Adding Waste Plastic Research Articles

Improvement of Bituminous Pavement by Adding Waste Plastic

The present paper reports the results of a study undertaken to determine the physical properties of aggregates, 80/100 grade bitumen, optimum bitumen content by using Marshall mix design, optimum plastic content and also to compare the results with plain mix. Keywords: Bitumen, Concrete, Aggregates, Cement, Sand Etc.

An experimental assessment of using waste plastic fuel as an additive in a DI diesel engine running on Jatropha biodiesel blends

The sole objective of the current work is to assess the effects of adding waste plastic fuel to diesel and jatropha biodiesel. In order to test this, seven distinct fuel samples made up of jatropha biodiesel-diesel, WPF-jatropha biodiesel-diesel, and regular diesel as a reference fuel were created using predefined volumetric proportions. After thorough characterization, studies are carried out employing spectroscopic methods such as FTIR, elemental analysis, and GC-MS. Finally, a direct-injection single-cylinder diesel engine underwent performance and emission tests. It has been discovered that adding WPF to biodiesel lowers its density, flash point, and viscosity. When WPF is added to biodiesel blends, the biodiesel’s cold flow properties are improved, and its calorific value and diesel index are raised. According to FTIR analysis of the fuel samples, the WPF mixed biodiesel, biodiesel, and diesel all share certain common functional groups. According to GC-MS examination of the fuel samples, all of the blends contain some aliphatic and aromatic chemicals as well as diglycerides, triglycerides, and ester components. WPF blended fuels exhibit improved thermal efficiency under partial loading situations, according to engine performance tests. It is discovered that the WPF blended fuel has a lower exhaust temperature than biodiesel. Compared to biodiesel and diesel, WPF mixed fuel has higher HC emissions but lower NOx emissions. Thus, it is advantageous to mix waste plastic fuel with biodiesel because doing so lowers NOx emissions while simultaneously raising the calorific value and diesel index of the biodiesel.

The Effect of Adding Waste Plastic Fibers on The Concrete Properties And Shear Strength of Rc Beams: A Review

Plastic waste has been significantly increasing globally. Manufacturing procedures, service sectors, and municipal solid waste all produce a lot of waste plastic items. Concern over the environment and how to dispose of the generated waste has increased due to the rise in plastic waste. Additionally, the use of PET in concrete manufacturing should minimize concerns with plastic waste management and carbon dioxide emissions re-cycling plastic waste, thus replacing the need to dispose of it in a landfill, which has a limited capacity. One alternative is to develop "green concrete" by using plastic waste as a recycled ingredient in concrete buildings. However, before any structure is constructed out of concrete that contains plastic, it is important to know how the use of PET in concrete affects the concrete properties and structural behavior. Especially the shear strength of concrete beams, which is one of the fundamental problems in civil engineering. Therefore, this study serves as an overview of experiments that substituted polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for concrete as a volume ratio additive. It provides information on the mix design and behavior of concrete when PET is utilized

Characterization of physical & mechanical properties of asphalt concrete containing low- & high-density polyethylene waste as aggregates

Coarse aggregate is one of the main ingredients of asphalt concrete as it plays a vital role in the serviceability and durability of a flexible pavement. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of partially adding waste plastic aggregates in asphalt mix and studying its influence on different physical and mechanical properties. For this purpose, plastic waste was collected from landfill sites and classified into low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and, shredded into aggregates of desired size. Natural aggregates were replaced with these synthetic aggregates in different proportions such as 5%, 15% and 25%. Results showed that the incorporation of both types of plastic wastes reduced the density of asphalt mixture due to increase in air voids. The stability and flow values increased up to 15% partial replacement of natural aggregates with LDPE and HDPE. Similarly, LDPE-25 samples had lowest rut depth followed by HDPE-25. HDPE-15 sample showed the highest value of resilient modulus with a percentage increase of about 168.5% as compared to control sample. The dynamic modulus of asphalt also improved with plastic aggregates. However, the dynamic modulus values reduced with the increase in frequency for all study samples.

