Addicted Men Research Articles

The Relationship of University Students' Internet Addiction Level Through Telephone Use and 2d:4d Ratio

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between the 2nd and 4th finger measurement ratio (2d:4d) ratio of university students' internet addiction level through phone use. Material and Method: 322 students were questioned about their demografic data, dominant extremity, and the device while using the internet. Hand width (HW), length (HL), grip strength (HGS), 2d:4d measurements were taken. Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) was used for internet addiction, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form (SAS) was used for smartphone addiction. Results: In men, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of Right-Left HL, Left HGS, Right/4d, YIAS and SAS values. In addition, it was determined that the device preference, HL right, HL left, HGS left and Right/4d parameters originated from normal and dependent groups. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in women in terms of Left HL, Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d, Left/4d, Young and SAS values. It was determined that the device preference was due to individuals falling into the normal group of Left HL according to the YIAS, and the statistical difference of the Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d and Left/4d parameters. It was determined that there was a moderately strong negative correlation between SAS and Right/2d, Right/4d, Left/2d, Left/4d parameters in addicted men. Conclusion: The gender relations of the accepted scales regarding phone and internet addiction may be due to the length of the left hand and the movement function of the right 4d to provide control in phone use, rather than the 2d:4d finger ratios.

Enhancing Relapse Prevention: Examining the Impact of Experiential Avoidance, Integrative Self-Knowledge, and Basic Psychological Needs in Substance Use Treatment.

The harmful effects of drug relapse have always been one of the major challenges in addiction treatment. The present study aimed to predict drug relapse in addicted men under treatment based on experiential avoidance, integrative self-knowledge, and basic psychological needs. The present study was a correlational one. The statistical population included all addicted men in Choubindar prison in Qazvin in 2021, among whom 200 individuals were selected randomly. Then, the participants filled out the Relapse Prediction Scale (RPS), Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ), Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISK), and Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS). Data were analyzed using stepwise regression via SPSS software (version 25). The results of the study demonstrated that some of the components of experiential avoidance including distraction, distress endurance, behavioral avoidance, and distress aversion could account for 14.0% of the variance of the relapse in the addicts (P<0.05). Moreover, the obtained results considering the reflective self-knowledge component and the overall score of integrative self-knowledge could explain 15.0% of the variance in relapse in the addicts. Among the basic psychological needs, communication could predict 3.8% of the variance in relapse. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that through addiction treatment and prevention of relapse programs, psychologists reduce drug relapse in addicts by decreasing distractions and behavioral avoidance, increasing distress endurance, enhancing self-knowledge, and improving efficient relationships.

In vitro Pretreatment with Zinc Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Tetrahydrocannabinol on Cultured Mouse Sertoli Cells: Role of Anti-apoptotic and Antioxidant Activities.

Global rise in cannabis abuse during reproductive years has placed a large number of men at risk for the adverse consequences of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary active component of cannabis. It has been reported that THC affects male fertility and causes testicular cell dysfunction and apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective role of zinc pretreatment against the toxic effects of THC in cultured mouse Sertoli cells and the underlying mechanism. The Mus Musculus Sertoli cell line (TM4) was cultured, exposed to THC alone (470 μM, 24 h), co-administered with zinc (8 μM, 48 h), and investigated in three groups: control, THC, and THC + zinc. The MTT was performed to evaluate cell viability. TUNEL assay was also applied for the detection of cell apoptosis and a western blot was performed for measuring protein expression levels of Caspase3, Pro-caspase3, SOD, and PDGF-A. THC significantly decreased cell viability (p < 0.001) and expression levels of SOD, PDGF-A, and pro-caspase3 proteins (p < 0.05 for all), whereas increased Sertoli cells apoptosis (p < 0.001) and expression level of cleaved caspase3 protein (p < 0.001). Pretreatment with zinc reversed THC-induced apoptotic and oxidative effects and reduced cleaved caspase3/pro-caspase3 ratio but could not reverse THC-induced reduction of PDGF-A expression level in TM4 cells. The present data suggest that THC induces Sertoli cell damage through a multitarget mechanism. Zinc was reported to protect against THC-induced Sertoli cell damage due to its antiapoptotic and antioxidant activities, indicating its clinical importance against THC-induced testicular toxicity among addicted men.

