Addition Of Plant Growth Regulators Research Articles

Plant In Vitro Cultures of Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. "Electric Lime" and Possibilities of Modification in the Biosynthesis of Volatile Compounds.

Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. is a globally spread species, known for its characteristic spectacularly colorful leaves of decorative value. Thanks to its rich chemical composition, the plant is used in ethnopharmacology, and it is also regarded as having high medicinal potential. The application of in vitro cultures enables the acquisition of homogeneous certified material of high quality. Additionally, excluding the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the plants is a way to fully recognize the influence of phytohormones on the plant morphology and the biosynthetic pathways of compound production. The best way to grow C. scutellarioides "Electric Lime" under in vitro conditions is to use the basic MS medium (Murashige and Skoog medium), enriched with naphthyl-1-acetic acid at a concentration of 0.5 mg dm-3. The analysis of volatile compounds demonstrated that the content of volatile compounds in the plants cultivated under in vivo conditions was expressed at a level of 2848.59 µg g-1, whereas in the plants bred in vitro without supplementation with phytohormones, the level was 8191.47 µg g-1. The highest content was noted for copaene, α-pinene, 1-octene-3-ol, α-selinene, sabinen, γ- and δ-cadinene, 3-octanol, and β-pinene. Aroma profiling revealed a lack of boranyl acetate, 2-hexenal, and 2-hexen-1-ol in the plants cultivated under in vivo conditions. Differences were found in the volatile composition between plants bred in vivo and in vitro, with the most significant recorded for the contents of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol. The addition of plant growth regulators into the basic medium under in vitro conditions affected the percentage ratio and contents of specific compounds in plant tissues. The most intense biosynthesis of volatile compounds took place in the plants cultivated on the medium enriched with NAA at 10,579.11 µg g-1, whereas the least intense was noted for plants cultivated on the medium supplemented with BA, where it was recorded at the level of 5610.02 µg g-1. So far, there has been no research published which would pertain to the profiling of volatile compounds performed using the SPME (solid-phase microextraction) technique. Moreover, the very few studies conducted on the chemical composition of these compounds do not mention the specific variety of C. scutellarioides under analysis.

The influence of cultivation conditions on the formation of psychoactive salvinorin A, salvinorin B, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in Coleus scutellarioides

Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. is a popular species in the world, known for its characteristic magnificent colourful leaves. The study has revealed that the contents of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid are significantly higher in the plant tissues cultivated in vivo than when under in vitro conditions. The performed qualitative and quantitative analyses confirmed the presence (whose averaged content) of salvinorin A (6.65 µg/1 g of fresh plant) and salvinorin B (50.46 µg/1 g of fresh plant) in tissues of Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. of ‘Electric lime’ variety. The greatest quantities of these compounds were recorded for plants cultivated in vitro on the MS medium enriched with NAA (naphthyl-1-acetic acid) at a concentration of 0.5 mg∙ dm–3. The research detected differences in the amounts of compounds between plants grown in vivo and those cultivated in vitro. Addition of plant growth regulators into the breeding medium under in vitro conditions was found affecting the amounts of compounds in plant tissues.

Shoot Induction of Black Stem Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cingkariang) with Several Concentration of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP)

Black stem potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. cingkariang/cingkariang potato) are a specific germplasm of West Sumatra with low productivity. One method of propagating this plant is through tissue culture techniques. The addition of Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) determines the results of plant propagation through tissue culture technique. Cytokinins such as 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) play a role in cell division and accelerate shoot formation. This study expects to decide the impact of a few convergences of BAP on the shoot enlistment of cingkariang potato. The examination utilized a totally randomized plan (CRD) with four treatments (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/L BAP) and six replications. The result showed that BAP was able to induce Cingkariang potato shoots in all concentration. BAP 2 mg/L gave the fastest shoot and root emergence time and also gave the highest number of shoots and roots of Cingkariang potato. BAP 2 mg/L was the best concentration for shoot induction of black stem potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cingkariang).

