Addition Of Formalin Research Articles

Socialization of The Abuse and Danger of Formaline as A Preservative in Food Materials at Lubuk Pakam District

The addition of formalin is often misused by making it a food preservative. This happens because the price of formalin is cheaper than natural food preservatives and synthetic food preservatives. Despite realizing that formalin is very dangerous because it is carcinogenic and irritating to the body. Food ingredients containing formaldehyde are commonly found in tofu and meatball products. While meatballs and years are food ingredients that are much liked by the community. Both types of food contain lots of protein and carbohydrates which are good for health. Community service activities are carried out through outreach activities using lectures, discussion, and question-and-answer methods. The number of participants who participated in this PkM activity was 20 people aged in the 25-45 year range who were in the Lubuk Pakam sub-district. This PkM activity uses a system of pre-test and post-test in evaluating the level of increase in participants' knowledge. In addition, the level of satisfaction of participants in PkM activities was measured using a questionnaire. The results of the service show that PkM activities have provided additional knowledge to the community so that they are more careful in choosing food ingredients for consumption so that they will avoid the dangers of misuse of formaldehyde in food. Based on the evaluation carried out on the PkM activities, there was an increase in the average knowledge of the PkM participants by 30% after being given socialization. While the majority of 95% (19 PkM participants) were satisfied with the implementation of this PkM activity.

Utilization of gold nanoparticles to detect formalin adulteration in milk

Despite the addition of formalin in milk or any food product is banned in most of the countries, its use continues because of capability to increase shelf life of food by several folds and cheap availability. An addition of small quantity of solution of gold nanoparticles enhanced the capability of Tollen’s reagent and produced visible change in color due to presence of trace amount of formalin in solution. In order to establish this new technique, various samples of milk with different quantities of formalin were prepared and color change after the reaction with gold nanoparticles suspended in Tollen’s reagent was visibly observed. This was also monitored by UV–Visible Spectrophotometry to confirm the formation of gold core silver shell particles. This paper presents an easy, cost effective way to detect formalin adulteration in milk at very low concentrations and could be adopted in the area of quality control and can be further modified for use in the testing of other food products.

Effect of formalin in early stages of the freshwater neotropical catfish, Lophiosilurus alexandri

The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of formalin and its level of therapeutic safety in early stages of Lophiosilurus alexandri. Experiment 1, larvae 7 days after hatching (DAH) were exposed to 43.2, 86.4, 172.8, 345.6, 691.2, 1404.0 mg/L of formalin. Experiment 2, juveniles with 22 DAH exposed to 54, 108, 216, 432, 648 mg/L. Experiment 3, 45 DAH exposed to 86.4, 172.8, 345.6, 691.2, 1036.8 mg/L. The experiments had a control without addition of formalin and all were carried out in duplicate. The LC50-12 h were: Experiment 1 = 108.86 mg/L; 2: 152.74 mg/L; 3: 244.38 mg/L of formalin. The respective safety levels were: Experiment 1 = 66.22 mg/L (1 h), 10.89 mg/L (12 h); 2 = 49.17 mg/L (2 h), 15.27 mg/L (12 h); 3 = 68.89 mg/L (2 h), 24.44 mg/L (12 h). The results showed that the developmental stage influenced the sensitivity of animals to formalin.

THE INFLUENCE OF FUNGI CONTAMINATION ON THE AVIATION FUEL AND BIOCIDE INHIBITOR

Aviation fuel is one of the fractions of fuel oil containing hydrocarbons and trace materials in the form of organic salts. Distribution of aviation fuel to the aircraft allows the aviation fuel contaminated by water due to condensation. The presence of water, hydrocarbons and organic compounds are appropriate conditions for microbial growth. The growth of microbes among other fungi generates biomass that sould can be able block fi lter between fuel tank in aircraft to the engine and have fatal consequences for flight operation. An efforts to prevent the growth of fungi is to add biocides in aviation fuel, which is in this study using formalin. Fungi was used in this experiments consists of four species which were dominant in the aviation fuel that are: Paecilomyces sp.1, Paecilomyces sp.2, Aspergillus sp., Scytalidium sp., as will as a the of mixed cultures of four species of fungus. The concentration of formalin is used as biocide were 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 500 ppm. Parameter measured are dry weight of fungi and physical characteristic of aviation fuel including specific gravity, smoke point, freezing point, copper strip corrosion and flash point. Experiment result showed that the addition of formalin could prevent the growth of fungi in aviation fuel. For Paecilomyces sp.1 and Paecilomyces sp.2, formalin concentration of 150 ppm can prevent fungi growth in aviation fuel signifi cantly. It takes 500 ppm for Aspergillus sp. and 250 ppm for Scytalidium sp. The concentration of formalin 250 ppm and 500 ppm were inhibit the growth of mixed culture. Analysis of the physical properties of aviation fuel, showed that the use of formalin does not affect the quality of aviation fuel in all parameters tested and they meet the quality standards of aviation fuel issued by Ministry of Defence. This means that formalin can be used as biocide for aviation fuel.