Potentials of waste plastic pyrolysis oil as an extender fuel for diesel engine

Plastic waste is accumulating globally and its harmful environmental effects are on the rise. In order to reduce the challenges of waste management, the valorization of this heterogeneous plastic waste is of vital importance. The transformation of waste plastic for the production of alternative fuel is among the most promising pathway for its treatment. In this context, pyrolysis is an emerging trend, which can transform a wide variety of wastes into plastic oil. Due to the abundance and unlimited accessibility of the feedstock, higher heating value, the waste plastic pyrolyzed oil can be a potential extender fuel for CI engines. In the present study, an attempt has been made to improve the performance and emission characteristics of diesel-waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends by adding waste plastic pyrolyzed oil (WPPO). Different test fuels containing 10% and 20% by volume of waste plastic pyrolyzed oil, 20% by volume of waste cooking oil biodiesel, and 60%, 70%, and 80% by volume of diesel were prepared and labeled as D80B20, D70B20P10, and D60B20P20, respectively. To investigate the engine ignition characteristics of test fuels, ignition probability was calculated. Further, the performance and emission characteristics of test fuels were evaluated by conducting the engine trials at different loading conditions. A single-cylinder DI four-stroke diesel engine was used for the analysis, and the outcomes were compared with neat diesel (D100). The test fuel containing 20% vol. of WPPO (D60B20P20) showed up to 12.2% increase in brake thermal efficiency and up to 9.6% decrease in brake-specific energy consumption in comparison with diesel and biodiesel blends. The exhaust emissions were also decreased considerably as the percentage of WPPO in fuel blend is increased. At full load, an overall reduction of about 30% in NOx, CO, and UBHC emissions was observed for D60B20P20 in comparison with neat diesel.

Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams containing waste plastic fibers

This research was conducted to study the effect of adding waste plastic fibers (WPFs) on the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Fifteen simply supported RC beams with a cross section of (100 * 150) mm and a clear span of (1100) mm was tested under two-point loads until failure. Three beams of the total samples were made from the reference mix, and the twelve beams remaining were made from concrete mixes containing WPFs with volumetric percentage ratios (Vf) varying from (0.5% to 2%) of the total volume. These beams were divided into three main groups according to the longitudinal steel reinforcement area ratio (ρ), and these ratios were approximately equal to (ρ max, 0.75 ρ max, ρ min). Test results established that the adding of WPFs, in addition, to decreasing the danger of PET wastes on the environment, leads to increasing the maximum applied load causing ultimate failure, an increment in ductility index and transformation of the mode of failure of the tested beams into a more ductile one for all beams contains such kind of fibers.

Experimental investigation on modification of rheological parameters of bitumen by using waste plastic bottles

Bitumen is the most popular binding material in road construction. Nowadays due to rapid infrastructure growth and increasing in the number of vehicles it is necessary to build the roads which can sustain adverse traffic loading and extreme weather conditions. Also, disposal of waste plastic is a big problem nowadays. Studies have found that, effective use of plastic in the bitumen to improve its original properties. Plastic added to bitumen by two ways first is dry process and another is wet process. Most of the research was done on dry process. Coming to wet process some research works carried on adding waste plastic bags to the bitumen and found satisfactory. Present study concentrating on adding the shredded waste plastic water bottles to the bitumen to improve its rheological properties. In present study plastic is heated up to its melting point, then bitumen is added to the liquid plastic and mixed thoroughly with the help of mechanical stirrer. On the prepared composite material (i.e. plastic modified bitumen – PMB) laboratory tests was conducted like softening point, ductility value, elastic recovery, penetration, specific gravity, flash and fire point. In continuation, conducting Marshall stability test on the same plastic modified bitumen samples to finalize the optimum percentage of plastic to be added. Finally, comparison made between plastic modified bitumen sample with original bitumen sample. Present study concluded that, replacing the bitumen with 5% & 7.5% of PET plastic improves the rheological properties of the bitumen. From the Marshall test, it was declared that 7.5% replacement of bitumen with plastic gives more stability than 5% replacement. From this experimental investigation declared that, 7.5% of the PET plastic is the optimum percentage which can add to the bitumen to use in flexible pavements for improving the maintenance period also for improving the rheological parameters of bitumen.

