Addition Of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Oral viscous budesonide solution for enhanced localized treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis through improved mucoadhesion and permeation

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus that is immune/antigen-mediated and often requires targeted treatment. In clinical practice, an oral viscous budesonide suspension prepared by adding sucralose to a budesonide suspension for inhalation (Pulmicort®) is used to treat adult EoE and enhance retention in the esophageal mucosa. Inspired by this off-label drug use, oral viscous budesonide solutions (OVBSs) were developed in this study, and their capacities for adhesion, permeation, and stability were explored. Given the insolubility of budesonide as a BCS II drug, we first evaluated its equilibrium solubility and found that Transcutol® HP was an excellent choice for creating an OVBS at a concentration of 0.2 mg/g. The rheological properties of the OVBSs were evaluated with a rheometer, and shear-thinning, which aids in swallowing, was observed. The addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) increased the adhesion strength of the preparation, which was associated with the hydration and thickening mechanism. This result was confirmed in a dynamic gelation study and in vitro elution experiment conducted with porcine esophagus tissue. Furthermore, the permeabilities of the OVBSs in the porcine esophagus were evaluated with a Franz diffusion cell device. >80 % of the budesonide was released after 24 h, and the release profile was similar to that of the solution. To explore the storage conditions of OVBSs, critical factors such as pH, content, and impurities were determined. It was found that OVBSs exhibited different behaviors at different pH values and temperatures. Notably, the OVBSs containing 1.7 % HEC could be stored for >6 months at a temperature of 5 °C ± 3 °C and a pH of 4.5 without significant degradation. Overall, this study demonstrated that OVBSs have the potential to adhere to the esophageal mucosa, permeate the tissue, and remain stable during storage. Moreover, OVBSs exhibit a distinct advantage over traditional converted inhalation-to-oral budesonide therapies by enabling flexible dose adjustment in clinical applications, thereby potentially minimizing systemic side effects commonly associated with oral glucocorticoid administration.

On the features of breaking a microjet of dilute polymer solution into main and satellite microdroplets under external vibration perturbation

An experimental study of the morphology of the laminar microjet flow of diluted aqueous solutions of sodium alginate without and with the addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose after a nozzle subject to external vibration stimulation by the action of the reverse piezoelectric effect was carried out. We studied the influence of the polymer concentration in the solution (0.5-5 mg/ml), the flow rate of the liquid (4-26 ml/min), and the frequency of the current of external perturbation (0-1.2 kHz) on the capillary crushing of the microjet with a diameter of about 210 um in the range of Ohnesorge numbers from 0.046 to 1.88 and Reynolds numbers 0.7 to 470. The modes of microjet flow and crushing on microdroplets with indication of boundaries of transitions between them are selected, and a general map of modes is built. Taking into account the polymer concentration in the solution, the dependence of the microjet fracture length on its velocity is shown. The conditions of monodisperse microjet destruction with equidistant arrangement of the main microdroplets in the flow are determined, which are related to an optimal balance between the molecular mass of the polymer in the solution, the intensity of external disturbance and the time of stress relaxation in polymer viscoelastic microjets. The role of formation of structures such as "beads-on-filament" in capillary destruction of microjet with identification of cases of absence of occurrence of "satellite" microdroplets from liquid threads between the main microdroplets has been studied. The results are applied to technologies based on in-air microfluidics (bioengineering and additive technologies), dealing with heterogeneous fluids with viscoelastic properties. Keywords: Plateau-Rayleigh instability, reverse piezoelectric effect, monodisperse breakup, relaxation time, microjet flow.

Особенности разрушения микроструи разбавленного полимерного раствора на основные и спутниковые микрокапли под действием внешнего вибрационного воздействия

An experimental study of the morphology of the laminar microjet flow of diluted aqueous solutions of sodium alginate without and with the addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose after a nozzle subject to external vibration stimulation by the action of the reverse piezoelectric effect was carried out. We studied the influence of the polymer concentration in the solution (0.5-5 mg/ml), the flow rate of the liquid (4-26 ml/min), and the frequency of the current of external perturbation (0-1.2 kHz) on the capillary crushing of the microjet with a diameter of about 210 um in the range of Ohnesorge numbers from 0.046 to 1.88 and Reynolds numbers 0.7 to 470. The modes of microjet flow and crushing on microdroplets with indication of boundaries of transitions between them are selected, and a general map of modes is built. Taking into account the polymer concentration in the solution, the dependence of the microjet fracture length on its velocity is shown. The conditions of monodisperse microjet destruction with equidistant arrangement of the main microdroplets in the flow are determined, which are related to an optimal balance between the molecular mass of the polymer in the solution, the intensity of external disturbance and the time of stress relaxation in polymer viscoelastic microjets. The role of formation of structures such as «beads-on-filament» in capillary destruction of microjet with identification of cases of absence of occurrence of «satellite» microdroplets from liquid threads between the main microdroplets has been studied. The results are applied to technologies based on in-air microfluidics (bioengineering and additive technologies), dealing with heterogeneous fluids with viscoelastic properties.

