Addition Of Chemical Fertilizers Research Articles

Identification of land fertility and farmer income after an earthquake natural disaster

Liquefaction is a phenomenon where saturated sand and silt take on the characteristics of a liquid during the intense shaking of an earthquake. It takes place when a quake has increased water pressure in saturated soil and made particles in the soil lose contact with each other, making the soil, particularly sandy soil, act like a liquid. On September 28, 2018, an earthquake was occurred which caused liquefaction and a tsunami in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This incident triggered a new phenomenon, namely liquefaction in several residential areas in Palu City, especially in the Balaroa and Petobo areas. The liquefaction phenomenon in Petobo Village caused changes in the shape of the land surface. The changes that occurred had an impact on decreasing soil fertility levels in the area along with low crop production and decreased farmer incomes. Soil fertility is a quality value of the soil's ability to provide nutrients for growth. This research aims to determine the level of fertility of agricultural land and the amount of farmer income as well as the best efforts to overcome changes in agricultural land after natural disasters. This research used a descriptive method with a population of all farmers living in the Petobo area affected by the earthquake and liquefaction. There were 25 informants who were determined using a purposive sampling technique. Soil samples were analyzed at the Soil Science laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu. The method used in this study is a direct survey method in the field, then continued soil sampling at several points according to the coordinate points carried out by purposive sampling techniques. The status of soil chemical properties at 4 sample points affected by liquefaction and 2 sample point not affected by liquefaction in Petobo Village, which classified as very low to very high. Areas affected by liquefaction had neutral to slightly alkaline soil pH content, very low to low C-organic content, very low N-total content, very high P-total content, low K-total content, and have medium to high CEC content. Meanwhile, areas that are not affected by liquefaction had neutral soil pH content, very low to low C-organic content, very low N-total content, very high P-total content, low K-total content, and have medium to high CEC. The low level of soil fertility in this area means that crop production is also low. Changes in the amount of income experienced by affected farmers who initially had around 77.26 USD- 186.71 USD/month declined to 61.16 USD-77.26/month. This is due to changes in the polarization of farmers' work. Actions that can be implemented to increase soil fertility are correct soil management, use of organic fertilizers such as compost, manure, harvest residues such as (legume plant stover, rice straw) and the addition of chemical fertilizers according to the dosage.

Response of Chemical Fertilisation on Six-year-old Oil Palm Production in Shambillo-Padre Abad- Ucayali

It was proposed to determine the response of chemical fertilization in the production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) six years old in the area of Rio Negro Shambillo Padre Abad in order to have a sustainable and economic alternative of chemical fertilization in the field stage, which contributes to the survival of the palm and provides the necessary resistance against pests and diseases. A completely randomized block design (DBCA) was used with four repetitions and treatments, 96 plants / UE / treatment were used, the spacing was 9x9 in rows and plants. Results obtained indicate the treatments; T3 and T2 (16,54 – 15,48 kg / plant) obtained the highest averages by bunch weight, T1 and T3 (17,48 – 15,42 fruits / bunch) obtained the highest averages regarding number of fruit / bunch, T1 and T3 (13,93 – 11,59 to 45 cm ) obtained the highest averages for bunch length, T1 and T3 (7,33 – 5,52 cm) obtained the highest averages regarding fruit length, T1 and T3 (11.37 – 9.54 g) obtained the highest averages regarding fruit weight, T1 and T3 (10,46 – 10,37 kg) obtained the highest averages to yield per plant. The addition of chemical fertilizers or organic amendments increases the weight of the oil palm bunch, consequently the production in soils with medium, low fertility; chemical fertilization influences the number of clusters of oil palm produced on a given surface, any dose is used as an alternative to phosphorous fertilization in oil palm with a direct relationship between plant height and root length.

Agricultural intensification reduces selection of putative plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in wheat.