Pengaruh waktu induksi dan ZPT terhadap pertumbuhan kalus kotiledon kacang panjang (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)

Yard-Long bean plants are an agricultural commodity that has great potential to be developed because they are easy to cultivate, their market share is also quite high but there are still problems in meeting the need for sufficient seeds and they are still susceptible to pests and disease. Therefore, efforts need to be made to increase production and induce variations. One method that can be used is tissue culture for the induction of somaclonal variations and/or the formation of transgenic plants. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in callus initiation time and the effect of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) administration on the growth of long bean cotyledon explant callus. Seed sterilization was carried out using detergent, 10% sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol and sterile distilled water. The results of the research showed that variations in callus initiation time on MS media with the addition of 2,4-D PGR and the use of several variations of PGR in subcultures were able to initiate callus and influence callus size, callus color, and the percentage of browning of Yard-long bean cotyledon explants. Callus initiation time of 4 weeks with a combination of 2 ppm BAP concentration with 0.1 ppm IAA produced the largest callus size and brownish white callus color. The addition of PGR during subculture had a smaller browning percentage than the treatment without PGR.

Pertumbuhan Tanaman Anggrek Cattleya (Cattleya eximia) secara In-Vitro pada Media MS dengan Subtitusi NAA dan BAP

Orchid plants are one of good prospects commodities for the floriculture business because they have high aesthetic value. Cattleya orchid has distinctive characteristics with large, beautiful, brightly colored and fragrant flowers. In vitro propagation is one way to meet the increasing demand for orchids. In vitro culture techniques require a lot of culture media to multiply plants in large quantities, so an alternative is needed to increase the effectiveness of using media such as the addition of plant growth regulators. Therefore, research was carried out on the growth of in vitro cattleya orchids on MS media with NAA and BAP substitutions. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding NAA and BAP to MS media on the growth of in vitro cattleya orchid explants. This research was conducted from June to September 2022 at the Jember State Polytechnic Tissue Culture Laboratory. This study used completely randomized design factorial. The first factor was the NAA concentration consisted of 3 levels, namely 0, 1 and 2 ppm. The second factor was the BAP concentration consisted of 3 levels, namely 0, 2 and 4 ppm. Observational variables included plant height, the number of shoots, leaves and roots. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level. Giving NAA 2 ppm + BAP 2 ppm was the best treatment for the number of leaves while giving NAA 2 ppm resulted in the best root growth.

Shoot Culture of Ocimum sp. and Its Phytochemical Profile

The success of the in vitro culture technique is influenced by many factors, including the type of explants, culture medium and exogenous plant growth regulators (PGR). These factors greatly influence the speed and effectiveness of plant regeneration as well as the profile of the phytochemical compounds produced. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of the PGR combination on the growth response of in vitro node explants as well as the phytochemical profiles of Ocimum sp. Node explants obtained from 2 weeks old in vitro seedlings were cultured on MS medium with the addition of PGR, namely BAP and Kinetin (0.2 and 5 mg/l) combined with NAA (0.1 and 0.2 mg/l) and synthetic cytokinins alone namely Thidiazuron (TDZ) (1, 3, and 5 mg/l). The growth response of the explants and the potential for regeneration were observed for 8 weeks of culture. Effects of adding activated charcoal (AC) to root media were observed on growth of plantlets aged 2 weeks. Phytochemical profile of In vitro shoot was analyzed using GC-MS and LC-MS to be compared with its profile in in vitro callus tissue. The results showed that MS medium with the addition of a combination of cytokinin and auxin was able to induce shoot regeneration in node explants of Ocimum sp. in vitro. The Kinetin/NAA combination produced better shoot height growth, while the BAP/NAA combination produced a higher leaves number. Thidiazuron at all concentrations was able to induce shoots that were more likely to form rosettes. The addition of AC to the rooting medium did not have a positive effect on the response of shoot and plantlet growth. Chromatographic screening showed different profiles of secondary compounds in the callus and shoot tissues of Ocimum sp. in vitro. Callus composed of actively dividing cells do not produce some of the secondary compounds as produced by in vitro shoots. This shows the difference in the potential of cells or tissues in synthesizing secondary metabolites.