Hydrocracking of heavy crude/residues with waste plastic

Residue hydroprocessing requires a large quantity of hydrogen. The utilization of the low-cost hydrogen donor for the hydroprocessing reaction can helps to reduce the high cost of hydrogen. Generally, hydroaromatic compounds such as tetralin, decalin, naphthalene, and anthracene are considered solvents that are efficient for donating hydrogen. The present study investigates the use of waste plastic as a hydrogen-donor to improve the yield and quality of distillates in the hydroprocessing of heavy crude/residue. For this study, the thermal cracking of heavy crude and vacuum residues was performed with waste plastic at a 420 °C reaction temperature and 6 MPa hydrogen pressure. The results indicate that at 420 °C, the yield of the middle distillate fraction is maximized due to the minimization of retrogressive polymerization reactions occurring during the process. Adding waste plastic to vacuum residue feeds helps to reduce the coke formation and increase metal and asphaltene removal activities. This work presents waste plastic as very cheap material to serve as a hydrogen-donating hydrocarbon for upgrading heavy oil/residue feeds to produce transportation fuels.

Investigation of reinforcing flexible pavements with waste plastic fibers in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE

With the increase of solid wastes, officials in Ras Al Khaimah (RAK), United Arab Emirates (UAE) are evaluating reuses of these materials rather than being dumped in landfills. Furthermore, asphalt pavements in RAK are failing prematurely due to heavy and slow traffic accompanied with high temperatures during the summer. To assist in the efforts of solving these problems, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding waste plastic fibers to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Tests were conducted on a standard HMA with two asphalt binder grades and two waste plastic fiber contents (0.5 and 1% by weight of mix). Results showed that HMA fracture resistance at −10 and 21.1°C temperatures and rutting resistance at a 54.4°C temperature increased by the addition of waste plastic fibers. For an overall improvement in performance of asphalt pavement, the optimum waste plastic fiber content was found to be 0.5% by weight of mix. Thus, by adding waste plastic fibers to HMA, an improvement of performance (rutting and cracking resistances) of asphalt pavements and a positive effect on the environment could be achieved by the reuse of discarded plastic waste.

Producing of eco-friendly lightweight concrete using waste polystyrene particles as aggregates with adding waste plastic

This research includes studying the possibility of producing a new kind of No-fines concrete by replacing granules of coarse aggregates with grains results from the fragmentation of industrial waste of polystyrene. This replacing were with different volumetric proportions of coarse aggregate, and theses volumetric ratios were equal to (5%, 10%, 15% and 25%). Waste plastic fibers (WPFs) resulting from cutting of soft drinks bottles were added for strengthening this new kind of concrete. Mixing ratio was equal to (1:5) (cement: coarse aggregate) by weight. One reference mix was produced for comparative purpose. Compressive strength, flexural strength and density tests were conducted, it was examined three samples of each examination and taking the average. Compressive strength values of the new sustainable concrete were ranged from 10 MPa to 12.4 MPa at age of test equal to 28 days, while the average value of the density of this concrete at the same age reaches 1930 kg/m3. This average value of modulus of rupture was equal to 2.36 MPa at 28-day age test.

The Effects of adding Waste Plastic Fibers on the Mechanical Properties and Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams

The concept of sustainability was developed in the last years and included the construction industry to solve the issues that pertaining by high consumption of natural sources, environmental pollution and high amount production of solid wastes. On the other hand, the plastics generation is growing exponentially every year, especially, types of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) that are used to produce soft drinks bottles, this study attempts to apply the concept of sustainability and reduce the environmental pollution by cutting the plastic bottles (PET) as small fibers added to the ordinary concrete to improve the shear and tensile strength of reinforced concrete beams. For this purpose, the experimental work was carried out to study the effect of waste plastic fibers (PET) on the shear behavior of seven reinforced concrete beams with dimensions of (100×150×1200) mm that were designed to fail in shear, the fibers percentages that were used in this study are (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5%). Also, the influence of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete was studied such as: workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, static modulus of elasticity and ultrasonic pulse velocity.

