Adding Calcium Carbonate Research Articles

Application of calcium carbonate (CaCo3) at different time intervals on the growth of freshwater lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus)

Freshwater lobsters are one of the crustacean commodities that have started to be developed through cultivation. Besides having high nutritional value, freshwater lobsters have a stable sales value or price throughout the year. Freshwater lobster is a crustacean commodity that is not easily stressed or easily attacked by disease. The availability of calcium is essential for lobster growth, especially the formation of its shell. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of adding calcium carbonate at different time intervals by adding 150 mg/L CaCO3 lime. The study was conducted from June to July 2020 at the Aquaculture Environmental Laboratory, Bogor Agricultural Institute. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. The treatment used was K+ and K-, and the time interval for adding CaCO3 was once every five days, once every ten days, and once every 15 days. The aquarium measures 100 x 50 x 51 cm with a water height of 21 cm. The lobster used measures 1.5 cm. The research results after statistical testing showed that aquarium A1 (addition of CaCO3 every five days) experienced an increase in length of 0.67 cm. Weight of 0.67 g, B1 (addition of CaCO3 every ten days) experienced an increase in length of 0.87 cm and weight of 0.78 g, C1 (addition of CaCO3 every 15 days) experienced an increase in length of 0.97 cm and weight of 0.98 g, K+1 experienced an increase in length of 1.05 cm and weight of 1.06 gr, K-1 experienced an increase in length of 0.46 cm and weight of 0.45 g.

Production of refining alumina-containing fluxes by sintering from technogenic raw materials

Modern Russian steelmaking plants use predominantly alumina-containing materials for liquefying lime in a ladle-furnace unit, which replaced fluorspar. Alumina-containing materials currently available on the market cannot be used directly in steelmaking without preliminary preparation (refining, heat treatment or briquetting), or are simply unsuitable for ladle processing of steel. This work describes laboratory studies on the production of refining alumina-containing fluxes by sintering in units such as machines for pellets firing or producing agglomerate (in the temperature range of 1200 – 1500 °C) from clean metallurgical waste (fine dust from the production of alumina and burnt lime), meeting the requirements of steelmaking plants by chemical composition and mechanical properties. A comparison was made of sintering technological schemes with the introduction of hydra­ted lime and a mixture of hydrated lime and calcium carbonate in a 1:1 ratio as a source of CaO. We determined that the maximum permissible CaO content in sintered briquettes when using a mixture of hydrated lime and calcium carbonate in the charge, which does not lead to hydration destruction in air, is in the range of 2.3 - 3.6 %, depending on the holding temperature. The maximum permissible content of Al2O3 in sintered briquettes when using hydrated lime in the charge, which does not lead to hydration destruction in air, is in the range of 9.5 – 31.7 %, depending on the holding temperature. In existing fuel units it is possible to obtain fluxes by sintering only when using hydrated lime as a source of CaO, because adding calcium carbonate to the charge (9 – 22 %) requires an increase in holding temperature (above 1500 °C) or holding time (more than 25 min).

PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE REINFORCED IN UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN FILLED WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE

Using natural fibres is often recommended as polymer composite materials owing to their potential to reduce the pollution of synthetic material waste. This study aimed to obtain the physical properties of unsaturated polyester resin matrix composite containing calcium carbonate fillers of 15 and 30 parts per hundred weights of the resin and natural pineapple leaf fibre of the amount 20% and 30% of the composite weight. The composite samples were three millimetres thick, with the pineapple leaf fibres arranged in one longitudinal direction. Some parameters observed included density, water absorption, response to fire, hardness, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength. The results showed that adding calcium carbonate filler into the matrix increased the density, water absorption, hardness, and modulus of elasticity of the composite. However, it reduced the flame propagation rate, tensile strength, and impact strength. Also, the use of pineapple leaf fibre contributed to increased water absorption, rate of flame propagation, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength of the composite, but it reduced the density and hardness. As these samples use economical materials, they are likely valuable for building materials that do not require high mechanical properties, especially guttering materials.

Optimizing the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCo3) on the growth and survival of glass eel (Anguilla sp.)

The development of eel fish cultivation has quite good business opportunities and prospects. However, the main obstacle in cultivating eel fish is the high mortality in the glass eel phase, so it has a survival rate of 30-50% and slow growth, namely less than 3.1%. One effort to maximize glass eel maintenance is through optimizing alkalinity as a buffer for water quality. The alkalinity level in the maintenance medium can be regulated by adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This research aims to determine the effect of adding CaCO3 to the rearing media on glass eels' growth and survival rate. The study was conducted for 14 days in March 2023. The method was wholly randomized with three replications in 3 treatments (P1=0 mg L-1, P2=50 mg L-1, P3=100 mg L-1). Analysis of research data used the ANOVA test. Adding CaCO3 produced a natural effect on length growth with a value of 0.16 cm, weight growth of 0.73 mg L-1, and a survival rate of 74%. The treatment did not naturally affect the alkalinity levels in the glass eel maintenance media. The best treatment effect was found in P2 (50 mg L-1). These results show that adding CaCO3 to the glass eel-rearing media decreased but did not naturally affect alkalinity levels.