Comparing Defensive Mechanisms and Suicidal Thoughts in Addicted Men and Women

e present study aimed to compare the defensive mechanisms and suicidal thoughts among substance-dependent men and women. The research design was a retrospective (causal-comparative) study. The sample included 112 substance users (56 women and 56 men) from addiction rehabilitation centers in Gilan province, selected through convenience sampling based on entry criteria for this study. Two questionnaires were used in this study: the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI). The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance with SPSS software version 26. Data analysis showed no significant difference in the defensive mechanisms between men and women dependent on substances; however, there was a significant difference in suicidal thoughts between men and women dependent on substances. Considering the results of this study, therapists and counselors working with substance-dependent individuals are advised to pay attention to the defensive mechanisms and suicidal thoughts of these individuals, as awareness of these variables can assist in providing better and more appropriate services to these patients.

The Addicted Self

Abstract This article explores the formation and characterization of early modern addiction through the interactions of mind, body, and will, focusing particularly on the work of the sixteenth-century Christian philosopher Pierre de La Primaudaye. In La Primaudaye’s writings addiction is a wholly internalized behavior, the product of repeated interactions within the mind. Intended for the purpose of cultivating virtuous behaviors, these interactions could become corrupted, resulting in negative addictions formed between overwhelming passions, a clouded judgment, and an inflexible will. The specific types of addiction a person inclined toward were determined by a host of variables, including temperament, age, and gender. As this article reveals, in early modern accounts of addicted behavior young men were associated with lust and old men with contemplation, while women were considered more vulnerable to all addictions, virtuous and sinful. The image of addiction that emerges from this examination is one not of a disease or a disorder, but of a natural function of the body that could on occasion be led astray.

Effects of SP6 and ST36 Acupressure on Pain and Physiological Indexes in Addicted Men: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

BackgroundPain is the most crucial reason to seek treatment, and acupressure is one of the most common ways to relieve pain; therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effectiveness of acupressure on the reduction of pain and stability of physiological indexes in addicted men.MethodsThe present single-blind, randomized, clinical trial was performed on 90 participants who were hospitalized in an addiction treatment camp in Masjed-e-Soleyman, Iran. The participants were divided into acupressure group (n = 45) and control group (n = 45) through allocating permutation blocks method. The acupressure group received acupressure on SP6 and ST36 points for 3 consecutive sessions and each session for 10 minutes. The data collection tools used included a demographic information questionnaire, the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), and a physiological index registration form, tympanic thermometer, sphygmomanometer, pulse oximetry device, and digital watch. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statically significant.FindingsThere was a statistically significant decrease in the sensory dimension of pain in the acupressure group compared to the control group in all 3 sessions (P ≤ 0.001; P ≤ 0.001; P = 0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the overall pain score (P ≥ 0.005), emotional pain dimension (P ≥ 0.005), and physiological indexes of pain (P ≥ 0.005) between the two groups after the intervention.ConclusionAcupressure is a non-invasive and cost-effective method that reduces the sensory dimension of painý, and its application does not require special tools; ýthus, the use of such a safe and secure method for relieving pain is recommended.

Correlation Between Protamine-2 and miRNA-122 in Sperm from Heroin-addicted Men: A Case-Control Study.

