Addition Of Inorganic Salts Research Articles

Zeta potential of different lithotypes in Shenfu coal

The zeta potential of different lithotypes of two coals with high content of inertinite in Shenfu Coalfield has been studied. Moreover, the effects of pH value and the addition of surfactants and inorganic salts on zeta potential have also been discussed. It has been concluded that the zero potential point (ZPP) of vitrain is between about 3.30 and 3.40 of pH value, but that of fusain is between 2.00 and 2.10 of pH value. Furthermore, it has been found that vitrain could reach its ZPP once a small amount of cationic surfactants and some inorganic salts were added to pulps. However, only when a large amount of cationic surfactants and some inorganic salts were added to pulps, could fusain reach its ZPP. The conclusions are useful in the efficient separation and preparation of single petrographic constituent.

Solar Water Detoxification: Novel TiO2 Powders as Highly Active Photocatalysts

The photocatalytic activity of a novel anatase titanium dioxide powder, namely Sachtleben Hombikat UV 100, has been investigated and compared with that of a well-studied material (i.e., Degussa P25). Laboratory experiments using dichloroacetate (DCA) as the model pollutant have been carried out showing a very high photonic efficiency (ζ) reaching almost unity at low-light intensities. The effect of pH, substrate concentration, catalyst concentration, and addition of various inorganic salts has been thoroughly investigated. The inhibiting effect of anions such as chloride, nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate was completely reversible upon washing the catalyst powder with pure water or diluted base, respectively. The overall photonic efficiency of the DCA degradation was found to decrease with increasing illumination intensity. Various kinetic and mechanistic models are proposed to explain this effect as well as the results of the other experiments. Implications of these laboratory results for “real world” applications, e.g., for the design of appropriate photoreactors, are discussed.

Effect of Added Salt on Three-Phase Behavior in a Sucrose Monoalkanoate System

Effect of added salt on the three-phase behavior of microemulsion in water/octaethylene glycol dodecyl ether (C12EO8)/hexanol/decane and water/sucrose monododecanoate (SMD)/hexanol/ decane systems was investigated at 25 °C. The three-phase body is shifted to higher hexanol mixing ratio upon addition of KSCN, whereas the opposite tendency is observed upon addition of NaCl in the C12EO8 system. These phenomena can be explained by salting-out and salting-in effects, respectively. On the other hand, the three-phase body is shifted to higher hexanol mixing ratio upon addition of both inorganic salts in the SMD system. In the absence of oil, however, the effect of added salt on the clouding phenomena in the SMD system is similar to that in the C12EO8 system. The mixing fraction of hexanol in the total surfactant (nonionic surfactant + hexanol) in the interface of micro-oil and water domains inside the middle-phase microemulsion is estimated according to the geometrical relation of a three-phase body in the spac...

Unprecedented thermo‐ and ion‐responsive behavior of a non‐ionic water‐soluble polysilane

Polysilanes display remarkable optical and electronic properties that are affected by teh degree of σ‐conjugation, which depends on the conformation of the silicon backbone. The thermo‐ and ion‐responsive behavior of aqueous solutions of 1 (Figure) is described, including «inverse» abrupt termochromism and the tunability of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) by addition of inorganic salts.magnified image

The importance of inorganic salt addition in disordering the structure of mechanically treated chromite

The importance of inorganic salt addition in disordering the structure of mechanically treated chromite

Usefulness of Cellulase in Recovery of Salmonella spp. from Guar Gum

Most foods examined for Salmonella spp. by the procedure described in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual are preenriched at a 1:9 sample/broth ratio. However, 25 g guar gum (an emulsifying agent) is not wetted completely in 225 mL of preenrichment broth, and after a 24 h incubation at 35 degrees C, the product is transformed into a viscous, nonpipettable mass. The effects of 4 factors (inorganic salts, pH, temperature, and various enzymes) on the viscosity of the sample/preenrichment mixture during incubation were determined. Addition of various inorganic salts or adjustment of pH from 4.0 to 9.0 had no significant effect on the viscosity of the incubated mixture. Elevated incubation temperatures of 42 degrees, 44 degrees, and 46 degrees C reduced viscosity but were well above the optimal growth temperature for Salmonella, 35 degrees C. Addition of cellulose to lactose broth at a final concentration of 0.01% reduced viscosity of the mixture, making it readily pipettable. At least one Salmonella cell was consistently recovered from 25 g samples of guar gum, which represents a most probable number value of 0.04 cell per g.

