Addition Of Castor Oil Research Articles

Preparation and optimization of WPU dispersion from polyether/polyester polyols for film and coating applications

BackgroundCastor oil and polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG) are used as polyester and polyether polyols. The waterborne polyurethane (WPU) resin is synthesized from polyether/polyester polyols following a ketone and catalyst-free pre-polymerization process. MethodsWPU resins are prepared from PTMG/castor oil with various hydroxyl molar ratios, such as 1/0, 3/1, 1/1, 1/3, and 0/1. Significant findingsThe results indicate that the WPU dispersions has a long shelf-life, high colloidal stability, and narrow distribution of molecular size. The addition of castor oil can increase the proportion of the cross-linking density, hard segments and hydrogen bonds of the WPU molecular chain. The addition of PTMG/castor oil increases from the molar ratio 1/0 to 1/1, the tensile strength of WPU film increases from 17.1 MPa to 25.6 MPa; the T5% increases from 250°C to 262°C; the water swelling ratio at 24 h decreases from 33.2 g/g to 19.4 g/g. The results indicate the using PTMG/castor oil can improve the mechanical strength, water resistance, and thermal stability of WPU film. The WPU could be applied to wood coatings with high properties. This study provides a cleaner process for optimizing the performance of WPU resin, which can replace conventional ketone- and organotin-based films and coatings.

Polypropylene hollow fiber membrane prepared with green binary diluents via TIPS: Effects of spinning process parameters and VMD desalination performance

Environmental-friendly castor oil (CO) and soybean oil (SO) were used as mixed diluents to spin polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber microporous membrane (HFMM) via thermally induced phase separation. With the addition of castor oil, the cloud point temperature gradually increases, and the region of liquid-liquid phase separation becomes larger. The membrane pore structure changes from a spherulitic form to a continuous sponge-like pore structure. Particularly, the effects of spinning process parameters (spinning speed, spinneret temperature and bore liquid temperature) on HFMM properties (e.g., mechanical properties, water contact angle, pore size and pore size distribution) and desalination performance of vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) were further studied. A higher spinning speed and smaller temperature difference between dope and spinneret/bore fluid increase pore size and reduce membrane porosity. The PP HFMM produced under the spinneret temperature of 160 °C, the bore fluid temperature of 113 °C, and spinning speed of 16.1 m/min reached relatively high VMD desalination performance both feeding 10 g/L NaCl solution (water flux 18.4 kg/m2·h and salt rejection 99.99 %) and petrochemical saline wastewater (water flux 14.0 kg/m2·h and salt rejection 99.5 %). This paper has important guiding significance for the mass production of PP HFMMs.

Transformation of nitrogen during microalgae model compounds liquefaction in sub-/supercritical ethanol

Nitrogen migration significantly affects the quality of bio-oil and the emission characteristics of pollutants during microalgae thermochemical transformation. To investigate the nitrogen migration and transformation of the main components of microalgae during liquefaction in sub- or supercritical ethanol, three model compounds (soya protein, castor oil, and corn starch) were selected to explore the interaction among various biochemical components and organic solvent at 220 °C and 260 °C. The nitrogen contents in the products were accurately quantified and characterized by GC–MS, element analysis, XPS, and FTIR analysis. The results imply that the addition of castor oil has a negligible effect on the nitrogen transformation during liquefaction, while corn starch promotes more than 22.16 wt% of the nitrogen transfer into the solid residue. Pyrrolidinone is the main nitrogen-containing compound in the oil products; neither pyridine-N nor nitrile-N are detected. It indicates that the hydrogen supply of ethanol is also suitable for the addition of C-N unsaturated bonds in bio-oils. The model compounds containing corn starch generate pyrazines only at the higher temperature and pressure.

Addition of castor oil as a booster in colon capsule regimens significantly improves completion rates and polyp detection.