Automated Cellient(™) cytoblocks: better, stronger, faster?

Cytoblocks (CBs), or cell blocks, provide additional morphological detail and a platform for immunocytochemistry (ICC) in cytopathology. The Cellient(™) system produces CBs in 45minutes using methanol fixation, compared with traditional CBs, which require overnight formalin fixation. This study compares Cellient and traditional CB methods in terms of cellularity, morphology and immunoreactivity, evaluates the potential to add formalin fixation to the Cellient method for ICC studies and determines the optimal sectioning depth for maximal cellularity in Cellient CBs. One hundred and sixty CBs were prepared from 40 cytology samples (32 malignant, eight benign) using four processing methods: (A) traditional; (B) Cellient (methanol fixation); (C) Cellient using additional formalin fixation for 30minutes; (D) Cellient using additional formalin fixation for 60minutes. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were assessed for cellularity and morphology. ICC was assessed on 14 cases with a panel of antibodies. Three additional Cellient samples were serially sectioned to determine the optimal sectioning depth. Scoring was performed by two independent, blinded reviewers. For malignant cases, morphology was superior with Cellient relative to traditional CBs (P<0.001). Cellularity was comparable across all methods. ICC was excellent in all groups and the addition of formalin at any stage during the Cellient process did not influence the staining quality. Serial sectioning through Cellient CBs showed optimum cellularity at 30-40μm with at least 27 sections obtainable. Cellient CBs provide superior morphology to traditional CBs and, if required, formalin fixation may be added to the Cellient process for ICC. Optimal Cellient CB cellularity is achieved at 30-40μm, which will impact on the handling of cases in daily practice.

Aggregation of Laser-Generated Gold Nanoparticles Mediated by Formalin

Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, KoreaReceived October 10, 2012, Accepted October 28, 2012We have investigated the effects of formalin on the assembly of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) preparedby laser ablation of a solid gold target in deionized water. Upon addition of formalin, the surface plasmonresonance (SPR) band at 519 nm for pure AuNPs decreases and shifts to red while a new broad SPR bandappears at ~700 nm. The red-shift is prominent with increase in the incubation time. The average size of theinitial AuNPs is around 12 nm but it increases to 23 nm after addition of formalin. It turns out that formalin actsas a cationic surfactant for AuNPs with negative surface charge in the colloidal solutions. Furthermore, throughanalysis of the Raman spectrum of formalin and the density functional theory calculations, we confirm thatmethanediol is the main species in formalin which is in charge of the aggregation of AuNPs. Key Words : Gold nanoparticles, Formalin, Aggregation, Raman spectroscopy, Surface plasmon resonanceIntroductionGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted great attentionof researchers since they have extensive technologicalapplications as well as unique properties.

The renal archaeologist: digging for clues in archived tissues to understand diabetic kidney disease

The renal archaeologist: digging for clues in archived tissues to understand diabetic kidney disease

Seawater ozonation and formalin disinfection for the larval culture of eastern rock lobster, Jasus ( Sagmariasus) verreauxi, phyllosoma

The effects of seawater disinfection with continuous ozonation or with daily formalin treatment during flow-through culture, on the survival, growth, bacteriology and histology of eastern rock lobster, Jasus ( Sagmariasus) verreauxi, phyllosoma were determined. Survival from hatch to Instar II was highest and bacterial abundance was least in low ozonated seawater (containing 5 ppb ionised bromine, Br). By contrast, at high ozonation (45 ppb Br) and medium ozonation (15 ppb Br), 77% and 69% of larvae, respectively, suffered deformities at the moult to Instar II and starved to death. Histological examination of phyllosoma showed no differences in cuticular epithelium thickness but the digestive gland tissue of moribund deformed phyllosoma had significantly thinner tubule epithelium, the lumen was dilated, B-cells were more abundant and there was greater separation between the cuticular epithelium and distal tip of digestive gland tubules. In unozonated (Control) water, 66% of larvae died during Instar II probably resulting from a possible Vibrio infection. In a second experiment, survival to Instar III was highest at low ozonation or no ozonation without addition of formalin (0 ppm). Bacterial numbers were lowest in low ozonation with 0 ppm formalin treatments, compared to daily treatment with formalin at 10 ppm or above. A concentration of 250 ppm formalin killed all larvae by Instar III. In a final experiment, larval survival between Instar III to VI in low ozonated seawater was approximately 80% at formalin levels of 0 to 80 ppm, whereas all larvae treated with 160 ppm formalin died shortly after Instar V. Disinfection improved survival by minimising bacterial disease for the culture of phyllosoma to Instar VI without interrupting growth and development. The present study established that the optimum treatment for the culture of phyllosoma to Instar VI appeared to be low ozonation (5 ppb Br) with 10 ppm formalin.

Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 3: The effect of time, temperature and fixatives.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples are often subject to time delays, possibly with temperature fluctuations, between collection and processing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of time, temperature and 2 different fixatives on equine BALF cytology, in order to develop guidelines for optimal equine BALF storage conditions. Total nucleated cell count (TCC), differential cell counts (DCC), absolute cell counts (ACC), cell viability, cell morphology and bacterial growth of BALF samples stored at 4, 18 (+/- addition of formalin- or alcohol-based fixatives) and 38 degrees C were monitored serially over a 72 h period. The time taken for a significant reduction in TCC and cell viability of unfixed BALF samples decreased as the storage temperature increased. There was no diagnostically significant difference in DCC or ACC over this time-course at any temperature. Unfixed BALF samples showed significant bacterial growth by 24 h at 4 degrees C, and 8 h at 18 and 38 degrees C; and poor morphology by 48 h at 4 degrees C, 24 h at 18 degrees C and 8 h at 38 degrees C. Fixed BALF samples showed poor morphology with Leishman's stain compared to unfixed samples.

1-Hydroxymethyl-3-ethoxy-5-methylpyrazole

The product 2 was prepared by the addition of formalin (CH2O) to 1 [1] according to the reported procedure [2].[...]

Filter-type and sample handling affect determination of organic substrate uptake by bacterioplankton

AME Aquatic Microbial Ecology Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials AME 17:311-321 (1999) - doi:10.3354/ame017311 Filter-type and sample handling affect determination of organic substrate uptake by bacterioplankton Ronald P. Kiene*, Laura J. Linn Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA and Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA *E-mail: rkiene@jaguar1.usouthal.edu ABSTRACT: Natural assemblages of bacterioplankton (coastal seawater and seawater filtrates), treated with radiolabeled organic substrates, were used to test the effectiveness of various types of 0.2 μm pore size filters in capturing labeled cell materials. The highest retention of cell material was observed with filters made of either polyethersulfone (PES), mixed cellulose esters (MCE) or Nylon. PES filters retained up to 22% less than MCE or Nylon filters in some comparisons, but in most cases these filters gave similar, apparently high retention of cell materials. In contrast, retention of labeled cell material by track-etched polycarbonate (PC) or polyester (PE) filters was 10 to 80% less than for PES, MCE or Nylon filters, even at low filtration vacuum (5 cm Hg). Radiolabel lost from PC filters was recovered as dissolved compounds in the filtrates, and tests showed that cell breakage/leakage occurred, not during filtration per se, but rather at the end of filtration when filters ran dry. Higher filtration vacuum over the range 5 to 38 cm Hg caused greater losses with PC filters whereas retention of radiolabel by PES filters was nearly independent of vacuum. Losses on PC filters were greatest during early phases of incubations, when label in the cells was found mostly as untransformed parent substrate, and losses were greater for substrates known to function as intracellular osmolytes (e.g. glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate) than for substrates (e.g. leucine and glucose) that were rapidly incorporated into macromolecules. Treatment of PES-filtered cells by a cold osmotic shock procedure resulted in nearly identical losses to those which occurred with non-shocked cells on PC filters. Likewise, addition of formalin (2% final concentration) to a seawater filtrate culture which had already taken up 14C-glycine betaine caused rapid losses of 14C from particulate materials, resulting in the same amount of loss as occurred when parallel live samples were filtered onto PC filters. The results suggest that a major fraction of the soluble components of bacterioplankton can be selectively lost during filtration through polycarbonate-type membranes, and by procedures which subject cells to osmotic shock and poisoning. Furthermore, our results indicate that PES, MCE and nylon filters function similarly well at retaining most cell materials. KEY WORDS: Filtration · Artifact · Osmolyte · DOC · Filter comparison · Betaine Full text in pdf format PreviousExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AME Vol. 17, No. 3. Publication date: June 18, 1999 Print ISSN: 0948-3055; Online ISSN: 1616-1564 Copyright © 1999 Inter-Research.