The complex evolutionary history of wheat has shaped its associated root microbial community. However, consideration of impacts from agricultural intensification has been limited. This study investigated how endogenous (genome polyploidization) and exogenous (introduction of chemical fertilizers) factors have shaped beneficial rhizobacterial selection. We combined culture-independent and -dependent methods to analyze rhizobacterial community composition and its associated functions at the root-soil interface from a range of ancestral and modern wheat genotypes, grown with and without the addition of chemical fertilizer. In controlled pot experiments, fertilization and soil compartment (rhizosphere, rhizoplane) were the dominant factors shaping rhizobacterial community composition, whereas the expansion of the wheat genome from diploid to allopolyploid caused the next greatest variation. Rhizoplane-derived culturable bacterial collections tested for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits revealed that fertilization reduced the abundance of putative plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in allopolyploid wheats but not in wild wheat progenitors. Taxonomic classification of these isolates showed that these differences were largely driven by reduced selection of beneficial root bacteria representative of the Bacteroidota phylum in allopolyploid wheats. Furthermore, the complexity of supported beneficial bacterial populations in hexaploid wheats was greatly reduced in comparison to diploid wild wheats. We therefore propose that the selection of root-associated bacterial genera with PGP functions may be impaired by crop domestication in a fertilizer-dependent manner, a potentially crucial finding to direct future plant breeding programs to improve crop production systems in a changing environment.

New Fertilization Approach Improves Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Moench) Production on Acidic and Degraded Soil in Cameroon

Soil acidity, combined with high aluminum toxicity, is one of the major problems limiting agricultural productivity. The objective of this work was to improve growth and yields of okra on acidic and degraded soil in the Center region, Cameroon, using an innovative fertilization approach and lime material. The soil is ferralitic, very acidic, with aluminum toxicity and significant imbalance in the (Ca/Mg/K) ratio of (55/15/30). Seven fertilization treatments were applied: Control without fertilizer; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); AMF+50% poultry manure (AMF+½ PM); mineral fertilizers with cation balance at 100% (MF100 %); AMF+50% mineral fertilizers (AMF+50 % MF); poultry manure at 50%+50 % mineral fertilizers (MF50%+½ PM) and poultry manure (PM). Two varieties of okra were used (Kirikou F1 and Local). The experimental design was a split-plot with two factors. Considering MF, an innovative Ca/Mg/K ratio of 68/23/9 was applied. The results showed that the applied fertilizers had a significant effect on the agronomic parameters of okra with MF50%+½ PM followed by PM and MF100% as the best treatments. An average increase in fresh yield from 111% to 1840% over the control was recorded and the best symbiotic parameters were observed at the AMF treatment associated with the Local variety. This variety responds better to organic matter intake while Kirikou F1 is more favorable to chemical fertilizer addition.

The Screening of Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria based on the Ability to Promote the Growth and Nodulation of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Seedlings

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which were isolated from the plant rhizosphere, decrease the addition of chemical fertilizer (N) and promote plant growth. Some PGPR isolates can fixate nitrogen, solubilize phosphate, produce phytohormones, and control soil pathogens. This study has focused on isolating rhizobacteria from root nodules of Edamame, Glycine max L, Dieng Peanut, Solanum sp. and Peanut root. Eleven isolates were assayed to examine their activities, including the ability of nitrogen fixation, produce Indol Acetic Acid hormone, siderophore, ammonia, and catalase activity. Furthermore, 11 isolates were tested to promote soybean growth in pot experiments using sterile sand media and the test of symbiotic capacity. The results showed that six isolates (RhizE2, RhizE3, RhizE4, RhizKdKbm1, Bio2DW, and Bio3DW) could form root nodules, and four isolates (RhizE2, RhizE3, RhizKdKbm1, and Bio2DW) showed a symbiotic capacity of more than 90%. RhizE2 significantly increased the number of nodules and dry weight of the entire plant (24.08 g) in comparison with plants without inoculation and added N fertilizer (11.59 g) and added N fertilizer (19.60 g). RhizE2 can be further developed as a biological fertilizer agent, especially for soybean plants. From all parameters observed, the plants inoculated with RhizE2 showed the best growth result.

