Addis Ababa Public Hospitals Research Articles

Nurses’ knowledge, perceived practice, and associated factors towards sterile techniques in major operation rooms at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionA sterile technique is a standard to reduce microorganism transmission during surgery. Gaps in knowledge and practice in sterile techniques by nurses are common causes of surgical site infections for surgical patients. Even though surgical site infection is a global problem due to lack of knowledge and practice, almost no study has been done in Ethiopia regarding nurses’ knowledge and practice of sterile techniques in the operating room. Therefore, this study aimed to assess nurses’ knowledge, practice, and associated factors of sterile techniques in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia.MethodAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 423 nurses who were working in sixty-six operation rooms at seven public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from May 11 to June 26/2022. A simple random sampling method was employed to select study participants. A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were entered by Epi-data version 4.6 and analyzed by SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were presented by text, table, and figure. Multivariable analysis was used to identify the association between the dependent variable and independent variables. Variables with a P-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultNearly three-fifths (58.1%; 95%CI: 53.2 to 63.7) of respondents had good knowledge, and 56.1% with 95%CI (51.5 to 61.1) had good practice with respect to sterile techniques in the operation room. Training [AOR = 1.989; 95%CI (1.120 to 3.530)], availability of guidelines [AOR = 6.4; 95%CI (3.773 to 10.856)], and supervision [AOR = 2.963; 95%CI (1.693 to 5.184)] were associated with nurses’ knowledge about sterile techniques in the operating room. Availability of guidelines [AOR = 1.890, 95%CI (1.123 to 3.182)], presence of supervision [AOR = 4.732; 95%CI (2.643 to 8.471)], and having good knowledge of sterile techniques [AOR = 5.419; 95%CI (3.087 to 9.512)] were associated with nurses’ practice of sterile techniques in the operation room.ConclusionOperative theater nurses’ knowledge and practice of sterile techniques were found inadequate. Training, supervision, availability of guidelines, and knowledge of nurses towards sterile techniques are factors associated with sterile techniques in the operating room. So, it is better to strengthen training, equip wards with standardized guidelines, and provide supervision, which is crucial to enhancing their knowledge and practice.

Postoperative delirium among elderly elective orthopedic patients in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a multicentere longitudinal study

BackgroundDelirium is a neurocognitive disorder characterized by an acute and relatively rapid decline in cognition, disturbance of consciousness, reduced ability to focus, and shift of attention. It mainly affects elderly patients with an incidence of about 8–23% after an operation. It frequently occurs between 24-hrs and 5 days after surgery. It results in serious medical management problems. Hence, identifying the incidence and associated factors may help prevent and manage its sequel in the elderly.ObjectiveAssessment of the incidence and associated factors of postoperative delirium(POD) among elderly elective orthopedic surgical patients in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia, 2024.MethodsA multi-centered longitudinal study was conducted on 220 elderly (age ≥ 65 years) patients in four selected public hospitals of the study area from February 2024 to May 2024, and a systematic sampling technique was used to select the study units. Data was collected through chart review and interviews of patients, and postoperative delirium was assessed using the confusion assessment method (CAM). Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. The strength of association was determined with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval(CI) at a p-value of < 0.05.ResultsA total of 220 patients were studied, and the incidence of POD among elderly elective orthopedic surgical patients was 33.7%. Age 65–75(AOR = 0.47, 95%CI (0.226–0.97)), Induction using ketamine (AOR = 1.32, 95%CI(1.109–3.87), p = 0.003)), perioperative opioid use (AOR = 2.20, 95%CI(1.073 4.5313)), intraoperative anticholinergic use(AOR = 2.24,95%CI(1.831–4.235)), recent hospitalization history (AOR = 2.24,95%CI(1.202–4.206)), and transfusion (AOR = 2.83,95%CI(1.295–6.193)) were significantly associated with POD (p < 0.05).Conclusion and recommendationsThe incidence of POD in the study area was high (33.7%); advanced age, hospitalization history, Anesthesia induction by Ketamine, perioperative anticholinergic uses, opioid use, and blood transfusion use were associated factors for postoperative delirium. We recommend giving due attention to elderly patients with advanced age, history of hospitalization, perioperative Ketamie use, perioperative anticholinergic uses, opioid use, and blood transfusion use undergoing elderly elective orthopedic surgery.

