Addition Of Humate Research Articles

Composites With Ceramic Matrix Reinforced With Inorganic and Organic Fillers

The subject of this article is the development of composite materials using ceramic matrices (CM) to increase their strength and reduce the density and brittleness of ceramics. The purpose of this work is to reveal the effect of the content, size, and shape of the introduced fillers on the CM structure, which determines the behavior of CMs. The methods and materials of the study, the analysis of literary sources, as well as the results of the obtained data are considered. For the development of composite materials, we used the loams of the Tyuleikenskoye deposit of the Southern Kyrgyzstan and finely ground basalt powder with organic humate. In addition, we added basalt fibers as an additive. When adding 3-10% of basalt powder to the composition of the clay mass, fire shrinkage decreases slightly. In this limit of additives, the mineralizing effect of the chemical elements of basalt powder and humate on the formation of shards is most effective. With a further increase for additives to 15%, there is an insignificant linear thermal expansion of the samples, which is caused by the phase composition of the shard. At the same time, the optimal firing temperature of raw materials with a content of 3-15% of its additive is 950-1050 °C, within which the main processes of structure formation take place. According to the results of the experiment, the maximum strength of the samples at 1000°C was 15.8-18.8 MPa with the addition of 5% additive, and with an increase in basalt powder and fiber to 15%, the strength was 16.3 MPa. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to use basalt powder and basalt fiber with the addition of humate as the main component in the production of composite ceramic products.

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FEED ADDITIVE OF SODIUM HUMATE FOR STERLET BY THE CAGE METHOD OF GROWING

The article presents the results of an experiment to assess the effect of feed additive of humates on the growth rate and survival of different age groups of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L., 1758) and the conversion of fish feed for keeping in aquaculture. Based on the analysis of sources of scientific and technical information, it was found that humic drugs have long been used in crop production as growth stimulants and microfertilizers, and in animal husbandry - to normalize metabolism, treatment of digestive diseases and general stimulating effect on the body as a whole. Analysis of data on the use of humates in aquaculture indicated the presence of a positive effect of these compounds on individual cultivation objects. The small amount of information on the use of humates in fish farming has led to the conclusion that this direction of fish farming intensification is still insufficiently studied, and that studies of the impact of humic substances on aquaculture objects are not comprehensive and mainly concern the assessment of individual effects of biologically active action of the compounds on fish. The available information gave grounds to speculate about the prospects for the use of humates in sturgeon farming. To test this assumption, a series of experiments was conducted on the feeding of sterlet feed with the addition of sodium humate. The research was conducted in 2018, 2020 and 2021, in the production conditions of the cage fishery, located on the Kaniv Reservoir. The effect of different concentrations of sodium humate feed additives on one- and two year old sterlet was evaluated. It was found that the addition of sodium humate to fish feed in concentrations of 60, 100, 120 and 200 mg / kg of feed did not significantly affect the growth rate of sterlet. Thus, the advantage of experimental variants over the control for this indicator was insignificant, in the range of 1.0-1.6%. The effect of sodium humate on the survival of this year sterlet, for their cultivation in gardens. At the same time, the best, by 6.7-17.4%, feed conversion with the addition of humates by one- and two-year-old sterlet was noted. According to the results of the experiments, the best result was obtained in the variant using a feed additive of humates at a concentration of 200 mg / kg of feed. It is considered promising to continue the study of the impact of feed additives of humates on the growth and survival of valuable aquaculture objects under different housing conditions, in particular in closed recirculation aquasystems (RAS), as well as finding the optimal concentration of these additives in feed for different species and age groups of fish.

Effects of supplementation of dietary humate, probiotic, and their combination on performance, egg quality, and yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of addition of humate, probiotic, and their combination into diets on performance, egg quality, and yolk fatty acid composition of hens during the second laying period. Lohmann LSL white layers (n = 192), 46weeks of age, were randomly divided into 4 groups and fed with basal diet (control, C), 0.3% humate (H), 0.3% probiotic (P), 0.15% humate + 0.15% probiotic (HP) for 18weeks. Feed consumption and egg production were determined daily, egg weight was measured biweekly, and body weights were recorded at the beginning and the end of the experiment. Also, 12 egg samples from each group were randomly collected to determine the egg quality every 30days. Laying performance, yolk color, and fatty acid composition were significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) affected by addition of humate, probiotic, and their combination into diets of layers. The HP group had higher cracked egg yield and feed conversion ratio values than control and H and P groups. Except for egg yolk color, the other egg quality parameters such as shape index, shell strength, shell thickness, albumen index, yolk index, and Haught unit were not affected by treatment (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). The egg yolks of treatment groups had less stearic acid than those of control group. In conclusion, supplementation of humate and probiotic into the diets of laying hens increased monounsaturated fatty acids in yolk and improved feed conversion ratio and egg yolk color.