Use of phosphorus- and potassium-solubilizing multifunctional microbes to support maize growth and yield

Intensive chemical fertilizer use has led to environmental problems, ecological impacts, and dependence on chemical fertilizers. Microbial inoculants (biofertilizers) combined with mineral fertilizers can be used to establish an environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural practice. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of multifunctional microbes (<em>S. pasteuri</em> and <em>A. costaricaensis</em>) in their wild-type and mutant forms. The microbes can simultaneously solubilize phosphorus and potassium from minerals (rock P and feldspar) to support maize growth and yield. Microbial viability in the zeolite carrier was tested, and the treatment was applied to the field to determine the effect on maize growth and yield. The results showed that zeolite could maintain the microbe population at an average of 10<sup>8</sup> CFU g<sup>-1</sup> during 4 months of storage. A field test revealed that all microbes treatments combined with minerals without the addition of chemical fertilizers could support maize growth and yield by producing maize ear. In particular, mutant <em>A. costaricaensis</em> can support dry stalk weight and maize ear length as effective as chemical fertilizers due to its ability to increase available P and exchangeable K in the soil. Overall, microbes could provide P but not K from the minerals and soil for plant uptake.

Short-term effect of biochar on the improvement of calcareous soil biological properties and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) growth under greenhouse conditions in a Mediterranean climate

In the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants may be possible to improve the biological properties of the soil and to grow plants with properties close to those in the natural environment by using the valuable organic matter resources obtained by special methods such as biochar in an economical. In this study, oak wood biochar (OBC) was used as fertilizing material for aromatic marjoram cultivation and applied to soil as follows: 0 t ha-1 OBC-control (OBC-0), 20 t ha-1 OBC (OBC-2), 40 t ha-1 OBC (OBC-4), 60 t ha-1 OBC (OBC-6), 0 t ha-1 OBC + chemical fertilizer (OBC-0+CF), 20 t ha-1 biochar + chemical fertilizer (OBC-2+CF), 40 t ha-1 biochar + chemical fertilizer (OBC-4+CF), 60 t ha-1 biochar + chemical fertilizer (OBC-6+CF). Afterwards, the effects of the applications on the biological properties of the soil where marjoram is grown and the physical properties of the plant, volatile oil yield and oil components were investigated. Accordingly, it was determined that the number of bacteria and enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, β-glycosidase) of the soil reached ​​with the biochar applications alone. It was determined that the application that increased the green herb yield the most with the fresh and dry weight of marjoram was the application of the biochar with chemical fertilizer added. On the other hand, in contrast to the addition of chemical fertilizers, it was determined that the application of biochar alone increased the volatile oil rate and the amount of carvacrol and thymol in the plant.

Spatial distribution of Groundwater quality assessment using Water Quality Index and GIS techniques in Thanjavur Taluk, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India

Assessment of groundwater quality is of utmost importance to ensure sustainable use of water. Since the availability of water, irrespective of quantity and quality, varies from area to area in Thanjavur taluk. The present paper attempts to determine the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters and identify locations with the best quality for drinking and irrigation in the study area using GIS and WQI. Using IDW interpolation methods with ArcGIS 10.8, the spatial distribution maps of physical parameters, anions, cations, WQI, and irrigations indices have been generated. Piper pilot shows that Ca-Mg-Cl (mixed), Na-Cl, Ca-Cl, and Ca–Mg–HCO3 water types are found in the study area. Using a water quality index with a rating scale, 42.85%, 28.57%, and 14.3% of groundwater samples are fit, good, and very poor for drinking purposes, respectively. The obtained results of higher SAR, RSC, Na% show that 75% of groundwater samples are perfectly fit for irrigation purposes due to the long residence time of water, dissolution of minerals from lithological composition, and the addition of chemical fertilizers. The results of groundwater quality analysis have been used to suggest models for assessing water quality. The present study ascertained that the area's groundwater must be treated prior to consumption and protected from the perils of contamination.