Infection of pronephros cell cultures derived from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) with bacterial fish pathogens: A comparison with whole fish infectivity studies

Primary cell cultures were developed from the pronephros of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum), and used to determine their interaction with bacterial pathogens as compared to whole fish pathogenicity experiments. Overall, there was excellent agreement with Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Citrobacter freundii, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio anguillarum, V. damsela, V. harveyi, V. ordalii, ‘V. viscosus’, V. vulnificus and Yersinia ruckeri, which were harmful to cell cultures and pathogenic to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout. Also, a culture of Enterococcus faecium, which is not a recognised fish pathogen, caused mortalities in salmonids and damaged the cell cultures. In contrast, negligible damage to fish and/or cell cultures resulted from challenge with a Carnobacterium sp., Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus sp., V. alginolyticus and commercial formalin- inactivated vaccines for enteric redmouth (= Y. ruckeri) and furunculosis (= A. salmonicida). Use of cell cultures and whole fish experiments revealed that inactivation of V. harveyi for use in vaccines was troublesome, insofar as the addition of formalin and chloroform resulted in harmful preparations. In contrast, cultures of V. harveyi, which were inactivated by heat (100 °C for 1 hour), lysis at pH 9.5 and glutaraldehyde (to 0.5% w/v), were less harmful.

The use of ELISA for the detection of African horse sickness viruses in Culicoides midges

The use of ELISA for the detection of African horse sickness viruses (AHSV) in midges preserved in 5.0% formalin was evaluated. No differences were detected by ELISA when testing AHSV infected batches of Culicoides midges collected in diluent with or without the addition of formalin. The ELISA was considered highly sensitive and easily distinguished between non-infected midges and batches containing varying numbers of infected and non-infected midges. Positive ELISA reactions were detected with formalin-preserved midges collected from the south of Spain during the 1988 AHSV epizootic. The assay, therefore, may be used in surveillance studies of either fresh or formalin-preserved midges to identify undisclosed and persistent AHSV foci. This information would be useful in helping to eradicate the virus from Europe and North Africa.

The stability of several compounds in formalin fixed tissues and formalin-blood solutions

Buffered formalin solutions were added to spiked blood samples containing diazepam, phenytoin, carbon monoxide and cyanide to give formalin-whole blood solutions of 5 and 8%. Sections of liver positive for desipramine, phenobarbital and phenytoin were placed in separate 5 and 8% formalin-water solutions. The formalin-blood solutions were monitored daily for 30 days, while the fixed liver and formalin-water samples were analyzed once a week for 4 weeks. In the formalin-blood solutions losses were found for diazepam and phenytoin over the 30-day period of at least 41% and 33%, respectively. Cyanide detection was not possible immediately after the addition of formalin and the presence of carboxyhemoglobin was difficult to detect after 1 week. In the liver, losses of phenobarbital and desipramine were > 60% while phenytoin showed little change. This study has revealed that the drugs examined at toxic concentrations can be detected, with variable recoveries, for up to 30 days after fixation with formalin. However, quantitative analysis for cyanide and carboxyhemoglobin may be significantly impaired in the presence of formaldehyde.

Counteracting structure loss in pressed sugar beet pulp silage

The loss in structure of pressed sugar beet pulp [210 g dry matter (DM) kg −1] during ensiling was simulated in laboratory-scale silos. The addition of pectolytic yeasts and Bacillus strains accelerated the loss of structure. The yeasts were found to be the principal organisms responsible for the breakdown. The loss of structure was reduced by the addition of formalin and, to a lesser extent, propionic acid and sodium metabisulphite. These treatments restricted fermentation. Addition of beet molasses and condensed molasses solubles increased the levels of fermentation products and did not reduce structure loss. Pulp ensiled at 310 g DM kg −1 showed the same degree of structure loss as the lower DM pulp. However, the higher initial DM content made for a higher initial hardness reading which resulted in the final hardness of the pulp being higher than that of the 210 g DM kg −1.

Preparation of colloidal gold for staining proteins electrotransferred onto nitrocellulose membranes

This paper describes a simple method of preparing colloidal gold for staining protein blots. Colloidal gold was prepared from 0.005 or 0.01% HAuCl 4 by the addition of formalin as a reductant and potassium hydroxide. Staining of small cell carcinoma tissue extract blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes with this colloidal gold solution resulted in the appearance of a large number of clear wine-red bands. The sensitivity of gold staining was 60 times higher than that of Coomassie brilliant blue staining and almost comparable to that of silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gel. The sensitivity of this method was also satisfactory in comparison with that of enzyme immunoblotting. The colloidal gold prepared by this method is usable for routine work.