Effect of proteinated minerals and an ammonia binder on measures of production in dairy cows

Trace mineral supplementation of feed rations is commonly achieved by the addition of simple inorganic salts. The bioavailability and hence the performance enhancement achieved by trace mineral supplementation is significantly improved if the metal is added in the form of a peptide complex or chelate. Extracts from the Yucca shidigera plant bind ammonia in-vivo and thus may alter rumen fermentation and in turn milk synthesis. The aim was to determine the effects of a supplement (All-Plex, Alltech Ireland) included at 10g/day, on milk yield, milk composition, somatic cell counts (SCC), reproduction parameters and blood copper, zinc selenium and haemoglobin. The supplement contained proteinated minerals (100mg copper, 300mg zinc, 300mg manganese, 2mg selenium) and a yucca extract (1g Dc-Odorase, Alltech Ireland).

Effect of proteinated minerals and an ammonia binder on measures of production in dairy cows

Trace mineral supplementation of feed rations is commonly achieved by the addition of simple inorganic salts. The bioavailability and hence the performance enhancement achieved by trace mineral supplementation is significantly improved if the metal is added in the form of a peptide complex or chelate. Extracts from the Yucca shidigera plant bind ammonia in-vivo and thus may alter rumen fermentation and in turn milk synthesis. The aim was to determine the effects of a supplement (All-Plex, Alltech Ireland) included at 10g/day, on milk yield, milk composition, somatic cell counts (SCC), reproduction parameters and blood copper, zinc selenium and haemoglobin. The supplement contained proteinated minerals (100mg copper, 300mg zinc, 300mg manganese, 2mg selenium) and a yucca extract (1g Dc-Odorase, Alltech Ireland).

Some rheological properties of the extracellular polysaccharide produced byVolcaniella eurihalina F2-7

Volcaniella eurihalina strain F2-7 synthesizes an exopolysaccharide named V2-7, primarily composed of glucose, mannose, and rhamnose. The effect of chemical and physical factors on solution viscosity was studied. The V2-7 EPS showed pseudoplastic behavior at concentrations over 0.5% w/v. Viscosity decreased with temperature, but the viscosity values were restored after cooling. Freeze-thawing treatment did not affect the rheological properties of its solutions. Addition of inorganic salts produced a diminution of viscosity. However, the most remarkable aspect of V2-7 EPS is the effect of pH on its solutions; it is able to form high viscosity solutions, like a gel, at low pH values even in the presence of inorganic salts. This property, not present in neutral and alkaline solutions, makes it potentially useful for various industrial applications.

Fabrication of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) nanoheterocomposite films via layer-by-layer adsorption

The fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer film architectures composed of a polycation precursor (Pre-PPV) of the electroluminescent poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and two different counter-polyanions, cellulosesulfate and poly(vinylsulfate), are reported. All multilayers were characterized by UV/VIS-spectroscopy and X-ray reflectometry. Due to the differences in spatial arrangement of charged groups, rigidity, and conformation of the polyanions, the corresponding multilayer films differ in properties such as average thickness increments and surface roughness. The adsorbed amounts per layer can be adjusted by addition of inorganic salts. Thermal conversion of Pre-PPV to PPV is achieved already slightly above 100 °C, yielding identical absorption spectra for after either 3 h at 160 °C or 20 h at 120 °C. The heat treatment causes the film thickness to be reduced by 24–40% due to elimination of dimethylsulfide and HCl and also the loss of water, but the films stay optically transparent.