MACHINE LEARNING ഉപയോഗിച്ചുള്ള വിളകളിലെ രോഗനിർണയവും കണ്ടെത്തലും – ഒരു പഠനം

As we belong to a developing country, the agricultural importance is a known criterion. Majority of the Indians depend on agriculture for their basic living. It also serves as the backbone of the Indian economy. Therefore this sector should be considered important and taken care of. Diseases affecting the plants and pest are the two major threats of agriculture production. Naked eye observation followed by the addition of chemical fertilizers is the traditional method adopted by most of the farmers to avoid plant diseases. But the main limitation to this method is that it works only in the case of small scale farming. In order to tackle this issue many automatic plant disease detection systems have been developed from the early 70s. This paper is intended to survey some of the existing works in plant disease recognition that include various procedures, materials and approaches. They use different machine learning algorithms, image processing techniques and deep learning methods for disease detection. This paper also compares and suggests novel methods to recognize and classify the various kinds of infections affecting agricultural plants.

Effects of organic and inorganic fertilization with bio-inoculants on the sustainable management of plant-parasitic nematodes infesting okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Root-knot nematodes are believed to be amongst the biological constraints causing severe damage and a great reduction in the productivity of okra. The purpose of this study was to apply organic matter and non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to minimize the addition of chemical fertilizers that constantly pollute the environment. Experimental studies were conducted in the field for two summers to determine the effect of inoculations of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense singly and in combinations, with different recommended doses of inorganic nitrogen as well as organic matter such as neem seed cake on the growth, yield, and organic parameters of the okra crop towards the management of plant-parasitic nematodes. The results show a significant reduction in nematode multiplication through soil application of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and neem seed cake along with different recommended doses of nitrogen inoculated plants. Azotobacter was found to be less effective than Azospirillum in agronomic parameters and nematode control. The most pronounced increases were observed in the yield and growth parameters such as plant height, fresh as well as dry weights, fruit weights/plant, number of total fruits/plant and primary branches, chlorophyll content, and ascorbic acid content when A. chroococcum and A. brasilense were added concomitantly in various combinations. Agronomic parameters such as NPK content in the plant as well as in residual soil increased considerably in almost all the combinations irrespective of these biofertilizers and neem seed cake. In conclusion, the combined application of a 100% recommended dose of nitrogen fertilizer along with Azospirillum and neem seed cake is recommended for better growth and yield of okra with better control of nematodal population.

Ammonia- and Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria are Dominant in Nitrification of Maize Rhizosphere Soil Following Combined Application of Biochar and Chemical Fertilizer.

Autotrophic nitrification is regulated by canonical ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). To date, most studies have focused on the role of canonical ammonia oxidizers in nitrification while neglecting the NOB. In order to understand the impacts of combined biochar and chemical fertilizer addition on nitrification and associated nitrifiers in plant rhizosphere soil, we collected rhizosphere soil from a maize field under four different treatments: no fertilization (CK), biochar (B), chemical nitrogen (N) + phosphorus (P) + potassium (K) fertilizers (NPK), and biochar + NPK fertilizers (B + NPK). The potential nitrification rate (PNR), community abundances, and structures of AOA, AOB, complete ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Comammox Nitrospira clade A), and Nitrobacter- and Nitrospira-like NOB were measured. Biochar and/or NPK additions increased soil pH and nutrient contents in rhizosphere soil. B, NPK, and B + NPK treatments significantly stimulated PNR and abundances of AOB, Comammox, and Nitrobacter- and Nitrospira-like NOB, with the highest values observed in the B + NPK treatment. Pearson correlation and random forest analyses predicted more importance of AOB, Comammox Nitrospira clade A, and Nitrobacter- and Nitrospira-like NOB abundances over AOA on PNR. Biochar and/or NPK additions strongly altered whole nitrifying community structures. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that nitrifying community structures were significantly affected by pH and nutrient contents. This research shows that combined application of biochar and NPK fertilizer has a positive effect on improving soil nitrification by affecting communities of AOB and NOB in rhizosphere soil. These new revelations, especially as they related to understudied NOB, can be used to increase efficiency of agricultural land and resource management.

