Addition Of Ferric Chloride Research Articles

An Evaluation of the Beneficial Effects of Polyamide 6's Thermal Stabilization by Ferric Chloride Complexation as a Novel Carbon Fiber Precursor

This study investigated the impact of stabilization time on pretreated polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers using various analytical techniques, including thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile testing, and density measurements. The two-step atmospheric air-based stabilization process for pretreated PA6 multifilament bundles involved initial thermal stabilization at 170 °C in an air atmosphere after ferric chloride impregnation, followed by a second step of thermal stabilization at 245 °C. Ferric chloride impregnation followed by thermal stabilization in an air atmosphere resulted in crucial structural transformations. The density values of the samples increased following thermal stabilization, accompanied by a decrease in tensile values. Ferric chloride pretreated and thermally stabilized PA6 fibers were found to be fully stabilized after 120 min of stabilization before the carbonization stage. The findings obtained from the DSC, XRD, and IR spectroscopy methods indicated the occurrence of disordering phases due to the scission of hydrogen bonds. The TGA findings showed significant increases in carbon yield percentages at 500 °C and 850 °C, reaching 71.4% and 63.5%, respectively, for the sample heat treated at 245 °C for 120 min. The addition of ferric chloride is expected to potentially reduce processing costs for final carbon fiber production by decreasing the time required for the thermal stabilization of PA6.

Synergistic Addition of Polymer, Ferric Chloride, and Hydrogen Peroxide to Enhance the Post-treatment Efficiency of Thermophilic Digestate

Synergistic Addition of Polymer, Ferric Chloride, and Hydrogen Peroxide to Enhance the Post-treatment Efficiency of Thermophilic Digestate

Microwave-assisted extraction of cellulose and aromatic compounds from rose petals based on deep eutectic solvent

High-value utilization of agricultural wastes such as rose petals promotes the development of the dual carbon economy. In this study, rose petals were pretreated by microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES). Choline chloride-ethylene glycol (ChCl-EG) was used as the basis for the addition of P-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) or Ferric chloride (FeCl3). Forming ternary DESs, as well as designing quaternary DESs with a synergistic effect. The effects of different types of multicomponent DES on treating anthocyanins, cellulose, and lignin in rose flowers were explored. The results showed that the highest anthocyanin extraction of 173.71 mg/g and the highest lignin removal of 40.80 % could be achieved after tetrad DES pretreatment when the molar ratio was ChCl:EG:TsOH:FeCl3 = 1:2:0.3:0.3. The interaction energy between anthocyanins and DES was calculated using density functional theory (DFT), and the maximum was −543.14 kcal/mol. This study demonstrated that DES pretreatment can provide novel insights for the utilization of roses in high-value.

Metal ion and hydrogen bonding synergistically mediated carboxylated lignin/cellulose nanofibrils composite film

In order to alleviate the resource and environmental problems caused by plastic film materials, the development of biodegradable cellulose-based films is crucial. Inspired by the strengthening mechanism of cellulose-lignin network from wood, carboxylated lignin (CL) was isolated using maleic acid (MA) pretreatment catalyzed by metal chlorides. Compared with pure MA, the presence of metal ions yielded CL with high carboxyl content (0.34 mmol/g), small size and good dispersibility. CL was then composited with CNF to prepare various CL/cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) composite films. When the addition of ferric chloride was 0.3 mmol/g maleic acid, the corresponding composite films exhibited highest tensile strength (180.0 MPa), Young's modulus (13.0 GPa) and excellent ultraviolet blocking rate (97.0 %). Meanwhile, the interaction forces measured by atomic force microscope showed that the binding between CNF and various CLs (276–406 nN) was higher than that between pure CNFs (202 nN), verifying that CL enhanced the mechanical properties of composite films. In summary, this work constructs a super-strong network between CL and CNF synergistically mediated by metal ion crosslinking and hydrogen bonding, which can be a promising alternative to replace conventional plastics in multiple areas.