Determinants of stroke among adult hypertensive patients on follow up in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia: A case control study.

Stroke is a non-communicable disease that causes sudden global or focal neurological disorders. It is one of the major public causes of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Early identification of the determinants and prompt intervention remains critical to reduce morbidity and mortality from stroke. The study aimed to identify determinants of stroke among adult hypertensive patients on follow up in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia. Unmatched case-control study design was conducted among 326(109 cases and 217 controls) study participants in Addis Ababa public hospitals from September 1-30, 2021. The cases were adult hypertensive patients who developed a stroke and the controls were adult hypertensive patients. The study participants were selected by consecutive sampling technique. Pretested structured interviewer assisted questionnaire and checklist were used to collect data. Data were entered into Epi data version 3.1; exported and analysed by SPSS version 23. All independent variables with p-value < 0.25 in the bi-variable logistic regression analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis. Finally, variables with p-value <0.05 were considered as determinants of the stroke. In this study, current cigarette smoker(AOR = 5.55, 95% CI: 2.48, 12.43), current alcohol drinker(AOR = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.94, 9.38), medication non-compliance(AOR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.62, 6.44), uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (AOR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.64, 7.16), uncontrolled diastolic blood pressure(AOR = 4.29, 95% CI: 2.06, 8.93), high low density lipoprotein(AOR = 6.89, 95% CI: 3.57, 13.35) and diabetic mellitus(AOR = 3.25, 95% CI: 1.58, 6.69) were more likely to develop a stroke. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, non-adherence to medication, uncontrolled systolic pressure, uncontrolled diastolic blood pressure, high low-density lipoprotein, and diabetic mellitus were determinants of stroke. Providing health education about lifestyle changes and the consequences of hypertension at all follow-up is very important.

Predictors of recovery time from severe community-acquired pneumonia among paediatrics patients in selected hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: an institution-based retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveSevere community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) is a significant cause of morbidity worldwide and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Ethiopia ranks 6th out of 15 countries with...

Severity and associated factors of postoperative pain in paediatric surgical patients aged 2 months-7 years at selected Addis Ababa Public Hospitals: a multicenter prospective longitudinal study.

Postoperative pain is a common and distressing consequence of surgery in children. It can lead to suffering, prolonged recovery, impaired physical functioning, and even chronic pain. Effective postoperative pain management is crucial for improving patient outcomes. However, several factors hinder the accurate assessment and management of pain in children, particularly in low-income countries. This study aims to evaluate the severity of postoperative pain in paediatric patients and identify its predictors. A longitudinal study was conducted on 235 paediatric surgical patients aged 2 months-7 years in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa from January to April 2023. The primary outcome, pain severity, was assessed at three different times using a pain assessment tool. Cochran's q-test was used to compare postoperative pain incidences. The Generalized Estimating Equation was used to determine predictor variables' effects on pain severity over time. The study demonstrated the direction of association and significance using an AOR with a 95% CI at a P value of 0.05. The incidence of moderate to severe postoperative pain was 36.6% at 12 h, 20% at 24 h, and 10% at 36 h. Patients with preoperative pain and preoperative anxiety were more likely to experience moderate to severe postoperative pain [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=3.41, CI=1.15, 10.00 and AOR=2.28, CI=1.219, 4.277, respectively). Intraoperative predictors of postoperative pain severity included longer duration of surgery (AOR=6.62, CI=1.90, 23.00) and major surgery (AOR=5.2, CI=2.11, 12.88). Postoperative pain severity was reduced in patients receiving multimodal analgesia (AOR=0.24; CI=0.091, 0.652) and in patients assessed frequently in the postoperative period (AOR=0.09; CI=0.022, 0.393). A significant portion of paediatric surgical patients in this study experienced high levels of postoperative pain, particularly within the first 24 h. The most influential factors affecting pain severity were postoperative pain management strategies and assessment practices.