BACKGROUNDIncomplete excretion rates are problematic for colon capsule endoscopy (CCE). Widely available booster regimens are suboptimal. Recently published data on one day preparation CCE protocol using castor oil appeared effective.AIMTo assess the impact of adding castor oil to a standard split-dose (2-d) preparation in an unselected Western patient cohort. METHODSAll patients aged 18 or more referred to our unit for a CCE over a 5-mo period were prospectively recruited. Controls were retrospectively identified from our CCE database. All patients received split bowel preparation with Moviprep® [polyethylene glycol (PEG)-3350, sodium sulphate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium ascorbate and ascorbic acid for oral solution; Norgine B. V, United States], a PEG-based solution used predominantly in our colonoscopy practice. Control booster regimen included Moviprep® with 750 mL of water (booster 1) on reaching the small bowel. A further dose of Moviprep® with 250 mL of water was given 3 h later and a bisacodyl suppository (Dulcolax®) 10 mg after 8 h, if the capsule was not excreted. In addition to our standard booster regimen, cases received an additional 15 mL of castor oil given at the time of booster 1. A nested case control design with 2:1 ratio (control:case) was employed. Basic demographics, completion rates, image quality, colonic transit time, diagnostic yield and polyp detection were compared between groups, using a student t or chi-square tests as appropriate. RESULTSOne hundred and eighty-six CCEs [mean age 60 years (18-97), 56% females, n = 104], including 62 cases have been analysed. Indication breakdown included 96 polyp surveillance (51.6%), 42 lower gastrointestinal symptoms (22.6%), 28 due to incomplete colonoscopy (15%), 18 anaemia (9.7%) and 2 inflammatory bowel disease surveillance (1.1%). Overall, CCE completion was 77% (144/186), image quality was adequate/diagnostic in 91% (170/186), mean colonic transit time was 3.5 h (0.25-13), and the polyp detection rate was 57% (106/186). Completion rates were significantly higher with castor oil, 87% cases (54/62) vs 73% controls (90/124), P = 0.01. The number needed to treat with castor oil to result in an additional complete CCE study was 7, absolute risk reduction = 14.52%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.06- 25.97. This effect of castor oil on excretion rates was more significant in the over 60 s, P < 0.03, and in females, P < 0.025. Similarly, polyp detection rates were higher in cases 82% (51/62) vs controls 44% (55/124), P = 0.0001, odds ratio 5.8, 95%CI: 2.77-12.21. Colonic transit times were similar, 3.2 h and 3.8 h, respectively. Image quality was similar, reported as adequate/diagnostic in 90% (56/62) vs 92% (114/124).CONCLUSIONIn our capsule endoscopy centre, castor oil addition as a CCE booster significantly improved completion rates and polyp detection in an unselected Western cohort.

The impact assessment of plant oils on unctuousity of drilling fluids

The object of study is natural oils. Lubricating additives based on natural substances – vegetable oils and animal fats – meet the increased requirements for environmental safety of materials used in the drilling process. Consumption of environmentally friendly lubricants is constantly growing and requires an expansion of the raw material base for their production. Therefore today lubricants are important drilling reagents. From the ecological point of view, lubricating additives based on vegetable oils are of the greatest interest. The main physicochemical properties of sunflower and castor vegetable oils and the influence of these lubricating additives on lubricating and rheological characteristics of drilling fluids were investigated. In addition, the main properties of water-clay drilling fluids were investigated and their main parameters were determined according to standard API methods. During the testing of the samples, we took into account, first of all, a shear rate of the filter cake (CFC). It is the value that characterizes the strength of filter cake and is determined by the ratio of strength necessary for the tangential displacement of cyclic load across the cake to its weight. It is the CFC that characterizes the lubricating properties of the samples of solutions with a lubricant additive of a certain concentration that were studied. It is the CFC that characterizes the lubricating properties of the samples of solutions with a lubricant additive of a certain concentration that were studied. Based on the above studies, it can be concluded that the addition of castor oil effectively reduces the coefficient of friction of the filtration crust formed from the studied drilling fluids (fresh, mineralized, and saline). The recommended concentrations of this oil to the drilling fluid are 0.5 %, 1 %, and 5 %. Sunflower oil has an effective effect on the saline solution, less effectively – on the mineralized with an oil concentration of 0.5 %, 3 %, and 5 %. On the basis of the conducted researches the prospects of use of sunflower and castor oils at development of a new compounding of a greasing additive to a drilling mud are defined. Further research is aimed at assessing their lubricity in the drilling fluid at the friction limit «metal-metal». It is planned to repeat the study at the Sticking Tester OFI (USA).