Multi-Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Flexible Sensors with High Strength and Self-Healing Properties.

Excellent mechanical properties and self-healing properties are very important for the practical application of hydrogel flexible sensors. In this study, acrylic acid and stearyl methyl acrylate were selected as monomers to synthesize hydrophobic association hydrogels, and multi-physically cross-linked hydrogels were synthesized by adding ferric chloride and polyvinyl alcohol to introduce ion interaction and a hydrogen bond cross-linking network. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM, and the mechanical properties and self-healing properties were tested using a universal testing machine. It was confirmed that the strength of the hydrogel was significantly improved with the addition of ferric chloride and polyvinyl alcohol, and the hydrogel still showed good self-healing properties. Further testing of its application as a conductive sensor has demonstrated sensitive and stable motion sensing capabilities. This provides an important reference for high-performance hydrogel sensors with both high strength and self-healing properties.

Pyrene adsorption on the surface of an iron oxide nanoparticle: A ReaxFF molecular dynamics study

In this work, pyrene adsorption on the surface of a 2-nm iron oxide nanoparticle over the temperature range of 600–2500 K is studied by ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. The initial configuration of the iron oxide nanoparticle is determined based on the morphology of particles generated from ethylene pyrolysis with the addition of ferric chloride at 1673 K. The simulation results show that pyrene can be either physically or chemically adsorbed on the surface of the iron oxide nanoparticle to form a core-shell structure, as observed in the experiment. At relatively low temperatures, from 600 to 1200 K, pyrene dimers are produced before they get physically adsorbed on the nanoparticle surface. By contrast, at high temperatures from 2000 to 2500 K, pyrene loses a hydrogen atom through H abstraction by the oxygen atom of the iron oxide, and the pyrenyl radical subsequently attaches to the iron atom to form a C-Fe bond. As to the intermediate temperature range of 1200–2000 K, both physical and chemical adsorptions can occur.

Significance of Ferric Chloride Addition on the Treatment Performance of Cloth-Media MBR Treating Municipal Wastewater

Significance of Ferric Chloride Addition on the Treatment Performance of Cloth-Media MBR Treating Municipal Wastewater

Ferric chloride further simplified the horizontal gene transfer network of antibiotic resistance genes in anaerobic digestion

The role of ferric chloride (FC) on the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in anaerobic digestion (AD) system was investigated from the perspective of vertical (VGT) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) network through the high-throughput qPCR (HT-qPCR). Although FC showed limited impacts on methane production in AD of swine manure, the tetracycline and MLSB resistance genes were specifically reduced at the end, where tetQ of antibiotic target protection and ermF of antibiotic target alteration contributed the most to the reduction. Both VGT and HGT network were divided into three modules, and the complexity of HGT network was largely reduced along with AD, where the HGT connection was reduced from 683 (Module III) to 172 (Module I), and FC addition could further reduce the relative abundance of ARG hosts in Module I. The contribution of VGT and HGT to the changes of ARGs in AD was further deciphered, and although the VGT reflected by the changes of microbial community contributed the most to the dynamics of ARGs (68.0 %), the HGT contribution could further be reduced by the FC addition. This study provided a new perspective on the fate of ARGs response to the FC addition in the AD system.

Impacts of molybdate and ferric chloride on biohythane production through two-stage anaerobic digestion of sulfate-rich hydrolyzed tofu processing residue