Early hatchery protocols for tetrasporogenesis of the antimethanogenic seaweed Asparagopsis armata

The red alga Asparagopsis armata is an emerging aquaculture-target species due to its application as an antimethanogenic feed ingredient in ruminants, yet information on A. armata reproduction and cultivation is currently lacking. We therefore quantified the effects of temperature, irradiance, nutrients, and photoperiod, and addition of plant growth regulators (PGRs; indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) on tetrasporogenesis in domesticated A. armata that had been maintained under controlled conditions (18 °C, 12 h light:12 h dark photoperiod) for 18 months prior to experimentation. Tetrasporogenesis was only induced at 5 and 15 µmol photons m−2 s−1 under an 8 h light:16 h dark photoperiod with 3.5 mg nitrogen L−1 and tetraspore release was 28-fold greater at 18 °C compared to 15 °C after 28 days of exposure. After 29 days, tetraspore release and germination rate both declined. All PGR treatments prevented tetrasporogenesis. This study is the first to provide the detail and framework necessary to enable A. armata hatchery development. We conclude that tetrasporogenesis was most likely induced in response to a significant reduction in photoperiod rather than as a result of replicating seasonal environmental conditions, and that temperature played a key role in determining reproductive output. With overall higher tetraspore release and a consistent germination rate of > 90%, we recommend exposing tetrasporophyte biomass to 18 °C, 15 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and 3.5 mg nitrogen L−1 under an 8 h L:16 h D photoperiod for up to 29 days to obtain a reliable supply of tetraspores for seeding onto ropes for transfer to the hatchery phase.

Respon Pertumbuhan Stek Pucuk Kenanga (Cananga odorata) terhadap Pemberian Media Tanam dan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh

Essential oil which is contained on most trees is one of the promising Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) that need to be explored and developed further, for the oil is relatively safe and stores major benefits for local people. There are around 9 -12 types of essential oil that is being developed and one of them is cananga oil, which is available through distillation process of the flowers. The research aims to investigate the ability of cananga to be propagated trough shoot cuttings method, to discover the effects of growing media and plant growth regulators toward the shoot cuttings’ growth and to determine the suitable growth media and plant growth regulators for the cuttings’ development. The collected data were survival rate in percentage, root growth in percentage, height growth, numbers of developed leaf, numbers of developed primary and secondary roots, and also the length of primary roots. The addition of plant growth regulators gave a significant effect toward survival rate (in percentage), height growth and the numbers of developed leaf of the species whereas the addition of growing media and the interaction between the treatments did not give significant effect on the observed traits. All type of media options could be used for cananga shoot cuttings method and the best growth regulator identified in live percentage parameters, high growth and number of leaves on cananga shoot cutting is Rotoone-F. However, in case of rooting, the best growth regulator is found in addition of Rapid root.
 Keywords: Cuttings, Cananga, Media, Plant Gowth Regulator

The Effect of Natural PGR Combination on The Growth of Fig (Ficus carica L.) Plant Cuttings

Fig is shrub with short stems, creeping, not many trunks and woody which have cambium tissue due to thickening between the xylem and phloem, can grow and bear fruit in the hot sun or in the desert. Fig plant is a plant that has many benefits. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of natural Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) (mature coconut water, young coconut water and shallot extract) and obtain the best concentration of PGR for Fig plant cuttings. The study was carried out by field trial methods arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single factor trial design. The treatments tested were the addition of PGR from natural ingredients, namely: mature coconut water 20% and 30%, young coconut water 20% and 30%, red shallot extract 60% and 70% and commercial PGR (Root-Up™™). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The results of this search showed that all-natural PGR tested, namely from young coconut water concentrations of 20% and 30%, mature coconut concentrations of 20% and 30% and shallots concentrations of 60% and 70% can be used to increase the growth of Fig plant cuttings. All natural PGRs tested, namely young coconut water with a concentration of 20% and 30%, mature coconut with a concentration of 20% and 30% and shallots with a concentration of 60% and 70% can be used to increase the growth of fig plant cuttings.