Effects of Organic Amendments Produced from Agro-Wastes on Sandy Soil Properties and Black Pepper Morpho-Physiology and Yield

Sandy-textured soil infertility poses a problem for sustainable crop cultivation. This problem is usually dealt with by the addition of chemical fertilizers, which are expensive and can cause serious environmental issues if not managed well. A better alternative to improve and manage sandy soil infertility is the use of organic amendments produced from agro-wastes. This two (2)-year field study was conducted in a sandy-textured soil grown with black pepper to evaluate mainly the effects of chemical fertilizer, fermented plant and fruit juices, compost, and biochar on soil properties and morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of black pepper. Generally, the results indicated that the combination of fermented fruit juice, compost, and biochar was comparable to and in some cases better than chemical fertilizer in terms of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties as well as crop performance. These findings were even more pronounced in the second year of measurements. There were strong positive relationships between soil N and pepper leaf chlorophyll content and between soil microbes and soil respiration. The findings showed that these soil amendments produced from agro-wastes are a good alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers on sandy soils to improve soil fertility and productivity and the yield of black pepper sustainably.

Inorganic Chemical Fertilizer Application to Wheat Reduces the Abundance of Putative Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria.

The profound negative effect of inorganic chemical fertilizer application on rhizobacterial diversity has been well documented using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and predictive metagenomics. We aimed to measure the function and relative abundance of readily culturable putative plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) isolates from wheat root soil samples under contrasting inorganic fertilization regimes. We hypothesized that putative PGPR abundance will be reduced in fertilized relative to unfertilized samples. Triticum aestivum cv. Cadenza seeds were sown in a nutrient depleted agricultural soil in pots treated with and without Osmocote® fertilizer containing nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK). Rhizosphere and rhizoplane samples were collected at flowering stage (10 weeks) and analyzed by culture-independent (CI) amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis of rhizobacterial DNA as well as culture-dependent (CD) techniques. Rhizosphere and rhizoplane derived microbiota culture collections were tested for plant growth-promoting traits using functional bioassays. In general, fertilizer addition decreased the proportion of nutrient-solubilizing bacteria (nitrate, phosphate, potassium, iron, and zinc) isolated from rhizocompartments in wheat whereas salt tolerant bacteria were not affected. A “PGPR” database was created from isolate 16S rRNA gene sequences against which total amplified 16S rRNA soil DNA was searched, identifying 1.52% of total community ASVs as culturable PGPR isolates. Bioassays identified a higher proportion of PGPR in non-fertilized samples [rhizosphere (49%) and rhizoplane (91%)] compared to fertilized samples [rhizosphere (21%) and rhizoplane (19%)] which constituted approximately 1.95 and 1.25% in non-fertilized and fertilized total community DNA, respectively. The analyses of 16S rRNA genes and deduced functional profiles provide an in-depth understanding of the responses of bacterial communities to fertilizer; our study suggests that rhizobacteria that potentially benefit plants by mobilizing insoluble nutrients in soil are reduced by chemical fertilizer addition. This knowledge will benefit the development of more targeted biofertilization strategies.