Polyurethane adhesive based on polyol monomers BHET and BHETA depolymerised from PET waste

During the development of the polyurethane (PU) industry, one of its biggest challenges has been synthesis and formulation-related due to a lack of renewable resources and thus an over-reliant dependence on fossil reserves which has led to considerable research effort focused on alternative renewable sources of supply. In this study, PET bottle waste and castor oil have been considered as alternative sources for the synthesis of a PU adhesive. A cheap and environmentally friendly synthesis pathway for polyols is provided using depolymerization reactions of recyclable materials. The structures of the polyols have been demonstrated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Different NCO/OH ratios with calculated amounts of MDI were used to prepare polyols which were then employed during PU preparation and their effects on the resultant PUs were investigated. Solvent-free polyurethane adhesives were synthesized. Changes in the properties of PU synthesized by the addition of castor oil and boron species to the structure were also determined. The thermal behaviour of PU samples were characterized by DSC-TG; and functional group detection and covalent bonding formation were investigated via FTIR analysis.

Evaluation of Waste Plastic Oil-Biodiesel Blends as Alternative Fuels for Diesel Engines

This study examined the use of waste plastic oil (WPO) combined with biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, also commonly known as compression ignition engines, and focused on comparison of the basic physical and chemical properties of fuels, engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions. A preliminary study was conducted to determine the suitable ratio for the fuel blends in consideration of fuel lubricity and viscosity, and these results indicated that 10% biodiesel—derived from either palm oil or castor oil—in waste plastic oil was optimal. In addition, characterization of the basic properties of these fuel blends revealed that they had higher density and specific gravity and a lower flash point than diesel fuel, while the fuel heating value, viscosity, and cetane index were similar. The fuel blends, comprised of waste plastic oil with either 10% palm oil biodiesel (WPOP10) or 10% castor oil biodiesel (WPOC10), were selected for further investigation in engine tests in which diesel fuel and waste plastic oil were also included as baseline fuels. The experimental results of the performance of the engine showed that the combustion of WPO was similar to diesel fuel for all the tested engine loads and the addition of castor oil as compared to palm oil biodiesel caused a delay in the start of the combustion. Both biodiesel blends slightly improved brake thermal efficiency and smoke emissions with respect to diesel fuel. The addition of biodiesel to WPO tended to reduce the levels of hydrocarbon- and oxide-containing nitrogen emissions. One drawback of adding biodiesel to WPO was increased carbon monoxide and smoke. Comparing the two biodiesels used in the study, the presence of castor oil in waste plastic oil showed lower carbon monoxide and smoke emissions without penalty in terms of increased levels of hydrocarbon- and oxide-containing nitrogen emissions when the engine was operated at high load.

Activated Carbon Production Through Co-Pyrolysis of Vacuum Residue and Dehydrated Castor Oil

Crude oil refineries in Indonesia produce waste in the vacuum distillation as vacuum residue and utilization is still low. Vacuum residue contains high aromatics which can be utilized as raw material to produce activated carbon. Such a activated carbon is widely used as electric double-layer capacitors. Vacuum residue was mixed with dehydrated castor oil as conjugated double bond source, then followed by pyrolysis at heating rate of 5°C/min until 450°C and holding time at 450°C for 90 minutes. The amount of dehydrated castor oil added to vacuum residue was varied at 0 wt%, 5wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt% of vacuum residue. Co-pyrolysis of vacuum residue and dehydrated castor oil reduce C/H atomic ratio precursors, from 1.82 to 1.50, 1.48, and 1.45 and used as a precursor of activated carbon. The activation was conducted by activating the precursor with KOH solution and followed by carbonization at heating rate of 5°C/min until 700°C and holding time at 700°C for 30 minutes. The results show that the addition of castor oil improved pore surface area from 150.32 m2/g to 236.97, 290.99, and 357.78 m2/g, respectively, and also have high crystallinity structures, so they may be used as active materials in capacitors.