Polynucleotide analogues. VI. Synthesis and characterization of alternating copolymers of maleic anhydride and dihydropyran containing guanine derivatives

Abstract2‐Amino‐6‐chloropurine was reacted with 2‐(tosyloxymethyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran to give 2‐(2‐amino‐6‐chloropurin‐9‐ylmethyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran (3) and its N7‐isomer (4), which were treated with 5% aqueous trimethylamine to result in 2‐(guanin‐9‐ylmethyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran (5) and its N7‐isomer (6), respectively. 2‐(N2‐Acetylguanin‐9‐yl‐methyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran (7) and 2‐(N2‐acetylguanin‐7‐ylmethyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran (8), obtained by acetylation of compounds 5 and 6, were copolymerized with maleic anhydride to give the alternating copolymers 9 and 10, and they were hydrolyzed to result in poly[ {2‐(guanin‐9‐ylmethyl)tetrahydropyran‐5,6‐diyl} {1,2‐dicarboxyethylene}] (11) and poly[ {2‐(guanin‐7‐ylmethyl)tetrahydropyran‐5,6‐diyl} {1,2‐dicarboxyethylene}] (12), re‐spectively. Polymer 11 showed hypochromicity whereas 12 exhibited hyperchromicity in aqueous solutions. Polymers 11 and 12 in aqueous solutions showed very strong excimer fluorescence with the maximum intensities at 432 and 446 nm, respectively, at room tem‐perature. The two polymers showed polyelectrolyte effects, e.g., very high GPC molecular weights as well as reduced viscosities at low concentrations in water. Normal behavior was retained by addition of inorganic salts. Sodium salts of polymers 11 and 12 migrated to the anode by electrophoresis and both showed two bands. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Gelrite and Agar Differently Influence Cytokinin-Sensitivity of a Moss

Physcomitrella patens wild-type as well as its cytokinin-sensitive differentiation mutant PC22 exhibit premature as well as enhanced bud formation when grown on basal medium gelled with Gelrite compared to plants grown on basal medium gelled with agar. Thus, cultivation on Gelrite mimics cytokinin-treatment of mosses. However, plants could only respond to exogenous cytokinin when grown on agarmedia but were inhibited by the growth regulator when grown on Gelrite. These effects could not be mimiced by the addition of inorganic salts, nor by the addition of glucose or rhamnose to agar-gelled basal media.

Near-infrared measurement of relative and absolute humidity through detection of water adsorbed on a silica gel layer.

Near-IR spectroscopy is especially well suited to moisture determination because of the relatively high absorptivity of water compared to most other substances. In the present work, near-IR diffuse-transmittance spectroscopy is applied to the measurement of humidity via observation of adsorbed water on a high-performance thin-layer chromatography silica gel plate. The adsorbed water is detected through both ordinary absorption of radiation by water molecules and the increased scattering of near-IR radiation by the silica gel as it adsorbs more water. This technique shows promise as a highly accurate and sensitive humidity sensor with a time constant of less than 1 min. The addition of inorganic salts to the silica gel layer is shown to increase the response to water vapor. However, it also increases the time constant of the sensor. A miniature humidity sensor using a commercially available near-IR transmissive switch is also demonstrated. Possible interferences and hysteresis effects are investigated.

Size exclusion behavior of polymers in amide solvents

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) procedure for the determination of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of acrylonitrile polymers (PAN) is described. The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada parameters of PAN polymers in DMF and 0.01M LiBr-DMF at 60°C were estimated. The values of a parameters obtained by us for PAN prepared both by persulfate-metabisulfite aqueous system (PAN), and azo-bis-isobutyronitrile in DMF solution (PAN-A) were the same, while for PAN sample containing small amounts of sulfonated pendant groups (PAN-A) was higher. The addition of inorganic salt, such as LiBr, to DMF suppressed the abnormal SEC elution behavior observed in the solvent without the electrolyte although SEC of PAN-A showed almost the same results as in DMF with electrolyte. The universal calibration using monodisperse poly(etylene oxide) standards as well as application of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada parameters were satisfactory for the determination of the molecular weights

Intermolecular methyl group transfers in the xylene and xylene—benzene systems by means of anhydrous HF

Treatment of xylene with anhydrous HF (200 wt.%) at 180°C for 2 h in a sealed bomb gives disproportionation to toluene ( A, 42%) and trimethylbenzenes ( B, 32%). Extension to use of xylene—benzene mixtures for the hydrocarbon component gives transmethylation wherein yields of A and B (maxima of 30% and 27%, respectively) are found to vary with hydrocarbon composition, weight percentage of HF used, reaction temperature, reaction pressure, and addition of inorganic salts.