Carbon substrate selects for different lineages of N2O reducing communities in soils under anoxic conditions

Agricultural soils are a main source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas and the dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted to the atmosphere. The only known sink of N2O in soil is the microbial reduction of N2O to N2. Carbon (C) availability is a key factor in determining microbial community composition in soil. However, its role in shaping the structure of N2O reducing communities in soil is unexplored. In this study, a microcosm experiment was set up in which two arable soils with contrasting edaphic properties were incubated anaerobically for 83 days with four different C substrates: glucose, acetate, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) and mixture of the three. We show that the effect of C addition on the abundance and diversity of clade I and clade II nosZ genes, encoding different variants of the N2O reductase, varies across the different C substrates differently in contrasting soil types, yet still plays an important role in selecting specific taxa of N2O reducers under denitrifying conditions. We observed an increase of betaproteobacterial clade I and II N2O reducing species with addition of HEC, whereas alphaproteobacterial clade I species and clade II species within other Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes were associated with glucose and acetate. These results show that specific C-substrates select for certain lineages of nitrous oxide reducers and influence patterns of niche partitioning within clades of N2O reducers, whereas other soil factors drive differences between clade I and II nosZ communities.

Ecofriendly Hydroxyalkyl Cellulose Additives for Efficient and Stable MAPbI3‐Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been demonstrated to be one of the most promising technologies in the field of renewable energy. However, the presence of the defects in the perovskite films greatly limits the efficiency and the stability of the PSCs. The additive engineering is one of the most effective approaches to overcome this problem. Most of the successful additives are extracted from the petroleum‐based materials, while the research on the biomass‐based additives is still lagging behind. In this paper, two ecofriendly hydroxyalkyl cellulose additives, i.e., hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and hydroxylpropyl cellulose (HPC), are investigated on the performance of the MAPbI3‐based inverted PSCs. Due to the strong interaction between the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose and the divalent cations of the perovskite, these additives enhance the crystal grain orientation and significantly repair the defects of the perovskite films. Working as the additives, these two cellulose derivatives show a strong passivation ability, which significantly reduces the trap density and improves the optoelectronic feature of the PSCs. Compared with the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the control device (19.19%), an enhancement of ~10% is achieved after the addition of HEC. The optimized device (PCE = 21.25%) with a long‐term stability (10:80 h, PCE = 20.93%) is achieved by the incorporation of the HEC additives into the precursor solution. It is the best performance among the PSCs with the cellulose additives up to now. This research provides a novel choice to develop a cost‐effective and renewable additive for the PSCs with high efficiency and excellent long‐term stability.

Cellulose-Pulp-Based Stretchable Composite Film with Hydroxyethyl Cellulose and Turmeric Powder for Packaging Applications

Cellulose pulp (CP), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and turmeric-powder-based ecofriendly, transparent, and flexible composite films were prepared. The above-mentioned materials dissolved well with an environmentally friendly process using N-methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMMO) ionic liquids. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis studied their structure, microstructure, and morphology properties. Thermal properties of the CP/HEC/turmeric powder composites were thoroughly studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) instruments. The initial thermal stability of the composites was significantly improved by the addition of HEC. All the composite films exhibited a single glass transition temperature (Tg), and it was confirmed by both DSC and DMA analysis. The tensile strength (TS) of CP was 94.5 MPa, which decreased to 19 MPa for CP/HEC-1:0.5 composites, and then, it steadily increased to 24.7 MPa with an increment of HEC. Similarly, HEC increased the elongation at break (EB) of CP from 9.4 to 67.2%. The addition of HEC into the CP composite improved its flexibility, and it is more transparent in the visible light spectrum. The water vapor permeability (WVP) and swelling ratio of CP/HEC/turmeric powder composites were in the range of 1.35–1.61 × 10–9 g/m2 Pa and 185–209%, respectively. Furthermore, the composites have no cytotoxicity to the HaCat cell line. However, they exhibited excellent antioxidant properties. These merits of CP/HEC/turmeric powder composite establish them as a potential candidate for packaging and biomedical applications.

