Addition Of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Research Articles

Effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate modification on the structure and emulsion stability of rice bran protein in the presence of soybean protein isolate

For improving the emulsion stability of rice bran protein (RBP), RBP was modified by different concentrations of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in the presence of soybean protein isolate (SPI), and RBP-EGCG-SPI conjugate was prepared by alkaline pH-shifting. The results showed that the addition of EGCG led to an increase in the bound phenol content and the flexibility of the secondary structure, a decrease in the free sulfhydryl and disulfide bond content of the RBP-EGCG-SPI conjugate. EGCG covalently bound to RBP and SPI through non-disulfide bonds. When the concentration of EGCG was 10 % (w/v), the emulsifying activity index and emulsion stability index of conjugate reached the maximum value (36.61 m2/g and 255.61 min, respectively), and the conjugate had the best emulsion stability. However, an EGCG concentration above 10 % (w/v) negatively affected the emulsion stability, with increasing particle size due to protein aggregation. Summarily, the modification of EGCG improved the emulsion stability of conjugate by regulating the spatial structure of RBP-EGCG-SPI conjugate. The work provided an important guide to further improve the emulsion stability of RBP.

The enhanced affinity of moderately hydrolyzed whey protein to EGCG promotes the isoelectric separation and unlocks the protective effects on polyphenols

The instability and discoloration of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) constrain its application in functional dairy products. Concurrently, challenges persist in the separation and utilization of whey in the dairy industry. By harnessing the interactions between polyphenols and whey proteins or their hydrolysates, this study proposed a method that involved limited enzymatic hydrolysis followed by the addition of EGCG and pH adjustment around the isoelectric point to obtain whey protein hydrolysates (WPH)-EGCG. Over 92 % of protein-EGCG complexes recovered from whey while ensuring the preservation of α-lactalbumin. The combination between EGCG and WPH depended on hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, significantly enhanced the thermal stability and storage stability of EGCG. Besides, the intestinal phase retention rate of EGCG in WPH-EGCG complex was significantly increased by 23.67 % compared to free EGCG. This work represents an exploratory endeavor in the improvement of EGCG stability and expanding the utilization approaches of whey.

EGCG inhibits the inflammation and senescence inducing properties of MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells-derived extracellular vesicles in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

BackgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells’ secretome can induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSC). This can be prevented by the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). The impact of EGCG on the paracrine regulation that the extracellular vesicles (EVs) specifically exert within the TNBC secretome remains unknown.MethodsEVs were obtained from a TNBC-derived serum-starved MDA-MB-231 cell model treated or not with EGCG under normoxic or hypoxic (< 1% O2) culture conditions. RNA-Seq analysis was used to assess the EVs’ genetic content. The modulation of inflammatory and senescence markers in hADMSC was evaluated by RT-qPCR using cDNA arrays and validated by immunoblotting. A protein profiler phospho-kinase array was used to explore signaling pathways.ResultsWhile hypoxic culture conditions did not significantly alter the genetic content of MDA-MB-231-secreted EVs, the addition of EGCG significantly modified EVs genetic material at low oxygen tension. Gene expression of cancer-associated adipocyte pro-inflammatory markers CXCL8, CCL2 and IL-1β was increased in hADMSC treated with EVs. Concomitantly, EVs isolated from MDA-MB-231 treated with EGCG (EGCG-EVs) downregulated CCL2 and IL-1β, while inducing higher expression of CXCL8 and IL-6 levels. EVs activated CHK-2, c-Jun, AKT and GSK-3β signaling pathways in hADMSC, whereas EGCG-EVs specifically reduced the latter two as well as the serum starvation-induced senescence markers p21 and β-galactosidase. Finally, the mitochondrial content within the TNBC cells-derived EVs was found reduced upon EGCG treatment.ConclusionThis proof of concept study demonstrates that the chemopreventive properties of diet-derived polyphenols may efficiently target the paracrine regulation that TNBC cells could exert upon their surrounding adipose tissue microenvironment.