Spontaneous Regeneration of Plantlets Derived from Hairy Root Cultures of Lopezia racemosa and the Cytotoxic Activity of Their Organic Extracts.

A histological analysis was performed with the aim of elucidating the spontaneous regeneration process of the hairy root lines LRT 2.3 and LRT 6.4, derived from Lopezia racemosa leaf explants and genetically transformed with the Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC15834/pTDT. The analysis showed both lines regenerate via indirect somatic embryogenesis; LRT 6.4 also regenerated by direct organogenesis. The morphogenic characteristics of the regenerated plantlets from both lines showed the typical characteristics, described previously, including a higher number of axillary shoot formation, short internodes, and plagiotropic roots compared with wild-type seedlings. The regeneration process occurred without the addition of plant growth regulators and was linked to the sucrose concentration in the culture medium. Reducing the sucrose concentration from 3% to 2%, 1%, and 0.5% increased the regeneration rate in LRT 6.4; the effect was less pronounced in LRT 2.3. The cytotoxic activity of different organic extracts obtained from roots and shoots were evaluated in the cancer cell lines HeLa (cervical carcinoma), HCT-15 (colon adenocarcinoma), and OVCAR (ovary carcinoma). The hexane and dichloromethane extracts from roots of both lines showed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line. Only the dichloromethane extract from the roots of PLRT 2.3 showed cytotoxic activity against the OVCAR cell line. None of the methanol extracts showed cytotoxic activity, nor the shoot extracts from any solvent.

In vitro germination of Abricó-de-Macaco (Couroupita guianensis aubl.)zygotic embryos in different culture media and light spectra

ABSTRACT: Couroupita guianensis Aubl. is an Amazonian forest species with important medicinal and ornamental value. This study evaluated the effect of different culture media and light spectra on the in vitro germination and development of the zygotic embryos of C. guianensis. The culture media, MS and WPM, were evaluated without the addition of plant growth regulators and were associated with four LED light spectra: white (CW), 70% red + 30% blue (R2B), 100% red (R), and 100% blue (B). One hundred percent of the seeds successfully underwent in vitro germination, and the culture media did not interfere with embryo development. In addition to this, the different light spectra induced in vitro morphogenesis and R2B treatment significantly promoted the production of secondary roots. This effect may aid in the rooting and acclimatization of seedlings of this species.

CITOCININA E VEDAÇÃO DE FRASCOS AFETAM A PROLIFERAÇÃO DE GEMAS E O DESENVOLVIMENTO In Vitro DE MICROESTACAS DE Jacaranda cuspidifolia MART.

ABSTRACT Plant growth regulators (PGRs) and types of flasks sealing that allow gas exchange can favor the development of in vitro plant propagation systems. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the eff ects of cytokinin supplementation on the induction of shoot proliferation and the influence of gas exchange on the in vitro development of Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart microcuttings. Nodal segments were cultured in medium supplemented with diff erent concentrations (0.25; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1) of 6-benzyladenine (BA). In the control treatment, there was no addition of PGRs. After 30 days of culture, the microcuttings were isolated and transferred to a rooting medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid. At this stage, the culture fl asks were sealed with rigid polypropylene lids with a porous membrane (1 M; 21 μL L-1 s-1 CO2) or with no membrane (0 M; 14 μL L-1 s-1 CO2). Cytokinin supplementation induced the activation of axillary buds of J. cuspidifolia. The highest numbers of shoots were observed in explants cultivated in the presence of 0.5–1.0 mg L-1 BA. The microcuttings kept in flasks with a higher level of gas exchange (1M) had a higher percentage of rooting and greater root and shoot lengths. Microscopic analysis showed a greater differentiation of leaf tissues in plants kept in flasks with a higher level of gas exchange (1M). These plants also showed greater mesophyll thickness and, consequently, greater leaf blade thickness. The results provide new information for establishing an efficient in vitro propagation system for J. cuspidifolia.