High magnitude of road traffic accident among traumatized patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A facility-based cross-sectional study

Background: Globally, road traffic accidents cause around 50 million injuries and disabilities and close to 1.35 million deaths every year. In Ethiopia, approximately five thousand deaths are estimated to occur annually due to road traffic accidents. However, there is limited data on the precise burden of the problem in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of road traffic accidents and associated factors among traumatized patients who visited the emergency units of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 381 trauma patients who visited the emergency department of three public hospitals in Addis Ababa between June 1 and July 12, 2022. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire, entered into Epi-data, and exported to SPSS for statistical analysis. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors contributing to road traffic accidents at a significant level of P &lt; 0.05. Results: The majority of participants were males (73.5%), between 20 and 39 years old (65.1%), and married (45.7%). The prevalence of road traffic accidents among traumatized patients was 37.3% (95% CI: 32.5, 42.3) in public hospitals in Addis Ababa. After adjusting for potential confounders, being male [AOR (95% CI) = 2.77 (1.6, 4.8)], traveling in the afternoon [AOR (95% CI) = 0.6 (0.3, 0.9)], and alcohol-drinking before travel [AOR (95% CI) = 2.50 (1.6, 4.0)] were factors contributing to road traffic accidents. Conclusion: The prevalence of road traffic accidents was very high in Addis Ababa public hospitals. Being male, traveling in the afternoon, and drinking alcohol before travel were significantly associated with an increased risk of road traffic accidents. Community awareness creation, strict traffic flow control in the morning, and alcohol breath tests will ultimately decrease road traffic accidents. In the meantime, expansion and strengthening of pre-hospital care and post-crash trauma care services.

Survival Status and Predictors of Mortality Among Pediatrics Burn Victims Admitted to Burn Centers of Addis Ababa Public Hospitals, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background. Burn is a major public health problem in pediatric populations worldwide. This study aimed to determine the survival status and predictors of mortality among pediatric burn victims admitted to burn centers in Ethiopia. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on the patient charts of 412 pediatric patients with burn injuries at burn centers in Addis Ababa from the 1st of January 2016 to the 30th of December 2019. Data was entered into the Epi-Data manager. Then, the data was exported to STATA V-14 for cleaning and analysis. For the analysis, the proportional hazard model was used. After the model fitness test, variables with a P-value of <.25 in the bivariate analysis were fitted to the multivariate analysis. Finally, statistical significance was decided at a P-value of <.05, and the hazard ratio was used to determine the strength of the association. Result. The study reported an overall incidence rate of 2.4 per 1000 child days. Additionally, it revealed that the median hospital length of stay was 25.00 days (95% CI: 21.57, 28.45). During the follow-up period, 8.25% of deaths occurred among pediatric patients with burn injuries. Specifically, having a full-thickness burn (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 2.51, 95% CI: 1.12, 5.62) and neck burn (AHR 2.82, 95% CI: 1.04, 7.68) were identified as significant predictors contributing to increased mortality among burn-injured pediatric individuals. Conclusion. The study highlighted significant mortality rates among pediatric patients suffering from burn injuries. Based on the findings a full-thickness burn injury and burns in the neck area are independent predictors of mortality in pediatric burn patients. Based on the identified predictors of mortality in pediatric burn patients, clinicians should prioritize early recognition, prompt intervention, multidisciplinary management, vigilant monitoring, and preventive strategies to optimize outcomes and reduce mortality rates in this vulnerable population.