Effect of epigallocatechin gallate nanoemulsion on submandibular salivary glands following application of botulinum neurotoxins in albino rats: potential therapeutic effects

Background: Injecting botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) into the salivary glands is a common treatment for certain diseases. Green tea's active compound, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been linked to a variety of health benefits, including the reduction of free radicals and inflammation. This study compared the effects of BoNT and BoNT/EGCG on the submandibular salivary glands (SMG) histology and ultrastructure. Methods: Both BoNT and BoNT/EGCG nanoemulsions were injected into the submandibular salivary glands (SMGs) in adult male albino rats, which were then euthanized, and the right SMGs were thoroughly dissected and prepared for histological, immunohistochemical, and transmission electron microscopic analysis. Results: When compared to the BoNT group, the BoNT/EGCG nanoemulsion group significantly improved SMG acinar and ductal cells using both H&amp;E and immunohistochemical stainings. Ultrastructural findings of the BoNT/EGCG nanoemulsion group revealed marked improvement in the SMG structure, almost normal acini, and striated ducts. Conclusion: Salivary gland histological structures are significantly altered after BoNT administration, but the addition of EGCG causes only minor alterations and can be used to treat hyperfunction.

Combination Calcium Hydroxide and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Dentistry: A Narrative Review

Background: Pulp capping and pulpotomy are treatments for exposed pulp due to injury. Calcium hydroxide is the gold standard material in pulp capping and pulpotomy because it stimulates reparative dentin formation in exposed pulp. Calcium hydroxide has the disadvantage of causing chronic inflammation, cell necrosis, the formation of tunnel defects, and weak antibacterial properties against certain bacteria. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the main catechin component of green tea and has potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties against both gram-negative and positive bacteria. The addition of EGCG to calcium hydroxide has the potential to prevent chronic inflammation and improve the antibacterial properties of calcium hydroxide. Purpose: This review aims to explain the potential of the combination of calcium hydroxide and EGCG in dentistry. Review(s): EGCG has potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis. The addition of EGCG to calcium hydroxide has the potential to reduce the inflammatory effect and improve the antibacterial properties of calcium hydroxide. Conclusion: This review concludes that the combination of calcium hydroxide and EGCG has the potential to reduce the inflammatory effect and promote the antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide. Further research is needed to prove the potential of the combination of calcium hydroxide and EGCG in dentistry as a material for pulp capping and pulpotomy.

Effects of different content of EGCG or caffeic acid addition on the structure, cooking, antioxidant characteristics and in vitro starch digestibility of extruded buckwheat noodles

The effects of different types and content of polyphenol addition on the structure, cooking, antioxidant characteristics and in vitro starch digestibility of extruded buckwheat noodles were investigated in this study. The result showed epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was more easily combined with starch to form complex than caffeic acid, and amylose tended to be combined with polyphenols to form more complex. Amylose had a protective effect on polyphenols during extrusion process, which led to a significant increase of polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of extruded noodles. The addition of polyphenol and high amylose corn starch (HACS) improved the cooking quality of extruded buckwheat noodles. The extruded buckwheat noodles with 20 % HACS and 1 % EGCG had the lowest cooking loss of 6.08 %. The addition of EGCG and HACS increased the content of resistant starch and reduced predicted glycemic index (pGI). The noodles with 20 % HACS and 3 % EGCG had the lowest pGI (63.38) and the highest resistant starch (RS) content (61.60 %). This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of low pGI extruded buckwheat noodles.

Inhibitory Mechanism of EGCG on Advanced Glycation End Products Formation During Low-Temperature Vacuum Heating of Russian Sturgeon

ABSTRACT Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are generated in all stages of food thermal treatment. In order to reveal the inhibitory mechanism of AGEs, a range of concentration of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been added during low-temperature vacuum heating (LTVH), and high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics was applied for identifying and quantifying N-glycosylated proteins, N-glycosylated peptides, and N-glycosylated sites. The results indicated that, compared with atmospheric cooking, LTVH significantly decreased the generation of AGEs. The addition of EGCG has a positive effect on the inhibition of AGEs when the concentration is lower than 2,000 μg/mL, and 200 μg/mL was the optimal concentration.