Biohythane production through one-stage anaerobic digestion of sulfate-rich hydrolyzed tofu processing residue has been hampered by high H2S production. Herein, two-stage anaerobic digestion was investigated with the addition of molybdate (MoO42-; 0.24–3.63 g/L) and ferric chloride (FeCl3; 0.025–5.4 g/L) to the dark fermentation stage (DF) to improve biohythane production. DF supplemented with 1.21 g/L MoO42- increased hydrogen yield by 14.6% over the control (68.39 ml/g-VSfed), while FeCl3 had no effect. Furthermore, the maximum methane yields of methanogenic fermentation were 524.8 and 521.6 ml/g-VSfed with 3.63 g/L MoO42- and 0.6 g/L FeCl3 compared to 466.07 ml/g-VSfed of the control. The maximum yields of biohythane and energy were 796.7 ml/g-VSfed and 21.8 MJ/kg-VSfed with 0.6 g/L FeCl3 when the sulfate removal efficiency was 66.7%, and H2S content was limited at 0.08%. Therefore, adding 0.6 g/L FeCl3 is the most beneficial in improving energy recovery and sulfate removal with low H2S content.

Mechanistic study on the ferric chloride-based rapid cultivation and enhancement of aerobic granular sludge

ABSTRACT Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) can achieve simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal owing to its three-dimensional oxygen gradient structure. However, long start-up period and poor operational stability restrict its application and promotion. A novel rapid granulation strategy, viz., the short-term (7 days) addition of ferric chloride at the commissioning stage, was developed and verified in this study. The granulation period was shortened by 9 days, and the formed granules were compact and dense with an Fe3+ concentration of 250 mg L−1. The addition of flocculant not only maintained a high sludge concentration during the initial stages of granulation (5.3 g L−1), but also stimulated the secretion of TB-EPS and increased protein and polysaccharide contents, thereby expediting granule formation. Additionally, ferric chloride induced a diverse microbial community in granules, resulting in the emergence of new genera, such as Thaurea, Brevundimonas and Kinneretia, which improved pollutant removal performance and flocculent aggregation. The removal efficiencies of COD, PO4 3--P, and NH4 +-N stabilized at 94.2, 62.4, and 71.3%, respectively. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that short-term ferric chloride dosing has a synergistic effect on aerobic granulation.

Effect of microaeration combined with ferric chloride pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of corn stalk

ABSTRACT In this study, microaeration combined with ferric chloride pretreatment was used to improve the methanogenic performance for thermophilic dry anaerobic digestion. Parameter optimization and mechanism analysis were explored for combined pretreatment in anaerobic digestion by response surface methodology and microbial diversity and community. The results showed that both microaeration and ferric chloride had significant effects on the cumulative methane production, and the effect of microaeration was greater than that of ferric chloride. The optimal pretreatment parameters were predicted at oxygen loading rate of 0.76 mL/g VS and ferric chloride addition rate of 4.04 mg/g VS. The methane production of anaerobic digestion was 114.05 mL/g VS with the optimal pretreatment parameters, which was 17.78% higher than that without pretreatment. In addition, microbial community analysis showed that combined pretreatment enhanced methanogenesis by enhancing the hydrogenotrophic pathway.

Iron-Driven Alterations on Red Blood Cell-Derived Microvesicles Amplify Coagulation during Hemolysis via the Intrinsic Tenase Complex.

Hemolytic disorders characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are often complicated by life-threatening thromboembolic complications. Severe hemolytic episodes result in the release of red blood cell (RBC)-derived proinflammatory and oxidatively reactive mediators (e.g., extracellular hemoglobin, heme, and iron) into plasma. Here, we studied the role of these hemolytic mediators in coagulation activation by measuring factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin generation in the presence of RBC lysates. Our results show that hemolytic microvesicles (HMVs) formed during hemolysis stimulate thrombin generation through a mechanism involving FVIII and FIX, the so-called intrinsic tenase complex. Iron scavenging during hemolysis using deferoxamine decreased the ability of the HMVs to enhance thrombin generation. Furthermore, the addition of ferric chloride (FeCl3) to plasma propagated thrombin generation in a FVIII- and FIX-dependent manner suggesting that iron positively affects blood coagulation. Phosphatidylserine (PS) blockade using lactadherin and iron chelation using deferoxamine reduced intrinsic tenase activity in a purified system containing HMVs as source of phospholipids confirming that both PS and iron ions contribute to the procoagulant effect of the HMVs. Finally, the effects of FeCl3 and HMVs decreased in the presence of ascorbate and glutathione indicating that oxidative stress plays a role in hypercoagulability. Overall, our results provide evidence for the contribution of iron ions derived from hemolytic RBCs to thrombin generation. These findings add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis in hemolytic diseases.