Mass propagation of Juniperus procera Hoechst. Ex Endl. From seedling and screening of bioactive compounds in shoot and callus extract

BackgroundJuniperus procera Hoechst. ex Endl. is a medicinal tree in Saudi Arabia, primarily in the Enemas region, but it is locally threatened due to die-back disease and difficulties regarding seed reproduction (seed dormancy and underdeveloped embryonic anatomy, and germination rate < 40%). Hence, the alternative methods for reproduction of Juniperus procera are really needed for conservation and getting mass propagation for pharmaceutical uses.ResultsIn this manuscript, we articulated the successful in vitro shoot multiplication and callus induction of J. procera by using young seedling as explants and detected an important antibacterial and antitumor product. Explants were grown on different types of media with the supplement of different combinations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) at different concentrations. The best media for shoot multiplication was Woody Plant Media (WPM) supplemented with PGRs (0.5 μM of IAA and 0.5 μM BAP or 0.5 μM IBA and 0.5 μM BAP). Whereas for callus induction and formation Woody Plant Media (WPM) with the addition of PGRs (0.5 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM BAP) was better than the Chu Basal Salt Mixture (N6), Gamborg’s B-5 Basal Medium (B5), and Murashige and Skoog media. The possibility of multiplication of J. procera in vitro creates significant advantages to overcome the difficulties of seeds dormancy for the reproduction of plants, conservation of trees, and getting mass propagation material for pharmaceutical studies. The shoot and callus extract of J. procera was detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and revealed more than 20 compounds related to secondary metabolites, which contained antibacterial and antitumor agents, such as ferruginol, Retinol, and Quinolone as well as confirmed by Direct Analysis in Real Time, Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (DART-ToF-MS). Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) was detected in callus material by HPLC with sigma standard and confirmed by DART-ToF-MS and UV spectra.ConclusionWe successfully conducted in vitro shoot multiplication and callus induction from J. procera seedlings using WPM and a different combination of PGRs and, detected an important antibacterial and antitumor product such as ferruginol and podophyllotoxin. According to our findings, J. procera has become a new natural source of novel bioactive compounds.

Pengaruh Diameter Batang Bawah dan Hormon BAP (Benzyl Amino Purin) Terhadap Keberhasilan Sambung Pucuk Sawo

&lt;p&gt;Sawo is a tropical native fruit from Indonesia, demand fot the fruit of sawo is increasing every year, one of the most effective ways to consumer demand is to vegetatif propagation that is top grafting. Top grafting can be accelerated by the addition of plant growth regulators. The purpose of this research was to know the success of top grafting of sawo plants at various sizes of diameter plant seedling and levels of BAP concentration. The method used was factorial complete randomized design with 2 factor,the first factor was diameter plant seedling (small, medium and big) and the second factor was concentrations of BAP (0, 100 and 200 ppm) with 5 replications. The result showed that diameter plant seedling small and medium gave a significant effect (P&amp;lt;0.05) on time of shoot, number of leaf and long of shoot. The levels of BAP concentration 100 and 200 ppm gave a significant effect on the time of shoot, number of shoot and long of shoot and percentage of success. There is interaction of diameter seedling and concentration of BAP against top grafting of sawo varieties jumbo vietnam.&lt;/p&gt;

Integration of RT-qPCR analysis and grey situation decision-making model for evaluating the effects of plant growth regulators on the gene expression in rice seedlings under thiocyanate exposure

Thiocyanate (SCN−) present in irrigation water can have negative effects on plant growth and crop yields. Addition of plant growth regulators (PGRs) can alleviate toxic stress to plants. In the current study, we established a grey situation decision-making model (GSDM) to integrate the data of RT-qPCR analysis for screening the optimal addition of PGRs to minimise pollution stress. The effects of PGRs (i.e., jasmonic acid [JA], indole-3-acetic acid [IAA] and sodium hydrosulfide [NaHS]) on the abundance of IAA oxidation and conjugation-related genes in rice seedlings under potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) exposure was examined. The results obtained from RT-qPCR analysis can roughly present the mitigating effects of IAA, JA, and NaHS on rice seedlings under KSCN stress. Integration of RT-qPCR analysis and GSDM further quantified the regulatory effects of PGRs. Simulation results showed that the effect of NaHS on the gene expression at KSCN exposure is apparently better than that of JA and IAA. Our study provides a new simple, efficient, and cheap approach to identify the optimal plant growth regulators under the stress of environmental pollution.