The Effect of Adding Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the Porosity of Calcium Hydroxide

Background: Dental caries is a very common non-communicablae disease found in all age groups and found in 3.5 billion people in the world. Caries that harm the pulp tissue can be treated by direct or indirect pulp capping. One of the physical properties possessed by pulp capping is the porosity of material. The material most often used for pulp capping treatment of pulp perforations is calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ). However, Ca(OH) 2 has a high pH that caused the porosity to be low. High porosity can facilitate cell development and ion exchange. Thus, additional materials with a lower pH are needed to increase porosity such as Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). However, the porosity of the combination of EGCG with Ca(OH) 2 is still unclear, so it needs to be researched. Purpose: To explain the differences of Ca(OH) 2 porosity after the addition of EGCG. Methods: This study used a laboratory experimental study with a post test only control group design. This research using 16 samples for each control (Ca(OH) 2 – aquadest) and treatment (Ca(OH) 2 –EGCG) group. Samples from each group were subjected to freeze drying, observed with SEM, analyzed with ImageJ software, and tested with independent T-test. Results: There was a significant difference (p&amp;lt;0.05) in the percentage of porosity between the addition of EGCG to Ca(OH) 2 namely 32,61% compared to Ca(OH) 2 with aquadest namely 23,38%. Conclusion: The porosity of the combination of calcium hydroxide with EGCG has a higher percentage compared to calcium hydroxide with aquadest.

The effect addition of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in nano hydroxyapatite on surface porosity as a candidate pulp capping materia

Background: Deep caries, cavity preparation and use of burs or other dental instruments often result in pulpal perforation. In the case of an exposed pulp, regenerative pulp tissue treatment aims to regenerate normal tissue and maintain pulp vitality by inducing pulp regeneration using the right material, so that a good percentage and size of material porosity is needed to help cell regeneration by supporting cell proliferation and attachment, stimulating remineralization and differentiation of odontoblast-like cells. Nano-HA has the ability to produce dentine bridges continuously, has porous properties that allow cell growth, improves mechanical properties, but is not anti-inflammatory so that EGCG is added which has the advantage of being an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory which can optimize pulp tissue regeneration and also acts as an antimicrobial by reduce the growth of bacteria in the oral cavity and can trigger the proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Purpose: This study aims to prove the difference in surface porosity of nano hydroxyapatite added with EGCG compared to nano hydroxyapatite and aquadest. Methods: This study used a laboratory experimental study with a posttest-only control group design. The research sample consisted of 32 samples which were divided into 2 groups, the treatment group (nano HA - EGCG) and the control group (nano HA - aquadest). Each research group was subjected to freeze drying and SEM tests. Results: There was a significant difference in the percentage of surface porosity between the nano hydroxyapatite added with EGCG compared to nano hydroxyapatite and aquadest.on the results of the Independent T-test (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The addition of EGCG to nano hydroxyapatite has a higher porosity percentage compared to nano hydroxyapatite with aquadest.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Alleviates Liver Oxidative Damage Caused by Iron Overload in Mice through Inhibiting Ferroptosis.

Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death, has been widely explored as a novel target for the treatment of diseases. The failure of the antioxidant system can induce ferroptosis. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) is a natural antioxidant in tea; however, whether EGCG can regulate ferroptosis in the treatment of liver oxidative damage, as well as the exact molecular mechanism, is unknown. Here, we discovered that iron overload disturbed iron homeostasis in mice, leading to oxidative stress and damage in the liver by activating ferroptosis. However, EGCG supplementation alleviated the liver oxidative damage caused by iron overload by inhibiting ferroptosis. EGCG addition increased NRF2 and GPX4 expression and elevated antioxidant capacity in iron overload mice. EGCG administration attenuates iron metabolism disorders by upregulating FTH/L expression. Through these two mechanisms, EGCG can effectively inhibit iron overload-induced ferroptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that EGCG is a potential ferroptosis suppressor, and may be a promising therapeutic agent for iron overload-induced liver disease.