Recreational use of illicit drugs is one of the main factors affecting male fertility. However, the mechanisms of heroin smoke-associated damage to mature spermatozoa are still completely unknown. The aim of this study was to concomitantly examine the levels of protamine-2 gene and protein concentrations, the amount of miRNA-122 in seminal plasma and semen analysis findings in heroin-addicted men. In a case control study, twenty-four fertile men that lacked any recreational drug abuse were considered as the healthy group, and 24 addicted men who used only heroin for at least four months were selected as the addicted group. Semen samples were gathered by masturbation after 2 - 5 days of sexual abstinence. Following the preparation of a semen analysis by computer-assisted sperm analysis according to WHO (2010), the level of protamine-2 gene expression in sperm and miRNA-122 in seminal plasma was measured using real-time sqPCR. Also, protamine-2 protein concentrations were quantified by nuclear protein extraction, SDS-Page and western blotting. Among the studied variables, body mass index (27.75±0.88 vs. 22.30±0.36, p=0.001), seminal pH (7.79±0.06 vs. 7.58±0.06, p=0.003), white blood cell count in semen (1.69±0.41 vs. 8.61±1.73, p=0.001), motility (65.51±2.57 vs. 41.96±3.58, p=0.001) and survival rate (87.41±1.00 vs. 71.50±4.59, p=0.002) of sperm cells was significantly different between the healthy and addicted groups. In addition, the levels of protamine-2 gene and protein expression in the addicted group (0.05±0.02 and 0.10±0.02, respectively) were significantly lower than the healthy group (3.59±0.94 and 0.27±0.06, respectively) (p=0.002 and p=0.017, respectively). Seminal miRNA-122 levels in addicted men (3.51±0.73) were statistically higher than in healthy men (1.52±0.54) (p=0.034). However, there were some significant relationship between the studied parameters and addiction (p<0.05). This is one study on human infertility that evaluates the effects of heroin on protamine deficiency and seminal small RNAs expression levels. Heroin abuse may lead to male infertility by causing leukocytospermia, asthenozoospermia, protamine deficiency, and seminal plasma miRNA profile alteration.

Effect of Methamphetamine Addiction on Brain Chemistry Through the Adoption of Fractalkine as an Indicator

Methamphetamine (METH), a highly addictive drug and a strong stimulant of the central nervous system. METH abuse is increasing, especially among young people and adolescents, and therefore we wanted in this research to shed light on some of the problems resulting from meth use, especially its effect on the central nervous system, the blood-brain barrier, and Fractalkine (CX3CL1). CX3CL1 is the only member of the CX3C subcategory of chemokines, which have a major role in the central nervous system by regulating interactions between neurons, glial cells, and immune cells. It is also considered heavily involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). The study was conducted on eighty people divided into three groups, thirty non addicted men as a control group(G1), taking into account and excluding, cigarette smoking, age, social and cultural conditions, and chronic diseases, also thirty people addicted to methamphetamine(G2), and twenty people addicted to methamphetamine and other narcotic substances (mix)(G3), whose ages ranged between (15-45) years and the period of methamphetamine abuse ranged between (1-7) years. The results of study showed that CX3CL1 values were higher among addicted persons compared to non addicts (G1), this difference in values shows us the effect of meth on the total values of CX3CL1.

Hypersexual Behaviors and Personality Traits in Men with Substance Use Disorders in Iran

The present study was conducted aiming to compare the five-factor model of personality in addicted men with and without hypersexual disorder (HD). The research method was causal-comparative, and the study population included all addicted men who were residents of addiction treatment centers in Tabriz city. 216 male addicts with HD and without HD were compared in 2 groups of 108 members through the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44). Data were analyzed using independent t test, chi-square, multivariate analysis of variance, and SPSS 22 version software for Windows (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The results showed that 2 groups were significantly different in the five-factor model of personality. Addicted men with HD obtained lower scores in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience; and obtained higher scores in neuroticism personality dimension in comparison to addicted men without HD. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in extraversion dimension. These findings indicated that there is a significant difference between the 2 groups in the five-factor model of personality, and addicted men with HD scored higher in neuroticism dimension. Therefore, this study illustrates the need to pay attention to the personality dimension of neuroticism (or emotional instability) as a variable comorbid with HD and substance-related disorders.