The effects of adding waste plastic fibers on some properties of roller compacted concrete

An attempt to produce of roller compacted concrete (RCC) improved by adding waste plastic fibers (WPFs) resulting from cutting the PET beverage bottles was recorded in this study. The method which is used for production of RCC is an approved design method for ACI committee (5R-207,1980)[1]. WPF was added by volumetric percentages ranging between (0.5 to 2 %) and reference concrete mix was produced for comparison reason. Many tests were conducted on the models produced by rolling compacted concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, dry density, water absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The analysis of the results showed that the use of plastic waste fibers (1%) had led to improvement in the properties of each of the compressive strength and flexural strength compared with reference concrete. Results also showed that the addition of these, fibers increase water absorption and reduce the speed of Ultrasonic pulse velocity.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR ORDINARY CONCRETE CONTAINING WASTE PLASTIC FIBERS

This study program has been conducted to investigate the influence of adding waste plastic fibers (WPF) resulting from manual cutting for bottles used in the conservation gassy beverage on different characteristics of ordinary concrete. Cutting plastic waste by volumetric rates ranging between (0.5%) to (2%) was approved. Reference mix was produced for comparison. Tests were conducted on the models produced from waste plastic fiber concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength. The analysis of the results showed that the use of plastic waste fibers (1%) has led to improve the properties of flexural strength and splitting tensile strength compared with reference concrete .When the( 0.75%)WPF ratio improved the compressive strength as compared with the control specimen . Compressive strength in (28 days) with fiber ratio (0.75%) WPF is higher than equal (5.1%) from compressive strength in (28 days) of reference concrete. Volumetric ratio (1%) WPF can be also observed that each of the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength increases equal (12.5 and 12.5%) respectively, from flexural strength and splitting tensile strength for the reference mix at(28day).

The Effects of Adding Waste Plastic Fibers (WPFs) on Some Properties of Self Compacting Concrete using Iraqi local Materials

This study presents an experimental research of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) properties containing waste plastic fibers (WPF). Adding waste plastics which resulting from cutting PET bottles as fibers to SCC with aspect ratio (l/d) equal to (28). To illustrate the effects of WPFs on the SCC, the current study was divided into two parts, the first part shows the effect of adding plastic fibers on the properties of fresh SCC, which include the ability flow, spread, passing and resistance to segregation, and the second part to evaluate the properties of hardened (mechanical) destructive and non-destructive, which include compression strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity test. One reference concrete mix was conducted and eight mixes contain WPF has been producing self-compacting concrete mixers containing a different volumetric ratio of plastic fibers (Vf) % percentages (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2) %. Three cubes samples were prepared for testing the compressive strength, three prisms were prepared for the test modules of rupture, one cylinder were prepared testing the modulus of elasticity. The experiments show that adding plastic fibers to SCC leads to an increase in the compression strength and modulus of rupture at 28-day as follows (42.30)% and (73.12)% respectively for mix ratio (1.5)% in comparison with the reference mix, which represent the best ratio of fibers, as such the results of testing the fresh concrete containing waste fibers showed that adding these fibers led a reduction in workability for SCC.

The Effect of Adding Waste Plastic Fibers on some Engineering Properties of Roller Compacted Concrete

This research includes producing compacted concrete by rolling method and the possibility for using in highway construction field with studying the influence of adding waste plastic fiber resulting from manual cutting for bottles used in the conservation gassy beverage on different characteristics of this type of concrete. For the purpose of selecting mix proportions appropriate for rolling compacted concrete (RCC). Approved design method for ACI-committee (5R-207 .1980) was selected for this research. Destroying plastic waste by volumetric rates ranging between (0.5%) to (2%) was approved. Reference mix was produced for comparison. Tests were conducted on the models produced from rolling compacted concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. The analysis of the results showed that the use of plastic waste fibers (1%) has led to improve the properties of each of the compressive strength and flexural strength and split tensile strength compared with reference concrete. Compressive strength in 28 days with fiber ratio (1%) is higher than (52.15%) from compressive strength in 28 days of reference concrete. It can be also observed that each of the flexural strength and split tensile strength increases by (17.86, 25.61)%, respectively, from flexural strength and split tensile strength for the reference mix