Auxin and cytokinin combinations improve growth rates and protein contents in Laurencia catarinensis (Rhodophyta)

Laurencia catarinensis (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae) has a high diversity of secondary metabolites such as acetogenin and halogenated terpenoids, with biological activities. We tested different combinations of auxins and cytokinins to evaluate their effects on the growth, total soluble proteins, pigments, and carbohydrates of L. catarinensis with the aim of improving the culture techniques of this species. To accomplish this, algae were cultivated in seawater enriched with quarter strength of von Stosch solution (VSES/4) with the addition of plant growth regulators (PGRs), and the treatment control without PGRs addition. The auxins tested were indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and cytokinins were benzylaminopurine (BA) and 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), in the following combinations: IAA:BA, IAA:2iP, 2,4-D:BA, and 2,4-D:2iP, in the concentrations of 5:5, 5:50, 50:5, and 50:50 μM for each auxin:cytokinin combination. Addition of PGRs had significant effects on the growth rates of L. catarinensis, which varied from 7.62 ± 0.12% to 9.30 ± 0.55% day−1. The highest growth rates were observed in treatments with 5:5 μM of IAA:BA and 2,4-D:BA, and 50:5 μM of 2,4-D:2iP. Higher contents of total soluble proteins were observed in treatments with 50:50 μM of IAA:BA and 2,4-D:BA. The auxin:cytokinin combinations inhibited allophycocyanin contents, but did not affect chlorophyll a and carbohydrate concentrations. Therefore, supplementation of auxins and cytokinins, especially the IAA:BA and 2,4-D:BA combinations, is useful approach to stimulate growth rates or soluble protein contents of L. catarinensis, improving the cultivation of this species with high biotechnological potential.

Nuclear DNA content as an indicator of inflorescence colour stability of in vitro propagated solid and chimera mutants of chrysanthemum

In chrysanthemum, breeders seek for desirable characteristics of the inflorescence, which can first be established once the plant is mature. The present study aims to determine whether measurement of DNA content can be useful in the detection of somaclonal variants and/or separation of chimera components in chrysanthemum at the early in vitro multiplication stage. Eleven Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. cultivars of the Lady group (a mother cultivar and ten of its radiomutants obtained by X-ray- or γ-irradiation; solid and periclinal chimeras) were propagated in vitro. Single-node explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, either without plant growth regulators (PGRs) or supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The nuclear DNA content was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) in the shoots produced in vitro. After acclimatization and growth of the plants in a glasshouse, inflorescence colour was recorded. The addition of PGRs to the medium almost doubled the mean number of shoots produced in vitro per explant, but caused a change in inflorescence colour of all (‘Lady Apricot’; periclinal chimera) or part of the plants (‘Lady Amber’; solid mutant and ‘Lady Salmon’; periclinal chimera). All radiomutants contained less DNA than the mother cultivar ‘Richmond’. There were significant differences in DNA content between plants of the same cultivar grown in media with or without PGRs for ‘Lady Apricot’ and ‘Lady Salmon’, but no phenotype alternation occurred in chrysanthemums produced in PGR-free medium compared to the original cultivars. Conversely, in medium with PGRs, chimeras produced flowers different from the original colour. In all except one cultivar (‘Lady Amber’; solid mutant) a lack of differences in genome size between plants grown in either medium coincided with a stable inflorescence colour. The occurrence of some plants of ‘Lady Amber’ with different inflorescence colour may be due to small DNA changes, undetectable by FCM. It can be concluded that FCM analysis of DNA content in young plantlets can be indicative of the stability of inflorescence colour in chrysanthemum, especially chimeric cultivars, and for mutant detection.