Adsorption of inorganic and organic phosphorus onto polypyrrole modified red mud: Evidence from batch and column experiments

The ubiquitous presence of inorganic and organic phosphorus in wastewater and natural water bodies has deteriorated the water environment qualities and exerted significant influences on ecosystems. In this study, an effective polypyrrole modified red mud adsorbent (PRM) was optimized for the adsorptive removal of inorganic and organic phosphorus from aqueous solutions. The addition of ferric chloride and pyrrole was optimized for complete oxidation and modification of polypyrrole onto red mud. Kinetic studies illustrated that the adsorption progress was accomplished by physical and chemical adsorption. The experimental data of the optimized PRM were described well by Langmuir isotherm, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 32.9 and 54.7 mg/g for inorganic and organic phosphorus, respectively. The PRM showed commendable adsorption performance despite the pH conditions ranging from 3 to 11. From the effect of ion strength and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests, we found that ligand exchange is the main mechanism of orthophosphate adsorption onto PRM, while electrostatic attraction played an important role in organic phosphorus adsorption. The adsorption performance from column studies showed that the velocity of flow influenced the breakthrough time of the column but the initial concentration had minor impacts. This study would extend the potential application of polypyrrole modified red mud, acting as an efficient adsorbent for inorganic and organic phosphorus adsorption in water treatment.

Assessing biomass activities, sludge characteristics and membrane fouling in the University of Cape Town membrane bioreactor under ferric chloride addition

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been commonly employed in the treatment of domestic wastewater. However, total phosphorus (TP) removal performance and membrane fouling are two major challenges for MBR application. In this study, FeCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O was added to the membrane tank (MT) to improve the overall performance of University of Cape Town (UCT)-MBR. When the Fe(III) dosing concentration was increased from 0 to 1.8 mmol/L, the concentration of TP in the effluents was declined from 3.0 to 0.1 mg/L, and the high transmembrane pressure was reduced by 21.9%. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency remained similar. However, when the Fe(III) dosing concentration was increased to 2.2 and 2.6 mmol/L, the phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activities were greatly inhibited. Based on the overall nutrient removal and membrane fouling mitigation performances, the optimal Fe(III) dosing concentration was determined to be 1.8 mmol/L

Iron-Driven Alterations on Red Blood Cell-Derived Microvesicles Amplify Coagulation during Hemolysis via the Intrinsic Tenase Complex

Hemolytic disorders characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are often complicated by life-threatening thromboembolic complications. Severe hemolytic episodes result in the release of red blood cell (RBC)-derived proinflammatory and oxidatively reactive mediators (e.g., extracellular hemoglobin, heme, and iron) into plasma. Here, we studied the role of these hemolytic mediators in coagulation activation by measuring factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin generation in the presence of RBC lysates. Our results show that hemolytic microvesicles (HMVs) formed during hemolysis stimulate thrombin generation through a mechanism involving FVIII and FIX, the so-called intrinsic tenase complex. Iron scavenging during hemolysis using deferoxamine decreased the ability of the HMVs to enhance thrombin generation. Furthermore, the addition of ferric chloride (FeCl3) to plasma propagated thrombin generation in a FVIII- and FIX-dependent manner suggesting that iron positively affects blood coagulation. Phosphatidylserine (PS) blockade using lactadherin and iron chelation using deferoxamine reduced intrinsic tenase activity in a purified system containing HMVs as source of phospholipids confirming that both PS and iron ions contribute to the procoagulant effect of the HMVs. Finally, the effects of FeCl3 and HMVs decreased in the presence of ascorbate and glutathione indicating that oxidative stress plays a role in hypercoagulability. Overall, our results provide evidence for the contribution of iron ions derived from hemolytic RBCs to thrombin generation. These findings add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis in hemolytic diseases.