Achieving dual functions of texture modification and water retention of shrimp surimi products with the combination of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and γ-cyclodextrin

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exhibits excellent cross-linking effects of myofibrillar proteins, it is prone to self-aggregation, causing excessive cross-linking and moisture loss of gels, which limits its application as a food additive in surimi products. Here, through combination γ-cyclodextrin and EGCG into one inclusion complex, we achieved proper usage of EGCG in shrimp surimi products: elevating both water holding capability and texture properties (hardness, chewiness and resilience). Moreover, the mechanism behind excellent performance was elucidated: as texture modifiers, the complexes improved gel network integrity through intermolecular interactions and moderated disulfide bonds; and as water retainer agents, the complexes promoted transformation of nitrogen in proteins towards the form of protonated amino, facilitating the occurrence of hydration. Furthermore, the inclusion complexes brought a higher phenolic retention within products in contrast with direct addition of EGCG. This work may propose novel insights for the usage of polyphenols as additives in surimi-based products.

The interplay between (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and Aspergillus niger RAF106, an EGCG-biotransforming fungus derived from Pu-erh tea

Although (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exhibits various bioactivities, its low bioavailability and toxicity at high concentrations limit its application. Microbial biotransformation of EGCG could improve its bioavailability and bioactivities, but the interplay between EGCG and EGCG-transforming microbes was little known. Here, 50 g/L or less of EGCG was completely degraded at 48 h when co-incubated with Aspergillus niger RAF106 in potato dextrose broth. The degradation was accompanied by an unchanged radical-scavenging activity and increase in the production of (−)-epigallocatechin and gallic acid, which were degraded as the fermentation time increased. According to the compound structure, (−)-epicatechin and (−)-catechin were discovered after 120 h. When co-incubated with EGCG, RAF106 formed dispersed mycelia and grew faster. The inhibition of conidial agglomeration and changes in the ultrastructure of hyphal wall coincided with the inhibition of pellet formation. Additionally, the addition of EGCG increased the cellulase and pectinase activities and altered the transcripts of 1394 genes, including those associated with carbohydrate metabolism and fungal growth and development. Conclusively, co-incubation of EGCG and RAF106 resulted in EGCG conversion into smaller molecules, inhibition of fungal pellet formation, increased fungal growth and production of cellulases and pectinases, and significant changes in hyphal morphology and transcripts of several phenotype-related genes.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves the biocompatibility of bone substitutes in dental pulp stem cells

BackgroundThe Biocompatibility between osteoprogenitor cells and bone substitutes is necessary for cell differentiation and osteogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro effect of bovine (Geistlich BioOss®), porcine (OsteoBiol Gen-Os®) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (Cerasorb M®) bone substitutes, and their combination with polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), upon cultured dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). MethodsThe DPSCs were isolated from third molars extracted from healthy individuals and seeded with 5 mg/ml of Bio-Oss® (BO), Gen-Os® (GO) and Cerasorb® (CE) in combination with EGCG 1 μM. The effects were evaluated based on cell viability / cytotoxicity assay (MTT, cell viability staining test), cell migration, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. ResultsBO and CE produced negative effects upon cell viability and migration, and GO and CE resulted in deficient cell adhesion. On the other hand, all the biomaterials exerted no negative effects upon ALP activity. Interestingly, the addition of EGCG reverted the cytotoxic effect and the loss of migration capacity in the BO and CE groups, and improved cell adhesion in the GO and CE groups. Furthermore, EGCG promoted an overall increased in ALP activity. ConclusionThe addition of EGCG to the tested biomaterials BO, GO and CE reverts their negative impact on DPSCs, and improves their biocompatibility with cultured DPSCs. The use of EGCG, thus, appears to be a promising strategy for restoring and enhancing the osteoconductive properties of BO, GO and CE in bone regeneration treatments.

Characterization of oyster water-soluble protein-EGCG conjugate and its antioxidant effects on linolic acid in emulsion system

