Addition Of Corn Steep Liquor Research Articles

Effects of adding corn steep liquor on bacterial community composition and carbon and nitrogen transformation during spent mushroom substrate composting

BackgroundCarbon and nitrogen are essential energy and nutrient substances in the composting process. Corn steep liquor (CSL) is rich in soluble carbon and nitrogen nutrients and active substances and is widely used in the biological industry. Nonetheless, limited research has been done on the effect of CSL on composting. This work firstly reveals the effect of adding CSL to bacterial community composition and carbon and nitrogen conversion during composting. This study provides the choice of auxiliary materials for the spent mushroom substrate compost (SMS) and some novel knowledge about the effect of bacterial community on C and N cycling during composting of SMS and CSL. Two treatments were set up in the experiment: 100% spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as CK and SMS + 0.5% CSL (v/v) as CP.ResultsThe results showed that the addition of CSL enhanced the initial carbon and nitrogen content of the compost, altered the bacterial community structure, and increased the bacterial diversity and relative abundance, which might be beneficial to the conversion and retention of carbon and nitrogen in the composting process. In this paper, network analysis was used to screen the core bacteria involved in carbon and nitrogen conversion. In the CP network, the core bacteria were divided into two categories, synthesizing and degrading bacteria, and there were more synthesizing bacteria than degrading bacteria, so the degradation and synthesis of organic matter were carried out simultaneously, while only degrading bacteria were found in the CK network. Functional prediction by Faprotax identified 53 groups of functional bacteria, among which 20 (76.68% abundance) and 14 (13.15% abundance) groups of functional bacteria were related to carbon and nitrogen conversion, respectively. Adding CSL stimulated the compensatory effect of core and functional bacteria, enhanced the carbon and nitrogen transformation ability, stimulated the activity of low-abundance bacteria, and reduced the competitive relationship between the bacterial groups. This may be why the addition of CSL accelerated the organic matter degradation and increased carbon and nitrogen preservation.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the addition of CSL promoted the cycling and preservation of carbon and nitrogen in the SMS composts, and the addition of CSL to the compost may be an effective way to dispose of agricultural waste.

Effects of corn steep liquor on \u03b2-poly(l-malic acid) production in Aureobasidium melanogenum

β-poly(l-malic acid) (PMLA) is a water-soluble biopolymer used in medicine, food, and other industries. However, the low level of PMLA biosynthesis in microorganisms limits its further application in the biotechnological industry. In this study, corn steep liquor (CSL), which processes high nutritional value and low-cost characteristics, was selected as a growth factor to increase the PMLA production in strain, Aureobasidium melanogenum, and its metabolomics change under the CSL addition was investigated. The results indicated that, with 3 g/L CSL, PMLA production, cell growth, and yield (Yp/x) were increased by 32.76%, 41.82%, and 47.43%, respectively. The intracellular metabolites of A. melanogenum, such as amino acids, organic acids, and key intermediates in the TCA cycle, increased after the addition of CSL, and the enrichment analysis showed that tyrosine may play a major role in the PMLA biosynthesis. The results presented in this study demonstrated that the addition of CSL would be an efficient approach to improve PMLA production.

Integration of microbial biodiesel and bioethanol industries through utilization of vinasse as substrate for oleaginous fungi

The main aim of this work was to assess a conceptual strategy of submerged pelletized growth of Mucor circinelloides in sugarcane vinasse under different conditions aiming at the production of lipids prone to be used in biodiesel syntheses. Industrial vinasse was characterized and then tested in its raw form as culture medium. Relatively high concentrations of lipids were observed (approximately 23%), and biomass accumulation can be enhanced by the addition of corn steep liquor (approximately 5-fold increase when compared to control). Phenolic compounds present in vinasse pose inhibitory effects in biomass and lipid accumulation. The pelletized hyphae then proceeded to a simple sieve separation, on which lipids were extracted in a microwave extraction system, with a resulting fatty acid profile that indicate a potential suitable feedstock for biodiesel production due to the balance of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Effect of different levels of corn steep liquor addition on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of fresh rice straw silage.