Reinstating Structural Stability of Castor Oil based Flexible Polyurethane Foam using Glycerol

AbstractUse of castor oil as a renewable polyol in the polyurethane foams has been creating an attractive research interest for many researchers since last 5 decades. In this article, we examine the structural stability of flexible polyurethane foam produced using castor oil‐glycerol blend by complete replacement of synthetic polyol. Addition of castor oil in the foaming blend as a complete substitute of synthetic polyol results in instability of foam. However, addition of glycerol as a crosslinking agent in the blend helps in overcoming this instability. Cellular morphology, segmented phase morphology and bulk properties of foams were investigated using scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy respectively. Castor oil‐glycerol blend significantly improves the foaming process at low concentrations (till 15 wt % glycerol) whereas, at higher concentrations volumetric expanding liquid undergoes faster cross‐linking leading to retarded foam growth (above 20 wt % glycerol). Strut thickness shows a sharp decline at 25 wt % glycerol. Polymer phase morphology shows absence of H‐bonded urea resulting in discrete hard segmented morphology whereas urea domains undergo agglomeration without glycerol. Foams were also characterized for thermal and bulk mechanical properties.

Influence of the binder composition on the properties of the silicon carbide green compacts and sintered parts prepared from the powders produced by SHS

In this work, the possibility of the application of binders based on the polyvinyl alcohol and paraffin instead of environmentally-dangerous phenol-formaldehyde resin-based binders in the production of silicon carbide ceramics are investigated. Introduction of citric acid and carbamide in the binder based on water solution of polyvinyl alcohol ensures the high wettability of the powders of non-oxide ceramics by the binder. The addition of castor oil and oleic acid in the solution of paraffine in petroleum leads to a decrease in the inter-particles frictions and an increase in the density of green compacts. The developed binders allow to reduce compaction pressure by 12–15%.

Thermal, mechanical and biodegradation properties of pure, epoxidized and methoxylated castor oil based polyurethane

A series of biodegradable polyurethane (BIOU) elastomers were obtained by chain extension of polyurethane (PU) prepolymer with the addition of castor oil (CAO), epoxidized CAO (ECAO) or methoxylated CAO (MCAO). The BIOU elastomers obtained were characterised by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile tester. The melting peak of BIOU became undetectable with an increase in the content of the chain extender regardless of its type. Some BIOU films, including BIOU-CAO16wt%, BIOU-ECAO16wt% and BIOU-MAO16wt%, showed elastomeric properties with higher tensile strength than pure PU. However the elongation at break and hardness of samples decreased with CAO, ECAO and MCAO content. The biodegradation was also measured by the modified Sturm test method of the BIOU films in a cultured medium with Pseudomonas aeruginosa E7 and Lysobacter soli LW1-1 strains at 37°C. As the increasing three types of chain-extenders the degree and rate of biodegradation of BIOU increased as compared with pure PU. But even then the biodegradability of BIOU by both the strains did not exceed 26% during the modified Sturm test for 31 days.

Study on a Solvent-Free PBA/CO-Based PU Adhesive for Aluminum-Plastics Compounding

In this paper, the polyurethane prepolymer (Component A) was synthesized with PBA, Castor oil, and IPDI as raw material. The structure and viscosity of PU prepolymer was characterized by IR spectra and rotary rheometer. The thermal performance, adhesion properties and water resistance of cured adhesive films were respectively determined by Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), T-style peel strength test, and water absorption test. The results showed that the addition of castor oil reduced the viscosity of prepolymer and greatly improved the water resistance of cured adhesive, but never affected the thermal performance of adhesive. Besides, castor oil was cheaper, easily obtained and more natural than other polyols. However, castor oil slightly decreased the adhesion strength of adhesive. So the amount of castor oil should be considered.