Compassionate, respectful care and associated factors among radiology clients at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundCompassionate and Respectful Care (CRC) is the basic radiology professional practice. Even though it is an essential component for all health practitioners, limited evidence was available in the study area, especially focusing on radiology services. Identifying levels of compassionate and respectful care and associated factors help in recommendations for improvement for radiology professionals to deliver service with a good habit of compassion and respect to their clients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of compassionate and respectful care and associated factors among radiology clients. MethodsFacility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from July 6 –27, 2022 in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Those hospitals were Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Armed Force Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, and St. Paulos Hospital. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select patients visited radiology departments and radiographers. Epi-Data version 6 and SPSS version 26 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analysis models are used to identify associated factors. Statistical significance was determined using a P-value of less than 0.05 and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence level. ResultsA total of 333 respondents were involved in the study with a response rate of 99.1%. Overall, compassionate and respectful care of radiology service providers were 66.7% and 70.9% respectively. Mode of transport (AOR (Adjusted Odd Ratio) =2.2, 95% CI (Confidence Interval): 1.00–4.81), waiting time (AOR= 4.10, 95% CI; 1.92–8.76), CRC training (AOR= 2.35, 95% CI; 1.34–4.12) and workload (AOR= 4.02, 95% CI; 1.9–8.51,) were significantly associated with compassionate care. Distance (AOR=2.98, 95% CI: 1.34–6.61), mode of transport (AOR=4.9, 95% CI; 2.09–11.5), number of service providers (AOR=0.52, 95% CI; 0.27–0.98), CRC training (AOR=2.15, 95% CI; 1.18–3.93) and workload (AOR=7.04, 95% CI; 3.13–15.8) were significantly associated with respectful care provision among radiology clients. ConclusionCompassionate and respectful care radiology service provision in Addis Ababa public hospitals was similar as compared with other studies. Waiting time, transportation, the number of service providers, Compassionate and respectful care training, and workload were significantly associated with compassionate and respectful care service provision. Providing adequate compassionate and respectful care training for service providers, reducing waiting time, and balancing the service provider-to-client ratio should enhance compassionate and respectful care service provision.

Utilization of immediate post-partum long acting reversible contraceptives and its associated factors among mothers who gave birth in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia: An institutional based cross-sectional study.

An immediate postpartum period is a good opportunity to utilize immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives for women whom they want to delay pregnancy. Long-acting reversible contraceptive methods like intrauterine device, Jaddel and implants can improve maternal and newborn health by preventing unintended pregnancy. Despite on their advantage, evidence on its utilization and associated factors is limited in our study area.Ethiopia. This study assessed the utilization of immediate postpartum long acting reversible contraceptives and its associated factors among mothers who delivered in selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 420 study participants to assess the immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptive utilization and its associated factors from August 30- September 25, 2022. Systematic sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data was entered into epi-data version 4.6 and analysis was performed by using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used. All statistical tests were significant at P-value < 0.05. A total of 417 postpartum women were participated in the study making a response rate of 99.3%. Of the total study participants, 30.7% [95% CI (26.1, 35.3)] utilized immediate postpartum family planning. Women at the age of 25-34 years (AOR = 3.228[95% CI: 1.140-9.136]), had discussion with their partners about family planning (AOR = 1.891[95% CI: 1.003, 3.565]), received counseling about immediate post-partum long acting reversible contraceptive (AOR = 3.146 [95% CI: 1.489, 6.647]), had positive attitude towards immediate post postpartum long acting reversible contraceptive (AOR = 3 [95% CI: 1.770-5.648]) were associated with utilization of immediate post-partum long acting reversible contraceptive. Almost one in three women delivering in health facilities of Addis Ababa Ethiopia started using immediate post-partum long acting reversible contraceptives. Discussion about contraception with partners, getting counseling about family planning on antenatal care, attitude toward contraception and the age of women were all factors that could increase IPPLARC uptake. Healthcare providers clarify any rumors about contraceptives to assure a positive and supportive attitude to increase its uptake.

HIV sero-status of healthcare workers in Addis Ababa public hospitals post exposure to infected blood and body fluids: A cross-sectional study, October 2022.

The study investigated the sero-status of human immunodeficiency virus among healthcare workers in Addis Ababa public hospitals. A multi-centered, institutional-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from 18 September 2022 to 30 October 2022. A simple random sampling method and a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire were used to collect the data, which were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with the human immunodeficiency virus sero-status of healthcare workers post exposure to infected blood and body fluids. Of the 420 study participants who were exposed to blood and body fluids, 403 (96%) were non-reactive. Healthcare workers who had 20-29years of work experience had approximately six times higher odds of testing positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (AOR=6.21, 95% CI: 2.39, 9.55). Healthcare workers who did not use personal protective equipment properly had five times higher odds of testing positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (AOR=5.02, CI: 3.73, 9.51). This study showed that, among those healthcare workers who tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus infection, the majority were from the emergency department. Healthcare workers who did not use personal protective equipment properly had higher odds of testing positive for the human immunodeficiency virus.

Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Among People Living with HIV (PLHIV): A Cross-Sectional Survey to Measure in Selected Public Hospital of Addis Ababa

In Ethiopia, people with HIV receive free antiretroviral therapy (ART). Adherence to ART is very important for people with HIV, because if they don't take their medicines, they can spread HIV to other people. This study aimed to find out how many people living with HIV in Addis Ababa were adherent to their ART. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected HIV positive adults receiving free ART from March to May2020 at Addis Ababa Public Hospitals. Three hundreds and eighty two People Living with HIV were interviewed using an anonymous questionnaire. The adherence rate estimates are based on the information provided by the HIV-infected people about medications they have taken in the previous four days. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical software. Frequencies, ratios, mean and standard deviation were calculated and used to illustrate the studies. Data were presented in the form of tables and graph. To assess the relationship of independent variables with ART adherence, bivariate and data analysis were performed using chi square tests and univariate logistic regression for categorical independent variables were used for data analysis. The frequencies and distribution of each variable were calculated by conventional statistical methods. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. The result showed that 86.9% of the participants showed optimal adherence and 13.1% showed sub optimal adherence. Our result showed that the respondents, age, marital status and average monthly income were associated with suboptimal adherence to ART. Other factors such as gender, duration on ART, and the use of adherence reminders were not associated with non-adherence to ART. Strategies should be developed based on findings to increase adherence to ART.

Surface Disinfection Practice in Public Hospitals in the Era of COVID-19: Assessment of Disinfectant Solution Preparation and Use in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Surface disinfection of healthcare facilities with appropriate disinfectants is among the infection control strategies against the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As sodium hypochlorite solution (SHS) is a commonly used surface disinfectant, its preparation and proper use should be given a due attention. The current study aimed at assessing the practice of Addis Ababa public hospitals in the preparation and use of SHS. A cross-sectional observational study was employed to assess the adequacy of disinfectant solution preparation and use. Checklists were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used for data analyses, and categorical variables were described by frequencies and percentages. Out of the twelve public hospitals included in the study; only three hospitals checked the potency of the working SHS. Majority of the hospitals (8 hospitals) stored the concentrated SHS products in cool, dry, and direct sunlight protected places. It was only in one hospital where appropriate personal protective equipment was used during the preparation and quality control activities. Surfaces were not cleaned in all hospitals before disinfection; and the rooms were ventilated only in 2 hospitals during the application of the disinfectant solution. The study revealed that the preparations of SHS in the public hospitals did not comply with most of the requirements of good compounding practice. Moreover, standard practices were not maintained in majority hospitals during the use of SHS for surface disinfection. As a control strategy in the spread of COVID-19 and other infections, appropriate corrective actions shall be implemented in the studied hospitals to mitigate the limitations observed in the preparation and use of SHS.

Maternal psychological distress and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals, Ethiopia.

Mothers who have endured psychological distress during pregnancy are more likely to have cognitive and behavioral issues for their baby, and are at greater risk for subsequent mental health problems for themselves. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of psychological distress during pregnancy in women attending antenatal clinics in Addis Ababa public hospitals and to find out if there are any associated factors. Hospital based cross sectional study was employed from May 7 to June 6, 2019 at public hospitals. A total of 810 pregnant women participated in the study selected through systematic random sampling technique. Kessler psychological distress Scale (K10) was used to measure psychological distress during pregnancy. Frequency tables and graphs were used to describe the study variable. The association between variables analyzed with bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression. A statistical significance was declared at p value < 0.05 with 95% confidence interval. A total of 810 participants were included in the study with the response rate of 92%. The Prevalence of psychological distress among pregnant women was found to be 174(21.5%) with (95% CI, 18.6, 24.6). decreasing age [AOR = 3.61, 95%CI, 1.00, 13.01], no formal education [AOR = 3.57, 95%CI, 2.06, 6.19], having an abortion history [AOR = 2.23, 95%CI, 1.29, 3.87], having intimate partner violence [AOR = 4.06, 95%CI, 2.37, 6.94] and poor social support[AOR = 3.33, 95%CI, 1.95, 5.70] were statistically associated with psychological distress during pregnancy. This research found high prevalence of psychological distress during pregnancy compared with majorities of preceding studies. In this study we identified factors that are associated with psychological distress in pregnancy. This includes, decreasing age, no formal education, having an abortion history, having intimate partner violence and poor social support. Psychological distress screening and potential risk factors for mental illness evaluations should be carried out during pregnancy for early diagnosis and intervention.