Effects of circuit-type resistance training on industrial opiate induced neurotransmitter disruption and performance changes of previously addicted men

Summary Study aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week circuit-type resistance training program on performance changes and neurotransmitter disruptions induced by industrial opiate in previously addicted men. Materials and methods: Thirty industrial opiate addicted men volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control groups (n = 15). The subjects in the experimental group performed circuit-type resistance training for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, with 40–75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), while the control group did not perform any training. Before and after the training period muscular strength (1RM of bench press) and muscle endurance (sit-ups), flexibility (sit-and-reach), body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and cardio-respiratory endurance were measured. In addition, blood samples were drawn 24 h before and after 8 weeks of training to analyze serum levels of serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins. Results: In this study, 8 weeks of circuit-type resistance training led to significantly higher serum levels of serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins, cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance in the experimental group compared to controls (P &lt; 0.05), while flexibility, body fat percentage and WHR did not differ significantly (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, circuit resistance training can improve the serum levels of serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins, as well as indicators of health-related performance previously industrial opiate addicted men.

The Pathology of Drug Abuse in Elderly Women: A Qualitative Study

Objectives: One of the most challenging issues facing elderly women is drug abuse. There are different factors affecting the start and continuation of drug use; however, there has not been much research on this subject. Therefore, the present study was conducted to better explore the pathology of substance abuse among elderly women. Materials and Methods: The present research was a qualitative study of 22 elderly women living in Tehran, Iran, who had experience with drug abuse. The data were gathered utilizing semistructured questions during face-to-face interviews and analyzed by conventional content analysis. Results: The data analysis process resulted in 3 main categories: “the maze of addiction among elderly women,” “the factors that extend drug abuse,” and “addiction in elderly women: the bell of deprivation.” Conclusions: There are a few practices that are helpful in decreasing the likelihood of substance abuse among elderly women, including using new pain control treatment methods for the elderly, increasing awareness of the side-effects of drug abuse, inducting the necessary cultural domination practices through group media to prevent breaking the norms of society, and ruling out misconceptions. Financial and emotional support by both family members and society to prevent certain issues, such as forced marriage to addicted men, can also be beneficial in drug addiction withdrawal or prevention among the studied group. Easy access to special withdrawal centers for women, as well as educational-consulting sessions for family members, at which religious principles are emphasized, can help prevent the development of drug abuse in elderly women.

Exposure to traumatic experiences among people addicted to alcohol.

The present studies point to high, i.e., approx. 70%, presence of at least one traumatic event over the life of people addicted to alcohol. The study involved 240 people - 120 people were addicted to alcohol (clinical group), including 60 women and 60 men, and 120 people were not addicted to alcohol (control group), including 60 women and 60 men. All people from the study group were asked to complete: The TAA-SR traumatic events assessment questionnaire, the structured interview checking the presence of experienced trauma and the severity of post-traumatic symptoms (PTSD) according to DSM-IV, and the personal survey. People addicted to alcohol experienced more traumas than non-addicted ones. The number of traumas of addicted women was significantly lower compared to addicted men. People addicted to alcohol reported the first experience of trauma much faster than non-addicted ones. The vast majority of people from the clinical group (addicted individuals) declared that the addiction symptoms occurred after experiencing the first trauma. The present studies point to high, i.e., approx. 70%, presence of at least one traumatic event over the life of people addicted to alcohol.

Association of OPRK1 gene polymorphisms with opioid dependence in addicted men undergoing methadone treatment in an Iranian population

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown significant associations between OPRK1 and susceptibility to opioid dependence and the relationships between libido dysfunction and insomnia among opium addicts who underwent methadone maintenance treatment. The authors investigated the single locus and haplotype association of rs997917, rs6985606, and rs6473797 with susceptibility to opioid addiction. Samples were selected among 202 healthy individuals and 202 opium addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood samples of all subjects through a salting out procedure. All three variants were genotyped in the studied subjects using Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR). The whole analysis process was performed using SNPAlyze and SPSS ver.20 software packages. According to the single locus analyses, rs997917 and rs6985606 represented significant associations with opium addiction under recessive (p = 0.0128) and co-dominant (p = 0.0001) inheritance models, respectively. The haplotypes C-T-C (Permutation p = 0.014) and C-T-T (Permutation p = 0.0002) were significantly associated with opioid dependence. Among methadone maintenance treatment individuals, rs997917 was significantly associated with insomnia in both allelic and genotypic levels (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.038, respectively). Furthermore, rs6985606 had the only significant association with the co-incidence of insomnia and libido dysfunction in the methadone maintenance treatment group (p = 0.038). The OPRK1 gene variants showed significant association with susceptibility to opioid dependence among Iranians.