Activit� biologique en domaine profond: transformations biochimiquesin situ de compos�s organiques marqu�s au carbone-14 � l'interface eau-s�diment par 2000 m de profondeur dans le golfe de Gascogne

In June 1983,in situ water-sediment interface experiments were conducted with the submersible “Cyana” at 2 000 m depth in the Bay of Biscay. Dissolved or particulate14C-labelled organic compound was injected into a compartment of a box-corer specifically adapted for use with the submersible. After incubation, the biochemical reactions were stopped by addition of Formalin. In the laboratory, the pathways of the labelled molecules in the various extracts were followed by means of chemical and granulometric fractionation and isolation of meiofauna. Various experiments run at 1 atm and atin situ pressures, for incubation times of between 3 and 144 h, revealedin situ biochemical transformation. After recovery of the samples, activity at 1 atm was low, with only 4% of the radioactivity being recovered in the macromolecules against 84% for thein situ experiments. These results comprise new evidence of the existence of a rapid biochemical transformation at great depth in the ocean and therefore of the activity of the microflora, microfauna and meiofauna which are living in the superficial sediment.

Complementary Methods for the Differentiation of Rhizobium meliloti Isolates

Because of the scarcity of literature on the successful use of serological methods for differentiation of Rhizobium meliloti isolates, the objectives of this study were to provide a rationale for selecting isolates to which antisera could be raised and to appraise the suitability of published methods of preparing R. meliloti antigens for the serological identification of field isolates. We used one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to develop protein profiles of eight field isolates and one commercial inoculant strain of R. meliloti in order to choose candidates that were either identical or distinctly different from each other for the production of antisera. The serological methods of tube agglutination and gel immunodiffusion complemented the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method of identification. On the basis of their agglutination titers and gel immunodiffusion analysis, the isolates were placed in five serogroups which were identical to the groupings based on protein profiles. Antigenic characteristics of gel immunodiffusion antigens were influenced by the composition of the growth medium, sonication of whole-cell antigens, and the addition of Formalin. We recommend that careful attention be given to the effects of varying antigen preparation procedures when analyzing R. meliloti so that experimental protocols do not complicate the results. The wide range of homologous-antiserum titers observed for the nine isolates indicates different inherent degrees of immunogenicity of R. meliloti which cannot be predicted before serum production. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method is a useful tool for screening a collection of R. meliloti isolates to better ensure that strain-specific antisera representative of different types of organisms will be obtained.

Formalin and footrot in sheep

Changes in formalin concentration were measured over time in uncontaminated solutions and solutions heavily contaminated by mud, faeces, wool or straw. Shallow plastic trays containing 1.11 of a 9% aqueous solution of formalin were exposed for 6 days (trial 1) or 8 days (trial 2) to windy autumn weather. Evaporation of solution volumes was high (47-73%). Concentration generally increased over time: by 13-31% in trial 1 and by 61-162% in trial 2. These figures represent actual increases in percentage formalin of up to 3.0% in trial 1 and up to 7.6% in trial 2. Exposure to mud, sheep faeces or wool did not affect the increase in concentration but there was no increase in the presence of straw. As exposure to excessively concentrated formalin solutions produces hyperaemia, cracking of interdigital skin and lameness in sheep it is recommended that footbath solutions should be diluted to 2-S%, prepared on the day of use and discarded daily whether contaminated or not. Addition of formalin or water to existing solutions of unknown strength should be avoided.

Investigations into falsely elevated somatic cell counts of bulked herd milk.

Bulk milk cell counts obtained by a Coulter Milk Cell Counter were shown to be falsely elevated because of the formation of non-cellular particles (NCP). The NCP, which were detected by the use of a particle size analyser, were removed if the milk samples were heated to 55 degrees C for 15 min before the addition of formalin. A survey of bulk milk supplies in New South Wales showed that NCP occurred in milk from 2% of farms, the counts being falsely elevated by about 200 000 cells/ml. Surveys of milking equipment of farms where the bulk milk had shown this phenomenon demonstrated a relationship between the use of centrifugal milk pumps and the presence of NCP with a much lower prevalence in herds where spit chamber releasers were used. These particles were not air bubbles since air was removed from the milk by heating to 60 degrees C for 15 min, vacuum at 65 mmHg for 15 min or 0.5% v/v octan-2-ol; only the heat treatment removed the NCP.