EFFECT OF COMBINED APPLICATION OF UREA WITH INORGANIC SALTS ON N TRANSFORMATION, YIELD AND UPTAKE OF RICE.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of graded levels of N as urea alone and in combination with KCL, CaSO4 and ZnSO4 on rice yield, uptake of N. N use efficiency and N transformations in Madurai. The inorganic salts and graded levels of N addition positively influenced the inorganic fractions of N and available N in soil at all stages of crop growth. Increased grain production was noted for application of inorganic salts with urea. The increases was about 8% for KCL, 4% for CaSO4 and 3 per cent ZnSO4 over urea alone. The N uptake by rice increased with graded levels of N application. Addition of inorganic salts particularly KCL increased the N uptake followed by urea + CaSOs and urea +ZnSO4. The N uptake by the crop was found to be correlated with soil inorganic N fractions and available N at all stages of crop growth.

Reversal of bubble charge in multivalent inorganic salt solutions—effect of lanthanum

It was discovered recently that the charge of gas bubbles in aqueous solution can be reduced and even reversed by the addition of multivalent inorganic salts. In this work, the effect of LaCl 3 on the charge of bubbles was investigated and found to have an effect similar to that previously observed with AlCl 3 and MgCl 2. The electrokinetic behavior of gas bubbles was affected slightly by LaCl 3 additions at low concentrations but changed markedly at high concentration (1 × 10 −3 mol dm −3) of LaCl 3. A reversal of bubble charge was observed and this is attributed to the specific adsorption of La 3+ in the lower pH region and to the formation of La(OH) 3(s) precipitate at the gas—liquid interface in the alkaline pH region.

Effect of Hydrophobic Chain of Dye Molecule and Surface of Active Crystal on the Organized Assemblies Formation of Dyes

Four derivatives of 5,5',6,6'-tetrachlorobenzimidazolocarbocyanine iodide with different long alkyl chain substituents in N-position of polymethine chromophore have been used for investigating the influence of hydrophobicity of dyes on the aggregation. It has been found that all dyes formed monomeric species in methyl alcohol. However, after addition of water to CH_3OH to change the polarity of the solvent, difference between dyes appeared. Addition of inorganic salt facilitated the J-aggregation of easy soluble dye, but it seems useless for the sparely soluble dye. Platelets cut from AgBr polycrystal or pressed AgBr powder have been used as substrate for adsorbing dyes. After addition of hexanoic acid, eventually the J-aggregate on AgBr surface could be destroyed. Voltammetry is a useful tool to investigate the interaction between dyes and AgBr. Experimental results showed that the longer the carbon chain substituents is, the stronger the interaction between AgBr and dyes would be.

Studies on rejuvenation of spent residue hydroprocessing catalysts by leaching of foulant metals: influence of inorganic salt additives on the leaching efficiency of organic acids

A comparative study has been made on the efficiency of oxalic, malonic and acetic acids for selective removal of metal foulants (e.g. vanadium) from spent residue hydrotreating catalysts in the presence and absence of aluminium nitrate. The influence of concentration of the added salt (aluminium nitrate) on the leaching efficiency of the three acids was also studied. The treated catalysts were characterized and the improvements in surface area, pore volume and HDS activity as a result of leaching with each reagent compared. The studies revealed that addition of aluminium nitrate enhanced the leaching efficiency of each acid to a different degree. The rate of vanadium leaching by oxalic acid was increased substantially by aluminium nitrate addition whereas for acetic acid there was only a moderate enhancement in leaching rate. The enhanced leaching by the aluminium nitrate-organic acid system may be explained in terms of a synergistic mechanism involving oxidizing and complexing reactions. The improvement in surface area and pore volume achieved on rejuvenation were related to the extent of removal of vanadium from the catalyst. The HDS activity of the catalyst was also increased significantly by leaching of the deposited metals. The selectivity for vanadium leaching (V/Mo ratio) was found to be an important factor for HDS activity recovery.

Para-linked aromatic poly(amic ethyl esters): precursors to rodlike aromatic polyimides. 1. Synthesis and imidization study

The synthesis and characterization of several para-linked aromatic poly(amic ethyl ester)s based on 2,5-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)terephthalic acid and several substituted 1,4-diaminobenzene and noncoplanar 4,4'-diaminobiphenylene derivatives are described. Depending on the degree and type of substitution, the precursors are soluble to high concentrations in solvents such as DMF or NMP without the addition of inorganic salts. TGA and FTIR measurements show that the imidization process for these materials is controllable and goes to completion