Post-Vaccine SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection and Associated Factors Among Health Care Providers in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, 2022: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The protection against Coronavirus variants 2019 by pre-existing antibodies due to the current vaccination or natural infection is a global concern. In Ethiopia, case reports show that a significant number of health professionals are reported to get re-infected after vaccination. There are also more studies that revealed the symptomatic SARS-COV-2 re-infection, in particular, among healthcare providers actively engaged in Addis Ababa public health facilities. This study has aimed at assessing the magnitude of post-vaccine reinfection of SARS-COV-2 and associated factors among health care providers in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Addis Ababa, 2022 G.C. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 11 to July 30, 2022. A total of 422 health professionals were included. A simple random sampling method was employed to select 40% of the total hospitals. Then the total sample size was equally allocated to each selected hospital, and then each individual was selected purposefully. The data was collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The analysis was done using SPSS version 26.0, and for data entry, EPi Info version 7.1 was used. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the p-value. Overall, 418 healthcare providers were enrolled in this study, making the response rate 99.05%. The magnitude of SARS-COV-2 reinfection was 60 (14.4%) (95% CI 10.8-17.9). Healthcare professionals who took infection prevention (IP) training on COVID-19 (AOR = 7.177: CI = 4.761-9.698) were associated with SARS-COV-2 reinfection; those with a history of chronic respiratory diseases (AOR = 3.029: CI = 2.406-9.133) were associated with SARS-COV-2 reinfection; health professionals who took the third dose of SARS-COV-2 vaccine (AOR = 1.75: CI = 1.14-2.68) and being a midwife were statistically significant. This study showed the prevalence of SARS-COV-2 reinfection among vaccinated healthcare providers with a pre-vaccination infection history was high; IP training on COVID-19 was needed; educational status, profession, type of vaccine taken in the first dose, chronic respiratory diseases, and number of vaccinations were significantly associated with SARS-COV-2 reinfection after vaccination. Giving IP training, encouraging taking the vaccine as protocol, and using proper personal protective equipment are recommended.

HIV Sero-Status of Health Care Workers in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals After Post-Exposure Blood and Body Fluids: A Cross-Sectional Study, October 2022.

The study investigated the sero-status of human immunodeficiency virus among healthcare workers in Addis Ababa public hospitals. A multi-centered, institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 18, 2022, to October 30, 2022. A simple random sampling method and semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data, which were analyzed using statistical package for social science version 25. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the sero-status of healthcare workers' post-exposure blood and body fluids for the human immunodeficiency virus. Of the 420 study participants who were exposed to blood and body fluids, 403 (96%) were non-reactive. Healthcare workers who had 20 to 29 years of work experience had approximately 6 times higher odds of testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (AOR = 6.21, 95% CI: (2.39, 9.55). Healthcare workers who did not use personal protective equipment properly had 5 times higher odds of testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (AOR = 5.02, CI: 3.73, 9.51). This study showed that a higher proportion of healthcare workers at the emergency department were positive for human immunodeficiency virus infection among healthcare workers who were exposed to blood and body fluids and tested immediately. Healthcare workers who did not use personal protective equipment properly had higher odds of testing positive for human immune-deficiency virus.