ELECTROFLOTATION TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTEWATER: CHEMICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Experimental researches are carried out and chemical-technological laws of reagent-electroflotation treatment of sewage of dairies are established. The wastewater of the milk processing enterprise of Sumy region was selected for the study. For reagent wastewater treatment, ferric chloride FeCl3 in the form of a 5% aqueous solution is selected. To accelerate the hydrolysis of the reagent as an alkaline additive was used calcium oxide (lime) CaO in dry form and sodium hydroxide NaOH in the form of 5% aqueous solution. To accelerate the formation of sediment (sludge) used flocculant nonionic polyacrylamide (PAA) in the form of 0.05% aqueous solution. The efficiency of treatment was studied by the following indicators of wastewater: hydrogen pH, transparency and amount of ether-soluble substances. It is established that the process of extraction of ether-soluble substances largely depends on the pH of the medium and increases with increasing alkalinity of wastewater. The greatest influence of pH of the environment is observed at concentration of FeCl3 of 100-150mg / dm3. When FeCl3 is added at a concentration of 200mg / dm3, the purification effect does not depend on the pH of the medium. The most effective is the addition of ferric chloride and then lime. Initially, the addition of FeCl3 coagulates proteins and partially demulsifies the fat emulsion. After the introduction of lime into the water, hydrolysis and formation of iron hydroxide Fe(OH)3 occurs, on the surface of which contaminants are adsorbed. The greatest degree of purification from ether-soluble substances 87-88% is provided by addition of ferric chloride FeCl3 in concentration of 150-200mg / dm3 at pH of 9,5-10. It was found that when using lime to increase the pH of wastewater at a concentration of 500mg / dm3, there is a more efficient removal of ether-soluble substances and suspended solids (increased transparency), and less sediment is formed. Summarizing the obtained data, the optimal concentrations of reagents for pre-treatment of wastewater were selected – FeCl3 - 100mg / dm3, CaO - 500mg / dm3 and wastewater pH - 7.2. It is shown that the reduction of the content of ether-soluble substances to 40mg / dm3 (at the maximum permissible concentration for dairy wastewater 50mg / dm3) is possible only at high processing time (20-30 minutes) and density (0.05A / cm2) and voltage (26 V) electric current, which leads to high electricity consumption.

Influence of FeCl3‐modified chloroaluminate ionic liquids on long‐chain alkenes alkylation

The influence of anhydrous ferric chloride on the catalytic properties of chloroaluminate ionic liquids catalyst for Friedel–Crafts alkylation was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) (acetonitrile molecule as probe), specific gravity, and27Al NMR. Besides, the effect of the mass ratio of FeCl3to AlCl3, catalysts dosage, toluene/olefin molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on long‐chain alkenes alkylation were investigated thoroughly. And bromine value and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed as the evaluation method for alkylation products. It was observed that the addition of anhydrous ferric chloride results in improvement in terms of Lewis acid and its catalytic recyclability. Among these catalysts studied, the catalyst modified with 1.0 wt.% anhydrous FeCl3showed the best catalytic performance in terms of yield and stability, which can be attributed to the formation of new stronger acidic ions [Al2FeCll0]−when the added ferric chloride reacts with acidic ions [Al2Cl7]−.