Hydroxyethyl Cellulose As a Rheological Additive for Tuning the Extrusion Printability and Scaffold Properties.

Bioink, a key element of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, is frequently engineered to achieve improved printing performance. Viscoelasticity related to rheological properties is correlative of the printability of bioink for extrusion bioprinting, which affects the complexity of printing 3D structures. This article shows the use of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as a rheological additive for engineering bioink to improve the printability without reducing the biocompatibility. Different concentrations of HEC were added to four types of bioink, namely, reagent-crosslinked, temperature-dependent phase change, ultraviolet-polymerized, and composite hydrogel bioinks, to investigate the effect on the viscoelasticity properties, print fidelity, and other printed scaffold properties. The results indicate that HEC is able to increase the rheological properties by 100 times to stabilize complex structures and improve the printing fidelity to narrow the gap between the design value and theoretical value, even converting nonviscous ink into directly printable ink, as well as tune the swelling ratio for better molecular permeability. The degradation of bioink can also be tuned by the addition of HEC. Moreover, this bioink is biocompatible for cell lines and primary cells. HEC is expected to be widely used in 3D extrusion-based bioprinting.

Hydroxyethyl cellulose as a rheology modifier for water-based drilling fluids formulated with Algerian bentonite

Under the different geological conditions of wells and during the drilling operation, some of the water-based drilling fluid compositions are sometimes not efficient for the drilling success of the oil and gas wells (case of the Algerian oil and gas wells). In the use of bentonite in drilling fluid applications, the addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is recommended to obtain good rheological properties of the fluid. In this research, we investigate the rheological behaviour in steady state, and dynamic shear rheology of drilling fluids formulated based on an Algerian bentonite with a fixed concentration of 3 wt% and a water-soluble polymer HEC of high molecular weight (~ 9.5 × 105 g/mol) at different concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.2%. All the results obtained by a controlled stress rheometer have been commented by taking the interaction between the clay and the polymer molecules into consideration, to highlight the effect of HEC on the rheological properties of bentonite suspensions. Herschel–Bulkley (H–B) model was used to fit and interpret the experimental data. A significant increase in the rheological properties of the mixture bentonite–HEC with the increase in HEC concentration has been shown. These properties reached the maximum at HEC concentration of 0.1 wt%; beyond this value, they decreased. X-ray diffraction test performed on the different samples also allowed understanding the rheological behaviour of the system bentonite–HEC. Indeed, the HEC could intercalate the bentonite interlayer and formed link bridges between bentonite particles below a critical concentration of 0.1 wt%. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended to choose the optimum concentration of HEC to be added to the bentonite suspension to ensure the optimum rheological characteristics of the drilling fluids.

Triethylenetetramine/hydroxyethyl cellulose-functionalized graphene oxide monoliths for the removal of copper and arsenate ions

Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide monoliths (GOMs) were readily constructed by crosslinking graphene oxide (GO) using triethylenetetramine (TETA) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The addition of HEC was beneficial to the formation of a network structure compared to that in the absence of HEC. The generated monoliths have shown various morphologies with different d spacing, layer thickness, and micropore size. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses provided evidences for the formation of covalent C–N bonds and some nitrogen-containing heterocyclic composition inside the graphene oxide sheet, indicating that the interaction of GO with the amine crosslinker involved the crosslinking reaction between GO epoxides and amine groups. HEC was also involved in the N-doping reaction via the partial reduction of oxygen in HEC molecules. Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the lattice distance between GO sheets increased after TETA/HEC crosslinking. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the successful incorporation of crosslinker moieties on the surface of GO sheets. The fabricated GOMs could be used to efficiently adsorb metal ions and arsenate by the introduced polar functional groups on GO sheets and porous structures based on hydrogen bonds, whose morphologies and compositions were confirmed via XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).

Enhanced alignment and mechanical properties through the use of hydroxyethyl cellulose in solvent-free native cellulose spun filaments

In this study, the addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) in cellulose nanofiber filaments is shown to improve the solvent-free processing and mechanical properties of these biobased fibers as well as their compatibility with epoxy. An aqueous dope of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) with HEC was spun and the resulting filaments cold-drawn. The HEC increased the wet strength of the dope allowing stable spinning of low concentrations of CNF. These lower concentrations promote nanofiber alignment which is further improved by cold-drawing. Alignment improves the modulus and strength and an increase of over 70% compared to the as-spun CNF only filaments was achieved. HEC also decreases hydrophilicity thus increasing slightly the interfacial shear strength of the filaments with epoxy resin. The result is continuous biobased fibers with improved epoxy compatibility that can be prepared in an upscalable and environmentally friendly way. Further optimization is expected to increase draw ratio and consequently mechanical properties.