Anesthetists knowledge, practices, and associated factors towards infection prevention in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundEvery year, hundreds of millions of individuals are afflicted by preventable illnesses in the health care system. In surgical patients in Sub-Saharan Africa, the rate of nosocomial infection ranges from 2.5 to 30.9%. Anesthesia doctors have a direct impact on the risk of perioperative infection. In the operating theater, 7% of surgical patients have a healthcare-associated infection. According to a study, bacterial transmission in the OR anesthesia work area was linked to 30-day postoperative illnesses in as many as 16% of surgical patients. ObjectiveThis study aims to assess anesthetists knowledge, practices, and associated factors towards infection prevention in xxx public hospitals. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey of 220 anesthetists working in xxx hospitals was undertaken using standardized pretested and self-administered questionnaires. The information gathered was double-checked for accuracy before being entered into the EPI INFO7 software and then exported to SPSS version 24 for analysis. For bivariate and multivariable analysis, descriptive statistical analysis was done, and a logistic regression model was built. A 95% confidence level and an alpha of 0.05 were employed to determine the existence of a relationship between variables. ResultA total of 220 anesthetists took part. 82.7% (95% of CL: 77.7–87.7) and 48.2% (95% of CL: 41.4–55.4) of respondents were rated as knowledgeable about infection prevention and safe procedures, respectively. The presence of an infection prevention committee and recommendations is significantly linked to both knowledge and practice in infection prevention. ConclusionAccording to the findings of this study, the majority of anesthetists have a good understanding of infection prevention and nearly half of anesthetists have inadequate infection prevention practice. Infection prevention guidelines should be developed, enough supplies of personal protective equipment should be available, and an infection prevention committee should be strengthened.

Sexual Harassment and Associated Factors Among Female Nurses: The Case of Addis Ababa Public Hospitals.

BackgroundSexual harassment of female nurses at work is an issue that is receiving more attention globally and is progressively being acknowledged as a form of gender discrimination in the workplace. Africa’s situation is getting worse every day, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Determining the prevalence of workplace sexual harassment and associated factors among female nurses working in Addis Ababa public hospitals was the aim of this study.MethodsA cross-sectional research design was conducted in August 2021 GC and 339 randomly selected female nurses working in an Addis Ababa public hospital were selected. The data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. EPI-Info 7 was used to enter the data, which was then exported to SPSS version 26 for further analysis.ResultsForty six (46.6) percent of workplaces reported having experienced sexual harassment. One hundred sixty seven (49.3%) of all cases involved physical sexual harassment, while 79 (51.2%) involved verbal sexual harassment. Sexual harassment was 4.64 times more likely to happen to single female nurses than to married people (AOR= 4.64, 95% CI [2.6, 8.4]). Female nurses in the 20–25 age group were roughly 4.7 times more likely to suffer sexual harassment than those in the >40 age group (AOR=4.69, 95% CI [2.44, 9.03]). Alcohol consumers had a 4.5-fold higher chance of experiencing sexual harassment than non-consumers (AOR=4.50, 95% CI [2.40, 8.50]).ConclusionViolence among female nurses was demonstrated in this study. It demands a particular focus from the involved bodies. Age, marital status, and alcohol consumption were found to statistically significantly correlate with sexual harassment. Female nurses must get training that emphasizes behavior modification, and healthcare facilities must foster a pleasant atmosphere for nurses, patients, and other staff members.

Assessment of adherence to preoperative fasting guidelines and associated patient discomfort in adult elective surgical patients in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a multicenter cross-sectional study

Background: Preoperative fasting is compulsory before anesthesia to lower the risk of pulmonary aspiration. However, it is usually prolonged beyond the recommended time affecting the patient’s comfort and has several deleterious effects. Objective: To assess the adherence to preoperative fasting guidelines and associated patient discomfort in adult elective surgical patients in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted on 422 adult patients who underwent elective surgery at Addis Ababa public hospitals from February 20, to May 10, 2021. The collected data were entered into SPSS, version 24 for analysis. Spearman correlation and independent t test were used to assess the relationship between preoperative fasting time and explanatory variables, as appropriate. P value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Majority (97.4%) of patients were instructed to fast from midnight regardless of the food type and schedule. Majority (98.1%) of the participants did not adhere to the preoperative fasting guidelines. The mean preoperative fasting time was 14.26±2.35 hours (range: 8–22 h) for solid foods and 13.89±2.37 hours (range: 8–21 h) for clear fluids. More than half (64%) of the participants felt preoperative discomfort, and factors contributing were thirst, hunger, mouth dryness, lengthy waiting of prior surgery, and tiredness. There was a moderate positive correlation between preoperative fasting time and severity of patient discomfort (P&lt;0.001). There was also a strong positive correlation between total fasting time and the sequence of patient’s schedule (P&lt;0.001). Conclusions: Preoperative fasting for solids and clear liquids was longer than the recommended international fasting guidelines. Preoperative fasting duration had an association with preoperative discomforting factors. Incorrect orders of instructions and changing sequences of schedule challenged the preoperative fasting adherence. Thus, preoperative fasting instructions should be clear, individualized; and health professionals need to communicate when surgery is delayed or changed.