Growth Regulation and Validation of Homogeneity in In Vitro-Derived Bleeding Heart by Molecular Markers and Spectral Analysis of Pigments

The aim of this study is to analyze the morphogenetic events in Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara (bleeding heart) ‘Gold Heart’ and ‘White Gold’ micropropagated in various culture media, and to evaluate the biochemical and genetic stability of the produced plants. None of the sixteen tested plant growth regulator (PGR) combinations improved the micropropagation efficiency or morphological traits of shoots in ‘Gold Heart’ compared to the PGRs-free control, indicating low intrinsic regenerability of this cultivar. As for bleeding heart ‘White Gold’, culture medium with 0.5 mg·L−1 IBA and 2.0 mg·L−1 BA was optimal in terms of multiplication ratio (9.8) and shoot parameters. Addition of PGRs was necessary for effective rooting in both cultivars studied. Some experimental combinations declined the concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the shoots of bleeding heart, especially if a significant amount of callus was formed at the shoot base. The PGR-supplemented media stimulated the abundant secretion of phenols by shoots. The survival rate and quality of the plantlets after acclimatization varied from 0.0 to 100%, depending on the composition of the multiplication medium. Plants with a higher number of leaves were more likely to survive acclimatization. Somaclonal variation was detected in 36.8 to even 69.1% of in vitro-derived plants by two genetic marker systems. Most of that variation was irrelevant, however, some genotypes were significantly different from the predominant control.

Effect of plant growth regulators on visual quality of turfgrass

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are used on turfgrass to slow vertical growth and reduce mowing intensity. However, turfgrasses sometimes exhibit some leaf discolouration after PGR applications. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different rates of PGRs on turfgrass quality with a special focus on colour characteristics. Three cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were used in an experiment. Six PGRs were used, namely, Trinexapac Ethyl, Paclobutrazol, Flurprimidol, Mefluidide, Ethephon and Gibberellic Acid, at five different rates. A control without the addition of PGRs was also tested simultaneously. The measurement of leaf colour was performed using a portable spectrophotometer and is presented in CIELab colour space. The turfgrass quality was assessed by a visual score.The results showed that the turfgrass quality was significantly different regarding the perennial ryegrass cultivar, treated with different PGRs rates. The changes owing to different PGRs rates appeared in the wavelengths ranging from 540 to 650 nm. PGRs application significantly affected L, b and a colour components. Gibberellic Acid application resulted lighter leaves with higher yellow hue and in a lower score of overall appearance and turf colour assessment. Paclobutrazol and Trinexapac Ethyl, had a beneficial influence on colour characteristics and turf quality. Flurprimidol and Melfuidide had no effect on turfgrass colour and quality after PGR treatment. The changes in colour of turf of perennial ryegrass correlated with PGR rates. Higher rates resulted in increased intensity of discolouration. The results of the spectrophotometric analysis of leaf colour corresponded with visual turf colour assessment. However, visually scored turfgrass did not show differences between PGR rates.

Callus Induction of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) In Vitro with Addition of Growth Regulators

This research was conducted to determine the best combination of plant growth regulators on callus induction of shoot explants mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). The research used complete randomized design (CRD) which is consisting of 12 treatments with 3 times repetitions. The parameters observed were time of callus formation, callus texture, callus color, callus pile height, callus surface area, callus weight, and callus performance. Data was analyzed by using ANOVA, and DMRT as follow up. The result showed that addition of plant growth regulators have effect on callus induction of shoot explant mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). The best concentration and composition of media for induction of mangosteen callus is by giving sucrose 1,5 g / L + 2,4D 3 ppm because it was able to produce callus with the fastest time with a compact texture and color that is identical to green and white. The callus has 0.67a cm in height, 1.70a cm2 in width, and 0.51a g in weight. The callus performance is growing all over the surface.