The effect of calcium carbonate whiskers on the thermal stability of environmentally friendly and energy-saving building composites

This paper studied the effects of different whiskers on the thermal stability of environmentally friendly and energy-saving building composites by exploring the strengthening mechanism of calcium carbonate whiskers on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composites. The results show calcium carbonate whiskers can significantly improve composites’ mechanical properties by reducing the matrix’s micro cracks. When the content of calcium carbonate whisker is 6%, the composite’s tensile strength and water absorption are increased by 43.7% and 25.1%, respectively. In addition, calcium carbonate whiskers have high thermal stability when the content is lower than 65 °C. Therefore, it can be proven that adding calcium carbonate whiskers within this temperature range can significantly enhance the thermal stability of environmentally friendly and energy-saving building composites.

Self-standing tridimensional structures from crumpling techniques made with composite films of polylactic acid and exfoliated graphite

Obtaining three-dimensional porous materials for different applications, has required complex methods to achieve the desired structure. Crumpling is an alternative to develop three-dimensional structures by randomly folding a sheet of material and offering a simple yet effective method to generate a unique, stiff and lightweight three-dimensional structure with minimal processing. Here, composite films made from polylactic acid (PLA), and exfoliated graphite (EG) were elaborated using solvent casting method. Additional pore formation is achieved adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles as porogen. Films were characterized to corroborate the integration of exfoliated graphite to the PLA matrix as well as crystallinity changes due to EG and CaCO3 particles. Microscopy help to identify pore formation after CaCO3 remotion. Tensile tests, after increasing EG concentration in PLA, corroborate the formation of stiffer films with lower tensile strength, while pore formation decreased tensile strength and Young's modulus. After adding 0.5% wt. of EG, tensile strength partially recovered while Young's modulus was maintained. Composite films allowed to obtain 3D crumpled structures. Tests under compression help finding that 0.5% wt. of EG in PLA matrix resulted in a yield strength (26.6 MPa) and Younǵs modulus (32.5 MPa) increase, making necessary the application of considerable force to deform them.

The influence of viscosity-modifying agent and calcium carbonate on 3D printing mortar characteristics

3D printing or additive manufacturing is an example of technology development in the construction sector. In 3D printing mortar, many things need to be considered regarding the characteristics of the mortar, such as workability, initial setting time, compressive strength, extrudability, and buildability. In previous studies, there were problems in the printing process, such as a lousy extrusion process and cracks in the 3D printing mortar sample. This study used calcium carbonate and a viscosity-modifying agent (VMA) to modify the mixture to achieve the desired characteristics. The extrudability and buildability were tested by observing the extrusion process and measuring the thickness and width of each layer printed. Based on the research, adding calcium carbonate and VMA can reduce workability and accelerate the initial setting time of the mixture. The use of VMA can reduce the compressive strength of the mixture. Using calcium carbonate and VMA can also increase the buildability of the mixture. From the compressive strength test, there was a decrease of 39.26% in the 3D printing mortar sample compared to the mortar cube sample. In addition, it was found that the 3D printing mortar is anisotropic, so the compressive force’s direction affects the compressive strength produced.

Influence of multi-scale fiber on residual compressive properties of a novel rubberized concrete subjected to elevated temperatures