The possibility of enhancing some properties of self-compacting concrete by adding waste plastic fibers

An attempt was carried out to develop some properties of self-compacted concrete (SCC) by adding waste plastic fibers (WPF) resulting from cutting beverage bottles. Many tests were conducted to investigate the effect of adding WPF on the fresh properties, whereas other tests were applied on that kind of concrete to study the effect of this type of waste on hardened properties. For this reason, different self-compacting concrete mixtures were designed at constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.35 and 490kg/m3 of binder content. The class F fly ash was replaced with cement as 25% by weight. The eighth designated plastic fiber contents of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75% and 2% by volume. The workability properties of self-compacting concrete mixtures were performed to slump flow diameter, T50 slump flow simultaneously, V-funnel flow at the same time, and L-box height ratio. The 7, 14 and 28-day compressive strengths of self-compacting concretes were also measured. Moreover, the 7, 14 and 28-day flexural strengths of concretes were also measured. The test results showed that the plastic fibers have adverse effect on the fresh properties of self-compacting concrete and improvement by hardened properties.

The Production of Economical Precast Concrete Panels Reinforced by Waste Plastic Fibers

This paper has discussed the effect of adding waste plastic fiber (PET) resulting from cutting the plastic beverage bottles by hand (which is used in Iraqi markets now) as a small fiber to the precast concrete panels. This research presents an experimental program for investigating rupture strength and impact resistance of precast concrete panels with different depths. Different volumes of fibers, i.e. 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% have been added as percentages of concrete by volume. The results show that the maximum volume of PET fiber for a desired rupture and impact resistance was 1.0%. The addition of waste PET fiber to the plain precast concrete panels has economical advantages .It tends to decrease the depth panel from (30 cm × 30 cm × 4 cm) to (30 cm × 30 cm × 3 cm) and the percentage of increase of rupture strength was 34.27% and the percentage of increase of impact resistance was 157.14% for reinforced concrete panels (30 cm × 30 cm × 3 cm) aged at 90-days compared with plain panels of (30 cm × 30 cm × 4 cm). In the impact test the visual observation is that the specimens of fiber reinforced precast concrete panel (FRPCP) have remained together in one piece though broken whilst plain concrete specimens have exhibited the total disintegration.

Study on Marshall Stability Properties of BC Mix Used In Road Construction by Adding Waste Plastic Bottles

Study on Marshall Stability Properties of BC Mix Used In Road Construction by Adding Waste Plastic Bottles

Research of Low Rank Bituminous Coal Heat Treating and Hydrogenation Upgrading

This paper developments the research of improving the plasticity of low rank bituminous coal. The purpose is to improve the caking property of low rank bituminous coal and expand coking coal resources. The hydrothermal treatment, co-pyrolysis adding waste plastic and hydrogenation processing are chosen to process low rank bituminous coal. Several means including FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, gas chromatographic(GC) and caking index are used to analyze the treated coal and generated gas products. The results show that the carboxyl groups of coal are removed after hydrothermal treatment, and the intensity of hydroxyl absorption increases. The oxygen-containing functional groups except hydroxyl groups of coal are removed after hydrogenation. The hydrogenation has obvious effects on the changes of coal structure. The reactivity and caking property of hydrotreated coal increases significantly, the indexes of coke quality of hydrotreated coal is measured to reach 16. The co-pyrolysis hydrogenation of plastic and coal results show that coal can prevent the thermal decomposition products of plastics from escaping. The caking index of hydrotreated coal with plastic is much same as that of hydrotreated coal. The addition of plastic in hydrogenation processing can not directly improve the coal plasticity.