rapidly and slowly digestible glucose fractions were not significantly affected by ALP addition. The overall acceptability of products was only affected at the 9:91 ALP: WF ratio. The findings showed that ALP could be valorized as a food ingredient. The information gained could guide future studies that will focus on developing nutritious ready-to-expanded snacks enriched with high fiber ingredients.