Green and environment-friendly rubberized concrete has attracted extensive attention from scholars worldwide. However, the incorporation of crumb rubber can weaken the mechanical properties of concrete, particularly when it is subjected to elevated temperatures. To improve the residual compressive performance of rubberized concrete, a novel multi-scale fiber reinforced rubberized concrete (MSFRRC) is developed by adding calcium carbonate whiskers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, and steel fibers. In this study, 10%, 20%, and 30% of the sands are substituted by the same volume of crumb rubber with sizes between 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm. The impacts of the crumb rubber content and multi-scale fiber on the residual Young's modulus, axial compressive strength, peak strain, stress-strain curve, and compressive toughness of MSFRRC after being heated up to various temperature levels (25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C) are discussed. Also, the failure mode combined with the acoustic emission technology and the thermal effect on the microstructure of rubberized concrete specimens, are investigated. Results reveal that incorporating multi-scale fiber can effectively restrain the development of cracks and explosive spalling under high temperatures. Besides, it can cover the strength loss caused by crumb rubber and impose a positive effect on resisting thermal damage. The compressive strength of MSFRRC can be enhanced by about 5.4%–19% with the incorporation of different fibers. The results show that specimens without fibers suddenly fail once the peak stress is reached and exhibit brittle fracture. However, the brittleness can be improved by adding multi-scale fibers. It can be observed that, after exposure to 800 °C, the damage of MSFRRC can develop at the early loading stage and develop in the whole loading process, showing a relatively ductile fracture. Meanwhile, the pore structure can be refined by adding CaCO3 whiskers and the addition of multi-scale fibers can slightly increase the porosity and cannot restrain the heating-induced pore coarsening. Furthermore, the empirical formulas to predict the residual stress-strain relation of MSFRRC under uniaxial compression are proposed by considering crumb rubber, multi-scale fibers, and high temperature.

Spray-based 3D concrete printing with calcium and polymeric additives: A feasibility study

As a key construction method in Industry 4.0, 3D concrete printing reduces labor investment, waste generation, construction time, and environmental impact. Currently, the material development for spray-based 3D concrete printing is limited, where alternative tailoring agents are necessary. In this study, the feasibility of adding calcium carbonate and polymers to cementitious materials for spray-based 3D concrete printing is investigated in detail. The rheological and tackiness properties of the mixtures with calcium carbonate and polymer are systematically evaluated. On this basis, spray-based 3D concrete printing was conducted with the designed mixtures. The study reveals the potential of introducing calcium and polymeric additives as tailoring agents in spray-based 3D printable cementitious materials, and it further provides the solution to the issues that occurred. The study offers valuable guidance for the future design and optimization of spray-based 3D printable cementitious materials.

Influence of Adding Calcium Carbonate and Glass Fibers to Reactive Powder Concrete with an Optimized Sand-to-Cement Ratio

Influence of Adding Calcium Carbonate and Glass Fibers to Reactive Powder Concrete with an Optimized Sand-to-Cement Ratio

Technique of Increasing Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Feed in Kasetsart University, Bangkok

White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture has grown rapidly in Indonesia since early 2000s. White shrimp have stronger resistance to WSSDV attacks, and are euryhaline. In it’s natural habitat, this shrimp was found in waters with a range of 0.5-40 ppt salinity. White shrimp grow optimally at 15-25 ppt salinity, even still suitable at 5 ppt salinity. This capability provides the opportunities to culture these commodities in inland water. White shrimp need inorganic elements or minerals for their living processes. Calcium is one of the main needs of shrimp that is closely related to the development and maintenance of skeletal systems and plays a role in some physiological processes of the body.The requirement for calcium in shrimp is increasing when it is cultivated in fresh water.This Internship aims to find out the technique of adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in feed, used for the white shrimp culture in fresh water. In this field practice, the addition of calcium carbonate in a level of 2% refers to the requirement of white shrimp for optimal growth. This was based on the calcium requirements of shrimp in the amount of 1-2%. The method was repelleting, by grinding feed and calcium using mortar and pestle, then filtered to get the smoothest part. Then mix calcium with 10 mL of water and mix it with pellets evenly. Then the mixture is air dried and mashed again and weighed according to the required dose of feed. The addition of calcium in the feed affects the growth of shrimp, because calcium is one of the most important anorganic mineral for the growth and development of exoskeleton, regulates blood clotting, heart rate, kidneys, nerves, the activity of several enzymes, and cell function

Effects of CaCO3 surface modification and water spraying on the weathering properties of PBAT/CaCO3 films

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is considered as the most promising polymers for preparing biodegradable mulching films. However, PBAT films are suffered to severe weathering in use. This study aims to look into the effects of high amounts of micro-sized calcium carbonate and silane coated calcium carbonate on the weathering of PBAT films, as well as the effects of photooxidative degradation and hydrolysis on the weathering performance of neat PBAT and composite films. The effects of two different artificial weathering processes, namely only UV irradiation (dry condition) and UV irradiation + water spray condition, on the degradation rate of neat PBAT and its composite films were evaluated to distinguish the influences of photooxidative degradation and hydrolysis on the weathering of PBAT films. The results indicated that neat PBAT film had the fastest degradation rate under two different weathering conditions. After adding calcium carbonate, the degradation rate was delayed due to the shading effect of calcium carbonate. Comparing two different weathering conditions, it was found that degradation rates of PBAT in water spray conditions were higher than in dry conditions due to accelerated degradation rate via hydrolysis. However, in the water spray condition, the mechanical characteristics of the films containing silane-coated calcium carbonate degraded more slowly than in the dry condition. Although hydrolysis reaction accelerates the molecular weight reduction rate of PBAT, at the same time, silane molecules self-crosslink to form a three-dimensional network in the presence of water, thus compensating for the loss of mechanical properties of PBAT matrix caused by the decrease of molecular weight.