Tuning Cellulose Nanocrystal Gelation with Polysaccharides and Surfactants

Gelation of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) dispersions was measured as a function of the presence of four nonionic polysaccharides. Addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), or locust bean gum (LBG) to CNC dispersions induced the gelation of dilute CNC dispersions, whereas dextran (DEX) did not. These behaviors correlated with adsorption tendencies; HEC, HPG, and LBG adsorbed onto CNC-coated quartz crystal microbalance sensors, whereas DEX did not adsorb. We propose that the adsorbing polysaccharides greatly increased the effective volume fraction of dilute CNC dispersions, driving more of the nanocrystals into anisotropic domains. SDS and Triton X-100 addition disrupted HEC-CNC gels whereas CTAB did not. Surface plasmon resonance measurements with CNC-coated sensors showed that SDS and Triton X-100 partially removed adsorbed HEC, whereas CTAB did not. These behaviors illustrate the complexities associated with including CNC dispersions in formulated products: low CNC contents can induce spectacular changes in rheology; however, surfactants and soluble polymers may promote gel formation or induce CNC coagulation.

The Role of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) in the Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Copper

Copper chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) was conducted in the H2O2 based slurry containing glycine and BTA, with/without the nonionic surfactant hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The result showed that with the addition of HEC, the material removal rate increased obviously, and the generation of corrosion pits on the polished surface was reduced. Surface with roughness of 0.8 nm can be obtained when the concentration of HEC is 0.01%. It shows that there is a potential for HEC in the commercial application. In order to investigate the role of HEC in copper CMP, the static corrosion rates of copper in the slurry with/without glycine/BTA were studied. Viscosity measurement and electrochemical test was introduced in this study. XPS was also used to analyze the effect of HEC during the Cu CMP. Finally, the role of HEC in the chemical mechanical planarization of copper was discussed.

Effect of polyglycerol and the crosslinking on the physical properties of a blend alginate-hydroxyethylcellulose

Films of pure sodium alginate and films containing sodium alginate with hydroxyethylcellulose and/or polyglycerol were prepared in order to study their effect on the physical properties. In addition, the films, with different composition, were ionically crosslinked with calcium ions by soaking the films in a solution of calcium chloride. The films containing hydroxyethylcellulose are homogeneous with good mechanical properties. The addition of hydroxyethylcellulose and polyglycerol modifies in a noticeable way some thermal and mechanical parameters, but also the amount of water absorbed in terms of bound water and free water.

Gel–Flocculation Transition of a Supramolecular Hydrogel Induced by Depletion Effect of Polymers

Abstract Upon addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose, a supramolecular hydrogel from a bolaamphiphilic molecule showed significant flocculation. Microscopic and spectroscopic observations revealed that the phenomenon was ascribable to polymer-induced depletion flocculation of the self-assembled fibril networks into the tape bundles.

Green biocomposites from wheat gluten and hydroxyethyl cellulose: Processing and properties

Environmentally friendly biocomposites were prepared by conventional blending wheat gluten (WG) as matrix, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as filler and glycerol as plasticizer followed by thermo-molding of the mixture at 120 °C to crosslinking the matrix. Moisture absorption, tensile properties (Young's modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break), dynamic mechanical analysis and dynamic rheology were evaluated in relation to HEC content. Influence of molding time was also investigated. It was found that addition of HEC can significantly improve Young's modulus and tensile strength of the biocomposites, which is accompanied by a decrease in loss factor in the glass transition temperature region of the gluten-rich phase. The mechanical properties and molecular relaxation could be further tailored by adjusting the molding time to control the crosslinking of the WG matrix.

Fabrication of CdS nanorods in inverse microemulsion using HEC as a template by a convenient γ-irradiation technique

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals were successfully prepared in inverse microemulsion under γ-irradiation at room temperature. Their shape can be controlled by changing the surfactant concentrations and the addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as the template. CdS nanorods were successfully obtained under γ-irradiation using HEC as the template, which was confirmed by the observation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Without the addition of HEC, spherical CdS crystals were formed. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern and electron diffraction (ED) analysis showed the hexagonal lattice of CdS in the nanorods. Additionally, the optical properties of CdS nanorods were characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy.