Нейтралізація фітотоксичності перегорілої породи відвалів кам’яновугільних шахт попелом ТЕС і гуматом калію

Досліджено вплив кам’яновугільного попелу з Добротвірської теплоелектростанції та гумату калію «ГКВ-45» на фітотоксичність субстрату перегорілої породи з відвалів кам’яновугільних шахт Червоноградського гірничопромислового району. Для біотестування використали суданську траву Sorghum bicolor subsp. Drummondii (Nees ex Steud.). Виявлено збільшення площі листкової поверхні, довжини й маси коренів зі зменшенням висоти стебла за додавання гумату до субстрату перегорілої породи. Застосування лише попелу не спричинило достовірного впливу на досліджені морфометричні параметри, але у варіанті з його внесенням разом із гуматом простежено підсилення стимуляційного впливу останнього на масу коренів і площу листкової поверхні. Установлено, що внесення попелу призводить до підвищення вмісту хлорофілу a з одночасним зниженням умісту феофітину a у листках суданської трави. Додавання гумату призвело до підвищення вмісту хлорофілу a і зниження феофітину a. Застосування попелу разом із гуматом підвищило вміст хлорофілу a та знизило вміст феофітину a більшою мірою, ніж унесення лише попелу. Збільшення розмірів листків і коренів Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii, підвищення вмісту хлорофілу a у поєднанні зі зменшенням висоти стебла, зниженням умісту феофітину a свідчить про зменшення стресового впливу на рослини. Показано, що внесення кам’яновугільного попелу разом із гуматом калію нейтралізовує фітотоксичність породних відвалів ефективніше, ніж застосування лише попелу.

Badania nad uprawą Asparagus sprengeri [Research on cultivation of Asparagus sprengeri

The best annual crop was obtained when the concentration of modified Hampe nutrient used to replenishing the hydroponic was 0,66% at annual dose 50 g of the salt per plant, or the concentration was 0,22%, but KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; was doublet (1,2 g per liter). When nutrient dose was too small or too high addition of humate to the nutrient was beneficial. Mixture of peat and coal slag provide the best substratum. Gibberelin sprays 100 ppm caused significant increase of percentage of stems longer than 40 cm.

Effects of suspended solids and dissolved organic carbon on nickel toxicity

Nickel (Ni) is a common and potentially toxic heavy metal in many fluvial ecosystems. We examined the potentially competitive and complementary roles of suspended sediment and a dissolved organic ligand, humate, in affecting the partitioning and toxicity of Ni to a model organism, Daphnia magna, in both batch and stream-recirculating flume (SRF) tests. Sediments included a fine-grained deposit, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. Survival of D. magna was unaffected by the range of suspended solids used in the present study (8-249 mg/L). However, exposure to suspended solids that were amended with Ni had a deleterious effect on test organism survival, which is attributed to partitioning of Ni into the aqueous phase. At comparable levels of dissolved Ni, survival of D. magna was reduced in tests with Ni-amended suspended solids compared to Ni-only aqueous exposures, suggesting potentiation between these two aquatic contaminants. Addition of humate attenuated toxicity to D. magna in both Ni-only and Ni-amended suspended sediment exposures. These results indicate that organic ligands and suspended solids have important functions in affecting the bioavailability and toxicity of Ni to aquatic organisms and should be incorporated into predictive models to protect ecosystem quality.

Aerobic treatment of wastewater: Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in the presence of humic substances

This paper describes results of studies on the removal of ammonia (NH3‐N) and phosphorus (T–P) during biological treatment of wastewater in the presence of humic substances (humate). Initial respirometric tests indicated that the investigated system complied with the Haldane model for inhibitory wastes. Addition of humate mitigated the inhibitory effect of the wastewater on the returned activated sludge (RAS), resulting in an increased biological oxygen uptake and in better removal of NH3‐N and T–P. In the presence of 2000 mg l−1 of humate, the system complied with the Monod model for non‐inhibitory wastes and both NH3‐N and T–P were almost completely removed. It is suggested that an application of humic substances has great potential as a simple and inexpensive method to reduce the nutrient levels in water, and also allow the recycling of phosphorus, incorporated into an organic fertilizer.

APPLICATION OF AEROBIC RESPIROMETRY: STUDIES ON THE IMPACT OF HUMATE ON BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE

This paper describes an application of aerobic respirometry to investigate the influence of humic matter (humate) on biological processes in dilution water and in municipal sewage. Standard product PolySeed, a consortium of bacteria considered to be representative of those found in an activated sludge, was used as a source of biomass. The results indicate that aerobic respirometry is a simple and convenient method for studies of biological processes. It was observed that an addition of humate at doses up to 2000 mg l−1 stimulated biological processes both in dilution water and in sewage. Also, it was found that humate is effective in suppressing an inhibitory effect of phenol and copper on the biomass. The results of the studies suggest than the application of humate has great potential in wastewater treatment, as it can serve as a source of additives, stimulating biological activity and removing toxic inhibitors of biological processes.