Effects of soil microbial communities associated to different soil fertilization practices on tomato growth in intensive greenhouse agriculture

Intensive greenhouse vegetable production is one of the most important economic activities in south-east Spain. Agricultural intensification has limited the application of organic matter (OM) in favor of synthetic chemical fertilizers, leading to altered soil microbial communities and production loss. We addressed the effects of soil microbial communities on plant productivity depending on different soil management practices in greenhouse agriculture. Greenhouse managements were i) conventional (i.e., with addition of synthetic chemical fertilizers) without organic amendments (CM), ii) conventional with organic amendments (CMOM) and with addition of synthetic chemical fertilizers, and iii) organic management with annual organic amendments and with no synthetic chemical fertilizer addition (ORG). We extracted soil microbial communities from five greenhouses per management type, added these inocula to pots with sterile substrate (peat:sand), and seeded disinfected tomato seeds. Plants grew for 2 months without nutrient addition (only water irrigation). Immediately prior to the end of the study, we measured photosynthetic rate, plant growth, and leaf functional traits. At the end of study, pot substrates inoculated with i) ORG soil communities had higher bacterial abundance (qPCR) compared to microbial communities inoculated with CM extracts; and ii) prokaryotic communities of CM and CMOM substrates differed in composition. Besides, substrates inoculated with CM inocula were significantly associated with the presence of a potential fungal pathogen. Plants inoculated with extracts from organic greenhouses grew more and had a higher photosynthetic rate than plants receiving soil microbial extracts from greenhouses with conventional management. There were differences in the NO3−, total N and organic matter contents of substrates between treatments at the end of the study, but not at the beginning of the study, suggesting differences in microbial activity between treatments. Although substrate N content differences did not translate into differences in leaf N, leaf δ15N differed between treatments, indicating that the source of the soil microbial inocula influenced the N compound used by the tomato plants. Overall, this study suggested that soil microbial communities from organic greenhouses had a positive effect on crop productivity in intensive greenhouse agriculture.

Selection of the Root Endophyte Pseudomonas brassicacearum CDVBN10 as Plant Growth Promoter for Brassica napus L. Crops

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important crop worldwide, due to its multiple uses, such as a human food, animal feed and a bioenergetic crop. Traditionally, its cultivation is based on the use of chemical fertilizers, known to lead to several negative effects on human health and the environment. Plant growth-promoting bacteria may be used to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, but efficient bacteria in controlled conditions frequently fail when applied to the fields. Bacterial endophytes, protected from the rhizospheric competitors and extreme environmental conditions, could overcome those problems and successfully promote the crops under field conditions. Here, we present a screening process among rapeseed bacterial endophytes to search for an efficient bacterial strain, which could be developed as an inoculant to biofertilize rapeseed crops. Based on in vitro, in planta, and in silico tests, we selected the strain Pseudomonas brassicacearum CDVBN10 as a promising candidate; this strain produces siderophores, solubilizes P, synthesizes cellulose and promotes plant height in 5 and 15 days-post-inoculation seedlings. The inoculation of strain CDVBN10 in a field trial with no addition of fertilizers showed significant improvements in pod numbers, pod dry weight and shoot dry weight. In addition, metagenome analysis of root endophytic bacterial communities of plants from this field trial indicated no alteration of the plant root bacterial microbiome; considering that the root microbiome plays an important role in plant fitness and development, we suggest this maintenance of the plant and its bacterial microbiome homeostasis as a positive result. Thus, Pseudomonas brassicacearum CDVBN10 seems to be a good biofertilizer to improve canola crops with no addition of chemical fertilizers; this the first study in which a plant growth-promoting (PGP) inoculant specifically designed for rapeseed crops significantly improves this crop’s yields in field conditions.

Mitigation of osmotic stress by Serratia nematodiphila in tomato seedlings

Agriculture is the main economic activity responsible for the highest rates of water consumption worldwide. Understanding strategies that combine decreasing the amount of water available and reducing the addition of chemical fertilizers is a major challenge today. Within this context, the work aimed to evaluate the efficiency in promoting growth in tomato seedlings, inoculated with Serratia nematodiphila, submitted to different water deficit conditions. The methodology consisted of using tomato seeds cv. Santa Clara Miss Brasil previously disinfected and inoculated with the Serratia nematodiphila bacterium. The experimental design was completely randomized in the factorial scheme 2 (with bacteria and without bacteria) x 3 (irrigation levels: 100%, 50% and 25% water), making a total of 6 treatments with 6 repetitions. When evaluating the effect of the bacteria Serratia nematodiphila in the treatment with irrigation to 25% of water, it was observed that the average values ​​of the root length of the tomato seedlings was the one that suffered the most stimulus in the root growth when compared to the other irrigation levels. These results suggest that under conditions of greater water deficit the bacteria is able to mitigate drought by promoting root growth.