Individual-Psychological Features of Addicted Men at Mature Age

Individual-Psychological Features of Addicted Men at Mature Age

The Effect of Eight Week Aerobic Training on Plasma Levels of Serotonin and Depression in Addicted Men to Methamphetamine During Rehabilitation

Background: Physical activity can reduce the incidence of physical and psychological disorders such as depression. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight week aerobic training on plasma levels of serotonin and depression in addicted men to methamphetamine during rehabilitation. Methods: A total of 20 men addicted to methamphetamine were referring to rehabilitation center with moderate depression were selected as a purposeful and available samples and randomly divided into two groups of aerobic training (n=10) and control (n=10). Group of aerobic training performed for 8 weeks, 3 days a week (each session for 45 min, included 10 min of warm up, running as two times of 15 minutes with an intensity of 70-75 of maximum heart rate, resting intervals of 3 to 4 min between them and 5 min cool down), While the control group hadnrt any effective physical activity. To measure levels of serotonin, in two stages, before and after training 5 cc blood were collected from the brachial vein of the subjects. Results: Eight weeks aerobic training increased significantly blood levels of serotonin in the training group compared to the control (P<0.05) and depression were reduced significantly. Conclusion: According to the findings it can be concluded that aerobic training can impact on blood levels of serotonin in addicted men to methamphetamine and increase plasma serotonin concentration and cause remarkable reduction in depression.

Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and plasma biomarkers for cocaine addiction in abstinent cocaine-addicted subjects in outpatient settings.

There are sex differences in the progression of drug addiction, relapse, and response to therapies. Because biological factors participate in these differences, they should be considered when using biomarkers for addiction. In the current study, we evaluated the sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and the concentrations of plasma mediators that have been reported to be affected by cocaine. Fifty-five abstinent cocaine-addicted subjects diagnosed with lifetime cocaine use disorders (40 men and 15 women) and 73 healthy controls (48 men and 25 women) were clinically assessed with the diagnostic interview “Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders.” Plasma concentrations of chemokines, cytokines, N-acyl-ethanolamines, and 2-acyl-glycerols were analyzed according to history of cocaine addiction and sex, controlling for covariates age and body mass index (BMI). Relationships between these concentrations and variables related to cocaine addiction were also analyzed in addicted subjects. The results showed that the concentrations of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12/stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12/SDF-1) were only affected by history of cocaine addiction. The plasma concentrations of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) were affected by history of cocaine addiction and sex. In fact, whereas cytokine concentrations were higher in control women relative to men, these concentrations were reduced in cocaine-addicted women without changes in addicted men. Regarding fatty acid derivatives, history of cocaine addiction had a main effect on the concentration of each acyl derivative, whereas N-acyl-ethanolamines were increased overall in the cocaine group, 2-acyl-glycerols were decreased. Interestingly, N-palmitoleoyl-ethanolamine (POEA) was only increased in cocaine-addicted women. The covariate BMI had a significant effect on POEA and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine concentrations. Regarding psychiatric comorbidity in the cocaine group, women had lower incidence rates of comorbid substance use disorders than did men. For example, alcohol use disorders were found in 80% of men and 40% of women. In contrast, the addicted women had increased prevalences of comorbid psychiatric disorders (i.e., mood, anxiety, and psychosis disorders). Additionally, cocaine-addicted subjects showed a relationship between the concentrations of N-stearoyl-ethanolamine and 2-linoleoyl-glycerol and diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidity. These results demonstrate the existence of a sex influence on plasma biomarkers for cocaine addiction and on the presence of comorbid psychopathologies for clinical purposes.

The most common reasons and incentives of tendency to addiction in prisons and rehabilitation centres of Zahedan (Iran).