Thermal, viscoelastic, solution and membrane properties of sodium alginate/hydroxyethylcellulose blends

Solution and film blend compatibility of carbohydrate polymers, viz. sodium alginate and hydroxyethylcellulose have been studied. Blend solutions were prepared in water. Films of the individual polymers and their blends were prepared by solution casting and crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and urea–formaldehyde–sulfuric acid mixture. Compatibility of blends in solution was studied by density and viscosity, while blend compatibility in solid films was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer and scanning electron microscopy. Solution density showed a linear trend with the blend composition. The glass transition of the blends lies in between the individual polymers. The glass transition temperature of sodium alginate was lowered with the addition of HEC in the blend. These results suggested the compatibility of sodium alginate and hydroxyethylcellulose blends. Storage modulus of sodium alginate film decreased after the addition of hydroxyethylcellulose. For the crosslinked blend films, storage modulus was higher than the respective uncrosslinked blend systems. A typical blend film was chosen for the pervaporation separation of water+tetrahydrofuran mixture, while the crosslinked sodium alginate film was tested for the pervaporation separation of water+1,4-dioxane mixture.

Depletion flocculation of particulate systems induced by hydroxyethylcellulose

The flocculation behaviour of three different aqueous colloidal dispersion systems is examined in the presence of soluble hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) molecules by means of rheology. One alumina and two polystyrene dispersions were used for comparison with particle solid contents varying from 20 to 50% (v/v). All dispersions were sterically stabilised by either chemical or physical adsorption of an appropriate polymeric dispersant. Addition of HEC (MW range 170 000–1 000 000) followed stabilisation within a concentration range of 0.2–1% (w/solvent volume). Both continuous and oscillatory shear measurements were carried out and the yield value and elastic modulus have been chosen as providing a good indication of the degree of aggregation. The variation of the above parameters is examined with respect to HEC and solid contents as well as to the polymer molecular weight and the flocculation mechanism and aggregation kinetics are discussed. It is suggested that particles aggregate as a result of a depletion flocculation mechanism. According to this mechanism, above a critical concentration (critical flocculation point), polymer is depleted from the interparticle space after a particle collision which gives rise to an osmotic pressure gradient with respect to the bulk of the solution and flocculation starts taking place. All systems seem to exhibit characteristics of a fractal based structure above a certain solid volume fraction The differences found in the aggregation kinetics of the ceramic dispersion compared to the two polystyrene dispersions were attributed to the significant degree of pre-shearing of the ceramic dispersion. In addition, some form of interaction between the dispersant and the polymer was suggested in the case of chemically grafted polystyrene dispersions. Generally, the aggregation process can be explained with existing depletion flocculation theories.

Competitive adsorption of water‐soluble polymers on attapulgite clay

AbstractThe individual, competitive, and displacement adsorption of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) in aqueous solution onto an attapulgite clay has been systematically studied. For the individual adsorption experiments, the amount of polymer adsorbed at equilibrium decreased in the order PVOH, HEC, HPMC. In the competitive adsorption experiments, the adsorption level of each polymer is diminished by the presence of a competing polymeric species. Binary mixtures of a cellulosic polymer (HEC or HPMC) with PVOH result in a substantial reduction in the amount of cellulosic polymer adsorbed. In the displacement adsorption studies, the sequential addition of HEC or HPMC is not able to displace previously adsorbed PVOH molecules to any appreciable extent. However, the addition of PVOH to previously equilibrated HEC/clay or HPMC/clay suspensions results in a large amount of the adsorbed cellulosic polymer being displaced by PVOH, especially under conditions of high surface coverage. These results indicate that PVOH is preferentially adsorbed on the clay surface and the strength of attachment to the surface is greater for PVOH than for either cellulosic polymer.

Chemical Thinning of Spur ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ with Sevin and Vydate1

Abstract The addition of a 70 second superior oil to Sevin (carbaryl; 1-naphthyl-N-methyl-carbamate) sprays enhanced the thinning effect on both spur ‘Golden Delicious’ and spur ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Vydate (oxamyl; methyl N’, N’-dimethyl-N [(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-l-thiooxamimidate) gave excellent thinning of spur ‘Golden Delicious’ without phytotoxic symptoms but increased fruit lenticel russeting. The addition of another oil ICI 411 F (17% surfactants) or 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn4,7 diol ethylene oxide adduct 65% by weight (Surfynol 465) to Sevin increased the thinning effect of Sevin on spur ‘Golden Delicious’. The Surfynol 465-Sevin combination also caused more russeting than most other Sevin combinations. The addition of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K-30) and Sorbitol (Sorbo) did not alter the thinning effect of Sevin.