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is frequently used as a good antioxidant in food systems. In contrast, its antioxidant capacity was limited in the oil-in-water emulsion system due to its high hydrophilicity. Therefore, food-derived proteins with higher hydrophobicity were utilized to bind with EGCG and form new molecules that could stay in the oil-water interface to improve the stability of such emulsions. This study combined water-soluble protein (OWPs) extracted from oysters with EGCG to form the OWPs-EGCG complex. When combined with EGCG, the molecular weight and particle diameter (nearly 180–240 nm) of OWPs slightly increased in a dose-dependent manner by increasing the proportion of EGCG. Moreover, several conformational changes to OWPs by EGCG addition were found, such as the alteration of secondary structures, the fluorescence quenching, and the involvement of binding groups. The OWPs-EGCG complex (1:0.025) exhibited the highest emulsifying activities, while the ratio of 1:0.2 had the highest foaming stability. Furthermore, the OWPs-EGCG complex showed nearly 90% free radical scavenging activities with an increasing ratio of EGCG. In the established temporary storage model of OWPs-EGCG conjugate/linolic acid emulsion system, the OWPs-EGCG complex exhibited enhanced antioxidant effects against the oxidation of OWPs and linolic acid. This study provided a theoretical basis for the potential applications of food-derived proteins/EGCG conjugates on antioxidant effects against lipid oxidation in the emulsifying system.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Decreases Plasma and Urinary Levels of p-Cresol by Modulating Gut Microbiota in Mice.

p-Cresol (PC), a gut bacterial product of tyrosine catabolism, is recognized as a uremic toxin that has negative biological effects. Lowering the plasma PC level by manipulating the gut bacterial composition represents a promising therapeutic strategy in chronic kidney disease. This study was conducted to reveal whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) decreases plasma PC levels by limiting its bacterial production in a mouse model. The PC concentration in the samples was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after treatments with sulfatase and β-glucuronidase. The results showed that the addition of EGCG to the diet decreased the plasma and urinary concentrations of PC in a dose-dependent manner, with a statistically significant difference between the control group and the 0.2% EGCG group. However, once EGCG was enzymatically hydrolyzed to epigallocatechin (EGC) and gallic acid, such effects were lost almost completely. The addition of 0.2% EGCG in the diet was accompanied by a decreased abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level and Clostridiales at the order level, which constitute a large part of PC produced from tyrosine. In conclusion, EGCG, not EGC, reduced plasma and urinary concentrations of PC in mice by suppressing its bacterial production with accompanying alteration of the relative abundance of PC producers.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate mediated self-assemble behavior and gelling properties of the ovalbumin with heating treatment

Ovalbumin (OVA), is the most abundant protein in the egg white. In the present study, the effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the self-assembly behavior and gelling properties of OVA with different heating time were investigated. Electrophoresis, surface hydrophobicity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and molecular docking analysis indicated that hydrophobic force and hydrogen bond were the predominant interactions between EGCG and OVA. The binding of EGCG to OVA suppressed the formation of fibrils as evidenced by the results of Thioflavin T (ThT) intensity and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. When heated for 15–30 min, EGCG addition, especially at 2.5 μM/g, resulted in a decrease of ThT fluorescence intensity and hydrophobicity of OVA samples, and a formation of dense linear aggregates. However, the OVA solution did not form a gel. In a longer heating time of 45 min, 5 μM/g EGCG induced a significant decrease in ThT fluorescence intensity and hydrophobicity of OVA samples, and a transition from the dense linear aggregates to the dense spherical clusters. Therefore, the OVA samples realized the transition from the solution state to the gel state with a higher storage modulus (G′). When the heating time was extended to 60 min, all the OVA samples formed gel and reached the highest G′ at 5 μM/g EGCG. These results suggested that the suitable hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds between EGCG and the OVA improved gel quality. Polyphenol binding provided a new way to regulate the assembly behavior and gelling properties of OVA. • EGCG bound with OVA mainly through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. • EGCG mediated self-assemble behavior and gelling properties of the OVA. • The binding of EGCG suppressed the heat-induced fibrils of the OVA. • EGCG (5 μM/g) changed the topology of the OVA aggregates heated for 45–60 min. • EGCG (5 μM/g) drove the formation of the OVA gel heated for 45–60 min.