Humic substances in bioremediation of industrial wastewater—Mitigation of inhibition of activated sludge caused by phenol and formaldehyde

This paper describes studies on the effect of humic substances on bioremediation of industrial wastewater, heavily contaminated with formaldehyde and phenol, using aerobic respirometry. Returned activated sludge (RAS) was the source of biomass. Respirometric data and non-linear regression analysis indicated that the system complied with the Haldane model for inhibitory wastes. It has been found that an addition of humate at the dose of 2000 mg/L substantially reduced this inhibitory effect, resulting in an increase of biological oxygen uptake and in a better removal of both, phenol and formaldehyde. The results show that an application of humic substances to mitigate an inhibition of the activated sludge in wastewater treatment plants may be an attractive alternative to the use of activated carbon or specialized sorbents.

XPS study of dissolution of birnessite by humate with constraints on reaction mechanism

The present study is an investigation into the surface reactions of synthetic birnessite [Mn(II) 0.05Mn(III) 0.25Mn(IV) 0.7O 1.7(OH) 0.25] when reacted with dilute (5 × 10 −4 M) Na-humate solution using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Mn2p 3/2, C1s and O1s spectra of reacted surfaces reveal that Mn(IV) of birnessite is reduced to Mn(III) while humate is oxidized to CO 2. Initial rapid production of CO 2 results in accumulation of CO 2 at the reaction interface. After approximately 15 min, the reaction rate decreases to the point where desorption keeps pace with accumulation until after 5 h of reaction, when CO 2 is no longer detected at the reaction surface. Reduction of Mn(IV) of birnessite to Mn(III) indicates that the MnO 2-oxalate redox reaction proceeds as a transfer of one electron per metal centre. There is no XPS evidence for reduction of Mn(III) of the solid to Mn(II) in the presence of humate. The carboxyl group of humate apparently inhibits this step, most likely through formation of strong Mn(III)-carboxyl surface complexes. This postulate is consistent with Mn 3+(aq) stabilization by oxalate in aqueous solutions. Further study using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is required for a better understanding of the structure of the surface complexes. The rate of release of soluble Mn(II) into dilute humate solutions (5 × 10 −4 M) is lower by more than two orders of magnitude compared with rate of release to aerated, distilled water at similar pH. The process of proton promoted dissolution of the soluble Mn(II) component of birnessite in distilled water would appear to be impeded by the addition of humate. This could be attributed to the formation of strong, multinuclear surface complexes between Mn(II, III) and the adsorbed carboxyl groups.

Studies on Cool Injury in Bean Plants : IV. Effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on the growth and yield of soybeans as subjected to low temperature from early to mid-reproductive stage

1) Experiment-I was conducted to examine the effects of a high level of nitrogen (N) application with several fertilizers, including slowly available N as a farmyard manure, rape seed cake, fish meal, IB and CDU on the growth and yield of soybeans subjected to low temperature, at 15°C, day and night under the natural light condition of a glasshouse in the phytotron for 15 days (L-1) or 30 days (L-2), from a few days before the onset of the flowering of the controls grown in a glasshouse, similar to the natural condition. In addition to an indeterminate type of American variety which was mostly used, its isogenic line, genetically alike in characters other than inability of nodulation, was referred to measuring the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on growth and yield. The results will be described with nodulating plants unless otherwise indicated. Based on the flowers developed under 15°C during the sensitive stages to low temperature and their corresponding controls, seed yield and yield components of each fertilizer plot were compared with the L-2 and control condition for measuring the direct effect of low temperature injury. The major sources of decrease in seed yield were the decrease in the pod number, or pod setting rate, and the fertile seed percentage, but the statistical difference among fertilizers was only obtained in the pod number, or the pod setting rate. The rate of damage caused by the low temperature treatment was least at the farmyard manure and greatest at the CDU plot. In the total seed weight produced through the flowering period, the farmyard manure plot was the highest in both the two low temperature treatments and the control. All of the other four slowly available N fertilizers tested were also superior to both the high and standard level of ammonium sulfate. The weights of leaves and stems at maturity were the highest at the farmyard manure plot and all of the fertilizers tested showed similar trend to the seed yield. The nonnodulating line markedly responded to N fertilization in growth and yield, but the trend of response to fertilizers was in contrast to that of the nodulating line. Compared with the high level of ammonium sulfate plots, the plots slowly available N including the farmyard manure produced about 30% less in dry matter weight. The excellence of the farmyard manure for growth and yield was only shown in the nodulated plants in which no significant depression of N fixation was observed through plant development in spite of the high rate of N contained 2) Experiment-II was conducted to confirm the results of experiment-I and to examine the effects of the application of humates or oat straw, combined with the nitrogenous fertilizers, on the plants, when subjected to low temperature for 15 days, from the onset of flowering (L-4), five days before (L-3), or after (L-5) the onset of flowering of the controls, grown under the natural condition. The variety used is a representative of the determinate type in Hokkaido. The farmyard manure again exhibited stable and high seed weight over three different stages of low temperature treatments and the control. The plot, combined with 80% of N from slowly available N as CDU and 20% from ammonium sulfate, with or without the addition of humate or oat straw, showed as significantly high as farmyard manure in the seed yield, compared with the plots of high and standard levels of ammonium sulfate. Despite the increase in the 100-seed weight, the addition of humate, and or oat straw indicated no increase in the seed weight because of the depression of vegetative growth and the tendency of decrease in the flower number. [the rest omitted]