Magnitude and associated factors of low birth weight among term newborns delivered in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Ethiopia, 2021

Only 14% of births had information on birth weight available at the time of birth in Ethiopia. Hence, previous studies underestimate the magnitude and associated factors of low birth weight (LBW). As a result, the goal of this study is to fill those gaps in the previous studies. An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the associated factors. In this study, the magnitude of LBW was 13.06%. History of chronic medical illness (AOR = 3; 95% CI: (1.02, 9.17)), haemoglobin level during pregnancy (AOR = 0.23; 95% CI: (0.10, 0.50)), iron/folic acid supplementation (AOR = 0.27; 95% CI: (0.10, 0.72)) and extra meal during pregnancy (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI: (1.52, 7.00)) were significantly associated with LBW. The magnitude of LBW in this study was comparable to the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) report from 2016. It is better to intervene in those identified factors in order to reduce LBW. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? Low birth weight (LBW) accounts for 60–80% of all neonatal deaths each year. In developing countries like Ethiopia, LBW is a major public health concern. Almost half of the world's infants are not weighed at birth, a figure that is especially high in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. What do the results of this study add? Only 14% of births had information on birth weight available at the time of birth in Ethiopia. Hence, previous studies underestimate the magnitude and associated factors of LBW. To meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)-2030 targets for neonatal and child mortality, sufficient evidence on the magnitude of LBW and associated factors must be important in order to contribute to the development of timely interventions. A history of chronic medical illness, haemoglobin level, iron/folic acid supplementation and extra meal during pregnancy was associated with LBW. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The findings of this study will be useful in developing better health policies to prevent LBW as well as interventions that can target the identified factors.

Obstetrics mortality and associated factors in intensive care unit of Addis Ababa public hospital in, 2020/21: A hospital based case control study

BackgroundIn low-income nations like Ethiopia, the rate of obstetric death in intensive care units is significant. The indications of admission are Preeclampsia/Eclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, and puerperal sepsis but, patient outcomes subsequent to intensive care unit admission are sparse. The aim of this study is to assess factors associated with obstetrics mortality in Intensive Care unit. MethodsA hospital based unmatched case control study was conducted on obstetrics patients admitted to Addis Ababa Public hospital's intensive care unit from October 2018 to November 2020. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done; Odds Ratio and Confidence Interval (OR and 95% CI) were computed using SPSS version 26. P value < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. ResultObstetrics mortality in intensive care unit was high and accounts 27% from the total intensive care unit admission. Severe pre-eclampsia AOR: 6.33; 95% CI: 2.25–17.79, puerperal sepsis AOR: 4.51; 95% CI: 1.68–12.15, age ≥35 years AOR: 4.09; 95% CI: 1.42–11.77, absence of antenatal care: AOR: 3.74; 95% CI: 1.03–13.5, maternal coexisting diseases AOR: 5.2; 95% CI: 2.22–12.16, and severely decrease of consciousness at admission AOR: 3.78; 95% CI: 1.21–11.79 were significantly associated with obstetrics mortality in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals intensive care unit. Conclusionand Recommendation: Maternal age ≥35 years, loss of antenatal care, puerperal sepsis, severe pre-eclampsia, pre-existing medical comorbidities and severe decrease level of consciousness during ICU admission were the most significant factors associated with obstetrics mortality. It is recommended that all pregnant women should have antenatal care so that preeclampsia and maternal comorbidities will be early diagnosed and treated.