Encapsulation of β-carotene in high internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate – epigallocatechin-3-gallate covalent composite microgel particles

• Covalently conjugated SPI-EGCG microgel particles were used to stabilize HIPPEs. • EGCG addition improved the functional properties of β-carotene-loaded HIPPEs. • Thick particle layer and gel network jointly promoted the stability of HIPPEs. • Encapsulation of β-carotene enhanced the chemical stability and bioaccessibility. In the current study, soy protein isolate (SPI) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) covalent composite microgel particles with antioxidant capacity were prepared and the particles was used as β-carotene-loaded high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) stabilizers. The covalent binding of SPI-EGCG altered the structures of the SPI through an unfolding of the polypeptide chain. Moreover, compared to HIPPEs stabilized by SPI alone, HIPPEs stabilized by SPI-EGCG microgel particles showed smaller particle size, higher apparent viscosity, and better stability. Microstructure of the fabricated HIPPEs results revealed that SPI-EGCG covalent conjugates promoted the formation of a thick and dense protective layer on the surfaces of oil droplets. Furthermore, β-carotene-loaded HIPPEs stabilized by SPI-2% EGCG microgel particles exhibited a higher retention rate after 42 days of storage and better bioaccessibility (86.64 ± 0.27% and 54.43 ± 0.50%, respectively) compared to HIPPEs stabilized by SPI (75.80 ± 0.49% and 38.31 ± 0.93%, respectively). The current study illustrated that the design of HIPPEs stabilized with protein–polyphenol composite particles were of great importance for the delivery of lipophilic bioactive compounds.

Ferulic acid and EGCG alter the structural characteristics of ovalbumin and its application in mineral loading

SummaryThis study aims to fabricate mineral‐loading nanocarriers using natural materials. The interaction patterns between ovalbumin (OVA) and four water‐soluble polyphenols, namely ferulic acid (FA), (‐)‐Epigallo‐catechin 3‐gallate (EGCG), gallic acid (GA) and epicatechin (EC), were investigated. Results showed that the optimised conditions for preparing stable OVA–polyphenol complexes are at the OVA–polyphenol ratio of 4:1 at pH 6, under which OVA–FA and OVA–EGCG showed the highest stability and mineral‐loading capacity among four OVA–polyphenol complexes. The fluorescence results indicated that the addition of EGCG and FA induced a significant fluorescence quenching to OVA. The interaction between OVA and polyphenols involved hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis suggested that both FA and EGCG enhanced the stability and orderliness of the structure of OVA. The transmission electron microscopy images also exhibited the spherical structure of OVA after the addition of FA and EGCG. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X‐ray spectrum results suggested that OVA–FA and OVA–EGCG complexes were better mineral carriers than OVA–GA and OVA–EC. This study may serve as the theoretical support for the promising application of OVA in the fabrication of mineral‐loading nanocarriers in functional food and pharmaceutic.

Enhanced heat stability and antioxidant activity of myofibrillar protein-dextran conjugate by the covalent adduction of polyphenols

In the present study, three types of polyphenols, namely, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), catechin (C), and gallic acid (GA), were grafted to myofibrillar protein (MP)-dextran (DX) conjugate through a free radical-mediated adduction method. The analysis of secondary structure showed that conjugation of polyphenols induced a decrease in contents of α-helix structures. The surface hydrophobicity of MP-DX conjugate was increased after polyphenols were covalently adducted, while that of the free amino, thiol groups, and tyrosine residues were decreased, especially with the addition of EGCG (p < 0.05). Analysis of rheological properties showed that covalently linking of polyphenols decreased the thermal gelling capacity by inhibiting myosin-head aggregation and myosin tails interaction. Moreover, polyphenol adduction was able to remarkably improve the thermal stability and antioxidant activity of MP-DX conjugate. The findings regarding enhanced functionalities evidence potential of applying the ternary adduct as a novel antioxidant.

Characterization and in vitro digestion properties of cassava starch and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) blend

In this study, characteristics and in vitro digestibility of cassava starch and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) blend were investigated. The structure changes of the starch during digestion were also evaluated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that starch-EGCG blend had more ordered crystal structure and stronger thermal stability as compare to the native starch. Iodine binding analysis suggested the incorporation of starch and EGCG. Starch-EGCG blend retained strong ability of DPPH radical scavenging after storage, indicating that starch could protect EGCG from oxidation. EGCG greatly inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch during digestion, and the starch could keep EGCG controlled-released. The addition of EGCG decreased the rate of granule collapse and molecular weight reduction of the starch during digestion. The hydrolysis of long and medium length chains of the starch was restrained greatly, and the short chains were protected from hydrolyzing by blending with EGCG during digestion.