Mycorrhizal inoculation impact on Acorus calamus L. - An ethnomedicinal plant of western Himalaya and its in silico studies for anti-inflammatory potential

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDifferent plants are used for the treatment of various ailments and Acorus calamus L. is one such plant found in Western Himalaya. Rhizome of this plants has ethnomedicinal significance, as its rhizome is used for curing fever, pain and inflammation. An attempt has been made to alter the phytochemicals and increase its antioxidant property in a sustainable way with the help of mycorrhizal inoculation. Aim of the studyStudy of mycorrhizal (Funneliformis mosseae) impact on the biological activities and phytochemical profile of A. calamus L. rhizome and in silico studies of phytochemicals for their anti-inflammatory property. Materials and methodsF. mosseae was mass multiplied by single spore culture and then A. calamus rhizomes were inoculated with it. Antioxidant potential of rhizome extract was observed by DPPH and FRAP assays and the phytochemical profiling was done with GC-MS analysis. For observing antimicrobial activity disc diffusion method was employed. Dominant phytochemicals α-asarone and monolinolein TMS were chosen for molecular docking studies against four receptors (4COX, 2AZ5, 5I1B, 1ALU). ResultsThere was increase in antioxidant activity of rhizome extract after mycorrhizal inoculation. However, no change in antimicrobial activity was observed in the plant after mycorrhizal inoculation. The comparison in phytochemicals was observed by GC-MS analysis which showed qualitative and quantitative variation in biochemical content in plants. The phytochemical, α-asarone and monolinolein TMS showed highest docking score and least binding energy against 1ALU and 4COX respectively for anti-inflammatory activity. ConclusionMedicinal plants are potential source of antioxidants which can be increased by mycorrhizal inoculation without addition of chemical fertilizers and also results in altering the phytochemical composition.

Combined ultrasound-ozone treatment for reutilization of primary effluent\u2014a preliminary study

The present work is a preliminary study on the potential of low-frequency ultrasound irradiation coupled with O3 process for the disinfection of a primary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant preserving nutrient levels (in particular nitrogen and phosphorous), for its possible reuse in civil, industrial, and agricultural sectors. The treated water could be reused, after appropriate dilution, contributing to the circular economy perspective and reducing the need for both chemical fertilizer addition and freshwater supply. The effect of different specific ultrasonic energies and ozone doses was assessed on a bench-top system, composed of an ultrasonic reactor and a semi-batch ozonation vessel. The results showed that the combined US-O3 process produces a good removal efficiency regarding soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand, sCOD (ca. 60%), anionic surfactants (ca. 50%), and formaldehyde (ca. 50%), and an optimal abatement for Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS, > 90%). The process also reached high disinfection performances, obtaining 4 logs for E. coli and 5 log abatement for Total Coliforms. The high removal efficiency is matched by an outstanding retention of nutrients (total nitrogen and orthophosphate) highlighting a high potential value for agricultural reuse of the treated primary effluent, with possible significant saving of chemical fertilizers. It was concluded that low-frequency ultrasound pre-treatment, combined with ozonation, could be a useful process for primary effluent recovery for several purposes. Further studies are expected to be planned and executed to evaluate system scale-up feasibility.

EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE LOCAL POTATO VARIETIES

The study was carried out in the field of vegetables/ Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design / Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul / Iraq during the spring growth season 2018 to study growth and yield of three potato varieties which local produced tubers from last spring season, with addition organic fertilizer: Rice residue and poultry manufactured manure (Italian origin), and chemical fertilizer NP, and control treatment. The experiment involved 12 treatments (3×4) carried out in the field using a split plot system within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The cultivars were placed in the main plots and fertilizers treatments placed in the sub plots. The results could be summarized as follows: The Volar variety gave the least days for tuber emergence and higher tuber emergence percentage. The sylvana variety significantly increased chlorophyll content in leaves. The Arizona variety increased significantly tuber weight, tuber number per plant, plant yield and tubers total yield 71.05 gm, 9.90 tuber. Plant-1 , 707.66 gm. plant-1 and 37.741 t. ha-1 respectively. No significant differences observed between varieties in the yield quality. The addition of chemical fertilizer significantly increased plant higher, tuber weight, tuber number per plant, plant yield and tubers total yield 61.63 cm, 81.54 gm, 10.54 tuber. Plant-1 , 859.43 gm. plant-1 and 45.835 t. ha-1 respectively. Poultry manure increased significantly quality yield such as tubers dry matter percentage, starch percentage and specific gravity of tubers. The interaction between volar variety with chemical fertilizer gave least days for tuber emergence. Arizona variety with chemical fertilizer significantly increased plant higher 62.86 cm, tuber weight 83.77 gm, and tuber number 11.76 tuber. Plant-1 , plant yield 985.13 gm. plant-1 and total yield of tubers 52.540 t. ha-1 . Sylvana variety with control increased chlorophyll content in leaves, but Arizona variety with rice residue increased significantly dry matter percentage, starch percentage of tubers and specific gravity of tubers.

Effect of Additive Chemicals on Soil Characteristics

The occurrence of landslides in the hills of Walahir, Kidang Pananjung village, Cililin subdistrict. Bandung in May 2004 needed attention and research so that the causes of the landslide could be identified. This landslide took many lives and property, heaped around 5 hectares of rice fields and residents’ villages below and claimed 15 lives. Based on geotechnical investigations, the slip plane is at a depth of 4 meters from the ground surface and the area of the landslide ranges from 30,000 m2 leaving weathered rock beneath. Is the opening of agricultural land and fields followed by the use of chemical fertilizers is one of the causes of landslides? This study aims to determine the effect of a single chemical fertilizer (Urea, Za, SP36) and compound (Green Giant NPK, MKP) on the soil under conditions of optimum water content and water saturation or soaked which are carried out at the Chemical Laboratory of the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources of Bandung and Mechanics Laboratory Bandung Institute of Technology. Research on the influence of chemical fertilizers which is carried out using percentages of 1%, 2% and 3% with a relatively short ripening time intends to analyze the extent to which chemical fertilizers have an effect. Research is limited to the identification of minerals and chemical elements of original soil, soil physis properties, Atterberg boundaries, soil index properties, soil classification, soil elastic modulus. Hypothesis; The chemical content of fertilizers in the soil causes changes in soil characteristics. The method of taking original soil is by drilling original soil around the area where landslide disaster occurred at the same height as the height of the landslide slope, soil samples taken from depths of 1 meter and 3 meters from the surface of the land or the base layer between soil and rocks based on ASTM D-1452, 1587, 1586. Laboratory data from the original soil and chemical soil mixture of fertilizers is needed as input data for the study material and is an analytical proof of the hypothesis. Based on research that the presence of chemical fertilizers in soil samples with optimum water content causes the water content in the soil to decrease this is because chemical fertilizers absorb water while the soaked soil samples cause the water content in the soil to increase, the plasticity index decreases so that changing the soil classification in the area from OH-MH becomes ML-OL unified classification and the elasticity of the soil changes. Based on the analysis that the presence of chemical fertilizers showed an influence on the physical properties of the soil where soil minerals are very possible the replacement of cations of the chemical elements contained in the chemical fertilizers. The addition of chemical fertilizer by 3% and curing time for 14 days is a maximum condition compared to the percentage and age of other curing.