An anthropomorphic maxillofacial phantom using 3-dimensional printing, polyurethane rubber and epoxy resin for dental imaging and dosimetry.

The aim of this study was to construct an anthropomorphic maxillofacial phantom for dental imaging and dosimetry purposes using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology and materials that simulate the radiographic properties of tissues. Stereolithography photoreactive resins, polyurethane rubber and epoxy resin were modified by adding calcium carbonate and strontium carbonate powders or glass bubbles. These additives were used to change the materials' CT numbers to mimic various body tissues. A maxillofacial phantom was designed using CT images of a head. Commercial 3D printing resins were found to have CT numbers near 120 HU and were used to print intervertebral discs and an external skin for the maxillofacial phantom. By adding various amounts of calcium carbonate and strontium carbonate powders the CT number of the resin was raised to 1000 & 1500 HU and used to print bone mimics. Epoxy resin modified by adding glass bubbles was used in assembly and as a cartilaginous mimic. Glass bubbles were added to polyurethane rubber to reduce the CT number to simulate soft tissue and filled spaces between the printed anatomy and external skin of the phantom. The maxillofacial phantom designed for dental imaging and dosimetry constructed using 3D printing, polyurethane rubbers and epoxy resins represented a patient anatomically and radiographically. The results of the designed phantom, materials and assembly process can be applied to generate different phantoms that better represent diverse patient types and accommodate different ion chambers.

Study of effects of downhole conditions on the setting time and compressive strength of MOS settable system by orthogonal experimental design

Lost circulations of drilling fluids during drilling and completion can be an expensive and time-consuming problem. Commonly used lost circulation materials (LCMs) like nutshells or cross-linked polymer gels can’t be easily removed after plugging with a risk of formation damage. Magnesium oxysulfate cement (MOS cement) provides a reliable solution for solving the severe loss that occurs in production and non-production zones. In this paper, the effects of harsh downhole conditions including density, bentonite content, salt content, and temperature on the setting time and compressive strength of the MOS settable system are studied using the orthogonal experimental analysis method. At the same time, laboratory plugging experiments and field application are used to evaluate the ability of the MOS settable system to seal the severe loss. The results show that the downhole conditions have a significant effect on the setting time and compressive strength of the system. By adding calcium carbonate particles, the permeability of the MOS settable system can be reduced and the pressure-bearing capacity of the MOS solidified plug can be improved. Field application shows that this settable system can solve severe loss that conventional LCMs cannot solve and has a good application prospect.

Effect of viscosity enhancing agents on quasi-static compression behavior of aluminum foams

Aluminum foams are having versatile applications in light weight structures, sandwich cores, mechanical damping, energy absorbers and acoustic absorption in automobiles, aerospace industries and defense sector. In the present study, two aluminum foams were synthesized by liquid metallurgy by adding different viscosity enhancing agents, one by adding 5 wt% Calcium metal granules (named as Ca-foam) and another by 5 wt% Boron carbide particles (named as B4C-foam). Both foams were manufactured by adding Calcium carbonate as a foaming agent. The foams were characterized for microstructure, cell morphology, phases formed and relative density. Relative density was calculated as 0.22 and 0.34 for Ca-foam and B4C-foam respectively. Quasi-static compression tests were performed on universal testing machine. Stress–strain graph showed higher average plateau stress for B4C-foam than Ca-foam confirming the brittle fracture for both foams.

Effects of CaCO3 additive on properties and microstructure of corundum‐ And mullite‐based ceramic proppants

AbstractCorundum‐mullite ceramic proppants have been successfully synthesized using raw materials of natural bauxite and solid waste coal gangue, CaCO3, as additive. The influences of calcium carbonate additive on phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical performances were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the addition of CaCO3 promotes the formation of liquid phase at lower temperature during sintering process, which is beneficial to the densification of the samples and the reduction of sintering temperature. Moreover, the mullite grains become finer and finer with the content of CaCO3 additive increasing, which improves the toughness and strength of the samples via a grain refinement strengthening mechanism. The ceramic proppants exhibit optimal performances with additive of 5 wt.% at 1350°C, and the breakage ratio under 52 MPa closed pressure is the lowest. Additionally, the sintering temperature is dropped by 150°C compared with the samples without adding calcium carbonate.