The object of this study was to determine the proper mixing ratio of fresh rice straw to corn steep liquor (CSL) to obtain a high protein content silage feed. The following experimental silages were generated: the control (C1), composed of fresh rice straw without CSL additive, mixed with CSL in the ratios of 4:1 (C4), 3:1 (C3) and 2:1 (C2). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant was applied at the rate of 50 mL/kg (fresh basis) of forage to achieve a final application rate of 1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh matter (FM). Duplicate silos for each treatment were opened after 0, 3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 d for microbiological and chemical analysis. The results showed that the addition of CSL significantly increased crude protein (CP) contents, and decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of treatments after 60 d of ensiling (P < 0.05). The lactic acid contents in C4 and C3 were significantly higher than that in C1 (P < 0.05). In summary, mixing fresh rice straw with CSL at addition levels of 4:1 (C4) and 3:1 (C3) can improve the fermentation quality and nutrient composition of fresh rice straw silage. However, a large proportion of CSL (C3) had a negative impact on the aerobic stability of fresh rice straw.

Decrease in Hydraulic Conductivity of a Paddy Field using Biocalcification in situ

ABSTRACTThe hydraulic conductivity of a paddy field (Anthraquic Dystrustept), a silty clay soil containing more than 29% (w/w) of gravel, in Nagoya University Farm was reduced by in situ treatment of subsurface soil using bentonite and biocalcification (microbial calcium carbonate precipitation) through the addition of CaCl2, urea, and corn steep liquor (CSL). The treatment decreased the hydraulic conductivity of the field from an average of 10−3 cm/s to a range of 10−5 to 10−7 cm/s during 69 days, with reducing the proportion of pores of subsurface soil larger than 75 µm in diameter. The biocalcification effect was observed at 10-cm thickness from the treated subsurface. Laboratory soil core experiments demonstrated that the decrease in the hydraulic conductivity was not attributed to the effect of bentonite but mainly to the effect of biocalcification. The addition of CSL enhanced the urease activity of soil required for biocalcification, even at 4°C, as indicated by a decrease in urease activation energy temperature sensitivity. These experimental results agreed with the gradual decrease in hydraulic conductivity observed in the field when the average daily temperature was 7°C (days 24–69). It was suggested that the biocalcification is a potential technique to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of paddy field.

Effect of corn steep liquor on lettuce root rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae) in hydroponic cultures.

Recent reports indicate that organic fertilisers have a suppressive effect on the pathogens of plants grown under hydroponic systems. Furthermore, microorganisms exhibiting antagonistic activity to diseases have been observed in organic hydroponic systems. This study evaluated the effect of corn steep liquor (CSL) on controlling lettuce root rot disease [Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae (FOL)] in a hydroponic system. The effect of CSL and Otsuka A (a chemical fertiliser) on the inhibition of FOL in terms of mycelial growth inhibition was tested in vivo. Addition of CSL suppressed FOL infection rates. CSL inhibited FOL infection by 26.3-42.5% from 2 days after starting incubation. In comparison, Otsuka A inhibited FOL growth by 5.5-19.4%. In addition, four of 10 bacteria isolated from the nutrient media containing CSL exhibited inhibition zones preventing FOL mycelial growth. We found that CSL suppressed FOL in lettuce via its antifungal and biostimulatory effects. We suggest that activation of beneficial microorganisms present in CSL may be used to decrease lettuce root rot disease and contribute to lettuce root growth.

Effects of Corn Steep Liquor Addition into Cassava Tubers During Retting

In this study, the effects of corn steep liquor addition to cassava tubers during retting were monitored. Peeled and washed Cassava tubers were cut to 4cm weighed and then soaked in different sample buckets containing 100.0%, 80:20%, 60:40%, 20: 80% and 0:100% water to corn steep liquor ratio. The Temperature, PH value and degree of softness was monitored. The highest temperature recorded was 30 o C at a pH of 3.75. It was observed that corn steep liquor increases the period of fermentation from 4 to 8days. When the corn steep liquor was neutralized with NaoH solution to PH 4.69 from 3.98, period of fermentation was reduced to 5days showing that the high acidity of the raw corn steep liquor was detrimental to cassava softening process.

Penicillin production by wild isolates of Penicillium chrysogenum in Pakistan

The present study was aimed at exploring the native wild isolates of Penicillium chrysogenum series in terms of their penicillin production potential. Apart from the standard medium, the efforts were made to utilize suitable agro-industrial wastes for the maximum yield of penicillin. Two series of P. chrysogenum were isolated from local sources and named as P. chrysogenum series UAF R1 and P. chrysogenum series UAF R2. The native series were found to possess better penicillin production potential than the already reported series of P. chrysogenum. However, P. chrysogenum series UAF R1 was found to be the best candidate for high yield of penicillin starting at 100 hour as compared to P. chrysogenum series UAF R2 which produced the highest yield of penicillin at 150 hours for a shorter period of time. Addition of Corn Steep Liquor (CSL) to the fermentation medium resulted in the production of 1.20g/L penicillin by P. chrysogenum series UAF R1 and P. chrysogenum series UAF R2. The fermentation medium in which Sugar Cane Bagasse (SCB) was replaced with CSL resulted in the highest yield of penicillin (1.92g/L) by both native series of P. chrysogenum. The penicillin production was increased by 62.5% in medium with SCB as compared to that with CSL. The penicillin yield of medium containing lactose and phenyl acetate was higher than that of control medium. Overall results revealed that P. chrysogenum series UAF R1 and P. chrysogenum series UAF R2 may be recommended for better yield of natural penicillin and this efficiency may be further enhanced by utilizing SCB as substrate in the growth medium.