Research on the SDS + Castor Oil Aqueous Solution Used as Methane Absorption and Gas Explosion Suppression Material

A kind of water-based material which can absorb mine gas and suppress gas explosion was designed for the purpose of keeping the coal mine safe. The anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as the main gas absorbent according to the micelle solubilization of surfactant, and castor oil was used as absorption enhancer in this material. Methane was regarded as a model of mine gas. The volume fraction of methane absorption was measured by head space gas chromatography. The state of the aggregates in the material was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The explosion suppression effect was tested by self-made explosion chamber which can simulate gas explosion. Also the methane absorption rate of the water-based material was tested in practice of coal mine. The results showed that the maximum volume fraction of methane absorption of the SDS + castor oil aqueous solution can reach up to 12.65%; with the addition of castor oil, the structure of aggregates in SDS aqueous solution system changed from spherical to lamellar, so it can provide greater non-polar microenvironment for methane; the water-based material can lower the maximum explosion pressure to some extent when it was sprayed into the explosion chamber in atomization condition before ignition; field test on methane absorption showed that the methane absorption ratio can reach up to 16.7%, which is much higher than the experimental value.

Efeito do óleo de mamona em composições de borracha natural contendo sílica

O potencial do óleo de mamona como um ativador para a vulcanização de composições de borracha natural (NR) contendo sílica foi investigado. Utilizando-se um planejamento de experimentos adequado, manteve-se a concentração de sílica e outros aditivos constantes enquanto as quantidades de ácido esteárico, óleo de mamona e poli(etileno-glicol) foram variadas. A cura foi conduzida em um reômetro de disco oscilatório TI-100 e a variável de controle escolhida foi a resistência à tração. Os resultados demonstraram que o óleo de mamona sozinho não exerce influência considerável sobre o desempenho mecânico da borracha natural em presença de sílica.

Localization of lipolytic and esterolytic activities of Tyromyces sambuceus, a 4-decanolide-producing basidiomycete

Pellets of Tyromyces sambuceus were cultured in standard liquid media that contained a natural triacylglycerol as an additional carbon source. Parallel to a drop of pH below 2.0 and the formation of R(+)-4-decanolide, the oil droplets disappeared. Assays based on 3-naphthyl ester showed that most of the lipolytic and esterolytic enzyme activities were membrane-associated. The time course of enzyme activities after addition of castor oil suggested an inducibility of both membrane-bound and intracellular lipases, while only the intracellular esterases responded significantly. The results could contribute to improving the biotechnological generation of lipid-derived flavours and other compounds.

Effects of Fuel Absorbed in Oil Film on Unburnt Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines : Influence of Oil added on Piston Crown on Total Hydrocarbon Concentration in Exhaust Gas

Absorption and desorption of fuel by motor oil that coats the side wall of the cylinder with a thin oil film is thought to be one of the important sources of unburnt hydrocarbon emissions from spark ignition engines. In order to determine the effect of oil layers on exhaust hydrocarbon emissions, the total hydrocarbon concentration (THC) in the exhaust gas is measured by a flame ionization detector when a constant amount of motor oil or castor oil is placed on the piston crown. Experiments show that the THC in the exhaust gas increases in proportion to the amount of added oil, and that the addition of castor oil causes a higher increase of the THC than the addition of motor oil. A numerical model which describes the process of fuel absorption and desorption in the additional oil layer on the piston crown is developed. Calculated results confirm that the increase of measured THC occurs because the absorbed fuel in the oil layer on the piston crown is released in the cooling cylinder gas during the expansion and exhaust strokes.