The Effect of Calcium Carbonate Addition to Mechanical Properties of Bioplastic Made from Cassava Starch with Glycerol as Plasticizer

Bioplastic is an environmentally friendly type of plastic that is easily degradable by air temperature, humidity, and microorganism. Cassava starch is widely used as the main ingredient in the making of bioplastics. The use of cassava starch for making bioplastics has plenty of potential because cassava is widely cultivated throughout Indonesia. This study aims to obtain the optimal value of adding calcium carbonate as a reinforcer to bioplastics made using cassava starch with glycerol plasticizer. Bioplastics were made by blending and cast printing methods. The stage of making bioplastics begins with the extraction of cassava into cassava starch as a base for making bioplastics. Then, calcium carbonate was added. Addition of calcium carbonate was done with variations (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0%). Characteristics of mechanical properties were studied namely tensile and elongation tests. The tensile test show that the best tensile strength was obtained at 0.4% calcium carbonate (22.88 ± 1.46 MPa). While the addition of 0.5 to 1.0% decreased the tensile strength. The best elongation value was obtained by the addition of 0.8% calcium carbonate (27.57 ± 0.14 %).

Polipropilen Kopolimerinde (PPB) Kalsiyum Karbonat Tane Boyutunun Kısa Süreli Çekme Sürünme Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Polipropilen blok kopolimer (PPB) kompozit malzemeler, polipropilen ve mikro tane boyutlu mineral dolgulu malzemelerinden, yani kalsiyum karbonattan (CC) oluşur. Testlerde kullanılacak numuneler, üç farklı tane boyutunda kalsiyum karbonat (CC) mineralinin eklenmesiyle oluşturulmuştur. Farklı ticari CC minerallerinin ortalama tane boyutları 1.65 um, 2.15 um, 5 um'dir. PPB kompozit malzemeler, hacim oranının % 17.5'i (veya ağırlıkça % 38.89) içeriğinde sabit miktarda CC ile hazırlandı. Bu çalışmada, hacimce %17,5 olan ve farklı boyutlarda CC katkılı PPB kompozit malzemelerin kısa süreli çekme tip sürünme özellikleri farklı gerilme seviyeleri için incelenmiştir. Gerilme seviyeleri, akma dayanımının altındaki gerilmelerden seçilmiştir. Gerilme seviyeleri 8 MPa ve 16 MPa'dır. Sonuç olarak, katkısız PPB malzemeye göre CC katkılı PPB malzemelerde, sürünme uzaması veya uzama düşüşü (∆ε) değerleri azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, tane büyüklüğü arttıkça depolanan enerji seviyelerinin azaldığı da bulunmuştur.

Influence of calcium carbonate whisker and polyvinyl alcohol- steel hybrid fiber on ultrasonic velocity and resonant frequency of cementitious composites

Inclusion of hybrid fiber in cementitious composites could restrict the growth of cracks at different stages and improve the mechanical properties of concrete, and adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3) whisker would further improve the mechanical properties of cementitious composites. Nevertheless, no attention has been paid to the effects of steel- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hybrid fiber and whisker on ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and resonant frequency (RF) of hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HyFRCC), although they have been used widely in quality assessment of concrete. In this research, 114 specimens have been used to explore the influences of steel-PVA hybrid fiber and whisker on the UPV, RF parameters and the mechanical properties. The results of this research present that there may exists “fiber gradation” in HyFRCC, because there is always a best fiber combination to reach the greatest compactness and highest non-destructive testing results. In addition, the partial substitution of PVA fiber by whisker decreased UPV and RF and increased density loss rate and compressive strength except for one mixture. Therefore, UPV, RF can reflect the effect of whisker on the inner structure and detect the variation, and have potential use to evaluate HyFRCC in engineering applications.

Formulation design of hydroxypropyl cellulose films for use as orally disintegrating dosage forms

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a water-soluble polymer used as a binder during pharmaceutical tableting and granulation. HPC is also known as a base material for pharmaceutical film by virtue of its film formability with excellent plasticity.The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of HPC to orally disintegrating film (ODF) and to investigate optimization of the ODF formulation of HPC. The effects of the molecular weight of HPC and the addition of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients on the properties of ODFs prepared using HPC were evaluated. The results showed that a suitable grade of HPC as a base material for ODFs should be used in a suitable concentration in solution. The results also clarified that the disintegration time markedly decreased as the thickness of HPC films decreased. These properties could be controlled by adjusting the ingredients added to the formulation. While loading the film with ibuprofen prolonged the disintegration time, adding calcium carbonate particles to the film shortened it. These results demonstrated that HPC can be used as a base material for ODF applications.