Fermentation optimization and industrialization of recombinant Saccharopolyspora erythraea strains for improved erythromycin a production

Improvement of Erythromycin A (Er-A) production and purity by metabolic engineering of the industrial erythromycin-producing strains Saccharopolyspora erythraea strians ZL1004 and ZL1007, in which the amounts of tailoring enzymes EryK (a P450 hydroxylase) and EryG (an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent O-methyltransferase) for biotransformation of Erythromycin D to Er-A were modulated, was performed in a 50 L fermentor. Addition of 15 g/L of corn steep liquor to the medium increased Er-A production; maximum Er-A production was 8,196 U/mL at 191 h, which was 81.8% higher than that of control (4,507 U/mL at 184 h). Er-B impurities were completely eliminated, whereas Er-C impurities were only 153 U/mL at 191 h. Analysis of intra- and extracellular metabolites and key enzyme activities in central carbon metabolism revealed that the pool of TCA cycle intermediates was enhanced by the addition of corn steep liquor and induced an increase in erythromycin biosynthesis. There were no significant differences between strains ZL1004 and ZL1007 regarding Er-A production and impurity accumulation. Compared to wild type strain, Er-A production was improved by 23.9% while Er-C was reduced by 83.9% and Er-B was completely eliminated. Furthermore, fermentation of recombinant strain ZL1004 was successfully scaled up from laboratory scale (50 L fermentor) to industrial scale (25 and 132 m3), with similar levels of Er-A production and purity obtained.

Production of single cell protein using waste capsicum powder produced during capsanthin extraction

To produce single cell protein (SCP) by using waste capsicum powder produced during capsanthin extraction as a substrate. The extraction [CPM (capsicum powder medium)] from waste capsicum powder was used as culture medium to cultivate four yeast strains. The main composition of CPM was determined. The average concentration of total sugar, total nitrogen and phosphorous of CPM were 16.3, 3.7 g l(-1) and 785.4 mg l(-1), respectively. Four yeast strains were cultured in two CPMs, and the cell mass, protein content of cells and specific growth rate of cells were determined. Addition of corn steep liquor significantly increased the cell mass production. Presence of capsaicin in CPM did not show inhibition of cell growth of yeast tested. CPM contained sufficient nutrients and could be used as a good medium to produce SCP. Candida utilis 1769 was chosen as the biomass producer because of its highest SCP formation (6.8 g l(-1)) and higher specific growth rate (0.12 h(-1)). The amino acid composition of its protein was well balanced. Utilization of waste capsicum powder can reduce environmental pollution and increase protein supply for animal feed.

Inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus: culture medium composition and enzyme extraction

K. marxianus DSM 70106 was cultivated for inulinase production in a medium containing 2.0 g/L of yeast extract, 5.0 g/L of peptone and salts. The addition of corn steep liquor did not increase enzyme production. Inulin, as the main carbon source, afforded higher inulinase production than glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose and starch. Glucose, fructose and sucrose reduced enzyme production by 46, 58 and 71%, respectively. By using the best culture medium enzyme activity remained stable for 22 months at 4oC; while at -18oC it decreased by 10%. Maximal activity was found in the pH range of 3.5 to 5.0 and at temperatures from 50 to 60oC. Flocculation was used for cell separation. Shifting the pH was more efficient than using polyelectrolytes, CaCl2, bentonite and Fe2O3. Recovery of inulinase by AOT(sodium di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate)-reversed micelles yielded up to ~20%.

A Modified Growth Medium for Bacillus thuringiensis

AbstractA published medium for the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis was modified for use in high‐density fed‐batch fermentations. This medium was diagnosed to have a complex nutrient limitation in batch and continuous cultivations. By selective additions of different medium constituents to a chemostat culture, it was established that the limitations were alleviated only by the addition of yeast extract or corn steep liquor; neither the addition of any salt nor that of individual amino acids influenced the culture behavior. In shake flask cultures, a reduction in glucose concentration and addition of corn steep liquor made the medium carbon‐limited; enrichment with corn steep liquor alone showed dual limitations. These modified media resulted in higher cell densities and showed an increase in the amounts as well as the potency of insecticidal protoxins.