Effect of different iron sources on sustainable microalgae-based biodiesel production using Auxenochlorella protothecoides

In this study, iron sources and their optimum concentrations for high-quality biodiesel production were determined on Auxenochlorella protothecoides microalgae. Three iron compounds—ferrous sulfate, ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and ferric chloride—were assessed regarding concentration, specific growth rate, lipid, and lipid quality in relation to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition of microalgal biomass. Auxenochlorella protothecoides demonstrated high resistivity to high concentrations of iron species, still showing an ability to grow in the presence of iron concentrations as high as 21.60 mM. The highest saturated fatty acid (SFA), at 78.5% of FAME, was observed at 1.15 mM ferric chloride, and the highest biomass generation was observed at 1.08 mM ferrous sulfate. In addition, biodiesel and diesel fuel qualities were satisfactory with microalgae cultivated at 0.2 and 14.4 mM ferrous sulfate, 7.19 mM ferric EDTA, and 0.07–21.58 mM ferric chloride concentrations. The former may be more practical, since the use of this iron compound gives the desired result in a broader range. Overall, it can be inferred that high-quality lipid and biodiesel production can be obtained by changing the concentrations and sources of iron compounds. • Different iron compounds had a stimulatory effect on microalgae-based biodiesel. • The highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) was obtained by 78.5 % at 1.15 mM ferric chloride. • The highest biomass was obtained at 1.08 mM ferrous sulfate. • Ferric chloride addition stimulated high-quality lipid.

Rat cardiomyocyte H9c2(2-1)-based sulforhodamine B assay as a promising in vitro method to assess the biological component of effluent toxicity

The treatment of wastewaters is crucial to maintain the ecological status of receiving waters, and thereby guarantee the protection of aquatic life and human health. Wastewater quality evaluation is conventionally based on physicochemical parameters, but increasing attention has been paid to integrate physicochemical and biological data. Nevertheless, the regulatory use of fish in biological testing methods has been subject to various ethical and cost concerns, and in vitro cell-based assays have thus become an important topic of interest. Hence, the present study intends: (a) to evaluate the efficiency of two different sample pre-concentration techniques (lyophilisation and solid phase extraction) to assess the toxicity of municipal effluents on rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells, and (b) maximizing the use of the effluent sample collected, to estimate the environmental condition of the receiving environment. The gathered results demonstrate that the H9c2(2-1) sulforhodamine B-based assay is an appropriate in vitro method to assess biological effluent toxicity, and the best results were attained by lyophilising the sample as pre-treatment. Due to its response, the H9c2(2-1) cell line might be a possible alternative in vitro model for fish lethal testing to assess the toxicity of municipal effluents. The physicochemical status of the sample suggests a high potential for eutrophication, and iron exceeded the permissible level for wastewater discharge, possibly due to the addition of ferric chloride for wastewater treatment. In general, the levels of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole are higher than those reported for other countries, and both surpassed the aquatic protective values for long-term exposure.

Application of Conjugated Chlorophyll from Natural Dye (<i>Imperata cylindrica</i>) to Apply in Hybrid DSSC as Third Generation Solar Energy

High performances of Hybrid Dye Sensitized Solar Cell are necessary in absorbing more sunlight and needed renewable energy source to replace depleted fossil fuels via green energy. Hybrid DSSC is another promising option towards green energy to explore. This research aims, i) to study conjugated chlorophyll in order to increase charge carrier in molecule structure besides, increase the absorption spectrum via conjugating process with the addition of different amount Ferric (III) Chloride (FeCl3) acting as catalyst and, ii) to determine the effect of FeCl3 on the performance of conjugated dye as sensitizers in Hybrid DSSC. The conjugated chlorophyll shows a using UV-Visible analysis corresponding to conjugated chlorophyll absorbed in high region called red shifted which the maximum absorption obtain at a wavelength of 360nm and 311nm. Fourier Transform Infra-Red characterization of the an existing Fe-O bond appears at 430 cm-1 to 445 cm-1 and C≡C bond at 2244 cm-1 to 2260 cm-1. 10% FeCl3 in conjugated chlorophyll produce huge impact to electrical conductivity and efficiency with the highest value; 0.114 S/cm and 0.14%; respectively. Thus, it can be conclude that 10% FeCl3 of conjugated chlorophyll – Imperata cylindrica (iCHLO-IC) was suitable to be used for the next generation of hybrid DSSC.