Effect of corn steep liquor on xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris

The addition of corn steep liquor (CSL) to batch cultures of Xanthomonas campestris using sucrose as carbon source stimulated cell growth rate, viscosity and xanthan production as compared to non-supplemented cultures. The addition of CSL to a basal medium at a dose of 1 g/l, increased xanthan production and viscosity by 22% and 44% respectively. CSL also shortened the cultivation time and promoted a more efficient sucrose utilization for polymer synthesis. After 72 h of incubation the xanthan yield per sucrose consumed in the CSL-amended culture was 0.63 g/g, this is, 15% higher than without CSL addition. At higher doses of CSL cell growth rate was also increased but not polymer production.

Effect of oilseed cakes on alpha-amylase production by Bacillus licheniformis CUMC305.

The effects of oilseed cakes on extracellular thermostable alpha-amylase production by Bacillus licheniformis CUMC305 was investigated. Each oilseed cake was made of groundnut, mustard, sesame, linseed, coconut copra, madhuca, or cotton. alpha-Amylase production was considerably improved in all instances and varied with the oilseed cake concentration in basal medium containing peptone and beef extract. Maximum increases were effected by a low concentration (0.5 to 1.0%) of groundnut or coconut, a high concentration (3%) of linseed or mustard, and an Rintermediate concentration (2%) of cotton, madhuca, or sesame. The oilseed cakes made of groundnut or mustard could completely replace the conventional peptone-beef extract medium as the fermentation base for the production of alpha-amylase by B. licheniformis. The addition of corn steep liquor to cotton, linseed, sesame, or madhuca cake in the medium improved alpha-amylase production.

Ovine ill-thrift in Nova Scotia. 5. The production and toxicology of chetomin, a metabolite of chaetomium spp.

Chetomin is a metabolite of Chaetomium cochliodes and C. globosum. It is produced by C. cochliodes on a denned medium and the yield is increased about 50-fold by the addition of corn steep liquor to the culture medium. Five single spore isolates of C. cochliodes (HLX 440) all produced chetomin and one of them produced appreciable quantities of a metabolite related to chetomin but having a S:N ratio of 1:1. Previous reports of the antibacterial activity of chetomin were confirmed and the antibiotic was shown, in addition, to inhibit the mycelial growth of some fungi. At 0.02 μg/ml, it inhibited protein synthesis in cultures of HeLa cells. Its oral LD50 in rats was 75 mg/kg, and in turkeys, 30 mg/kg. No pathological changes were observed in lambs dosed orally at 30 mg/kg but a single intraperitoneal dose of chetomin at 5 mg/kg resulted in the death of half the animals treated. Sublethal oral doses in all the animal species mentioned resulted in loss of body weight.

Characterization of growth stimulants in corn steep for lactic streptococci.

The production of acid in milk cultures of lactic streptococci was stimulated by the addition of corn steep liquor. Separation by ion-exchange and paper chromatography indicated the presence of four major stimulatory components in the corn steep. Some variation was noted in the response of the lactic streptococci to the individual stimulatory components. The four components were further purified by paper and column chromatography. One of the four stimulatory components stained positively on chromatograms with ninhydrin. The remaining stimulatory components were detectable only by bioautography. All four components were unstable to acid hydrolysis and absorbed ultraviolet light between 230 and 275 nm in aqueous solution. The stimulatory components did not contain pentoses, suggesting that they were not nucleotides or nucleosides; however, they might be purine or pyrimidine bases.

Characterization of Growth Stimulants in Corn Steep for Lactic Streptococci 1

The production of acid in milk cultures of lactic streptococci was stimulated by the addition of corn steep liquor. Separation by ion-exchange and paper chromatography indicated the presence of four major stimulatory components in the corn steep. Some variation was noted in the response of the lactic streptococci to the individual stimulatory components. The four components were further purified by paper and column chromatography. One of the four stimulatory components stained positively on chromatograms with ninhydrin. The remaining stimulatory components were detectable only by bioautography. All four components were unstable to acid hydrolysis and absorbed ultraviolet light between 230 and 275 nm in aqueous solution. The stimulatory components did not contain pentoses, suggesting that they were not nucleotides or nucleosides; however, they might be purine or pyrimidine bases.