In most European countries the ratio of addicts and normal people is 1 to 5,000, and in some third world countries such as Morocco, Egypt, and South Africa this figure is 1 to 1,000. In Iran, the situation is worse, and there is one drug addict per 100 people. The research method in this study is analytical descriptive. The study population consisted of all rehabilitated addicted men and women who were spending their time in prison. Total sample size were 134 people (99 men and 35 women).A special designed questionnaire used to collect data, which included socio-demographic characteristics. The validity of the questionnaire has content validity and for reliability, Cronbach α was used which was 0.78. The formal years of education was 4.3 year. The average age of the first drug use was 12 years for men and 22 years for women. Sixty-nine point seven percent of men used drugs with their friends and 31.4% of women used drug with their husbands. The men more than women, single men more than married women, and illiterates or poor literates were more at risk. Most men blamed bad friends and women blamed physical and psychological problems as the cause of addiction. The singles got addicted due to bad friends and married individuals were addicted due to emotional distress. The majority of age group (27-13 years), got addicted due to bad friends and older groups addicted due to emotional distress. In other words, the older the person gets, the influence of bad friends decreases, and the effect of psychological distress due to conflict and adversity increases.

What is it like to be the wife of an addicted man in Iran? A qualitative study

Drug misuse is increasing and diversifying in Iran. This study is the first to explore in detail the impact on, and ways of coping used by, spouses of addicted men in Iran. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 spouses. Four main themes were identified in the data: heart-breaking news of the husband’s addiction; coping alone; progressive deterioration and suffering; and disruption of family relationships and finances. Reactions upon learning of the husband’s addiction involved shock and collapse, and/or fear, disbelief and confusion. Spouses tried to hide the problem and to solve the problem alone, feeling for a long time as if they were “walking in the dark” without any social support and exposed to stigma. As time had gone on they had experienced distress and turmoil, and mixed feelings towards, and loss of trust and confidence in, their husbands, whose behaviour was increasingly unreliable. This had led to impairment in the relationship, and financial stress, and a general degradation and disruption of normal family life, leading to strain for spouses, akin to a state of burnout. Present findings confirm the conclusions of similar research conducted in other countries, that substance misuse in the family can have devastating effects for spouses, on children and all aspects of family life. The situation for Iranian wives may be compounded by the relatively closed nature of family life, and the existence of culturally based attitudes, including shame, towards “family defects” such as addiction. More information and support is needed for Iranian families of addicted individuals.

Effects of an 8-week exercise with Physioball on the correction of thoracic kyphosis, balance and quality of life in addicted men after quitting drugs

مقدمه: ورزش و فعالیت بدنی این پتانسیل را دارند که باعث بهبود و پیشرفت سلامتی و کیفیت زندگی افراد مبتلا به مصرف مواد مخدر شوند. بنابراین هدف تحقیق حاضر، بررسی تأثیر هشت هفته تمرين با توپ فیزیوبال بر اصلاح کیفوز پشتی، تعادل (ایستا و پویا) و كيفيت زندگي مردان مبتلا به مصرف مواد مخدر پس از ترك اعتیاد بود. مواد و روش‌ها: تعداد 30 مرد مبتلا به مصرف مواد مخدر با محدوده سني 20 تا 40 سال که دو ماه از ترک اعتیاد آنان گذشته بود و دارای عارضه افزایش کیفوز پشتی بودند، به صورت در دسترس و هدفمند انتخاب و پس از اخذ رضایت‌نامه به طور تصادفي در دو گروه تجربی (تمرینی) و شاهد قرار داده شدند. زاویه کيفوز آزمودنی‌ها به وسیله خط‌کش منعطف، تعادل پویا توسط آزمون ستاره (Star excursion balance test یا SEBT)، تعادل ایستا با آزمون Romberg و کیفیت زندگی با استفاده از فرم کوتاه پرسش‌نامه کیفیت زندگی (SF-36) اندازه‌گيري گرديد. آزمودنی‌ها به مدت 8 هفته و هر هفته سه جلسه و هر جلسه 60 تا 90 دقیقه تمرينات منتخب را تحت نظر متخصص حرکات اصلاحی و درمانی انجام دادند. جهت تحليل داده‌ها از روش آماري ANOVA براي داده‌هاي تکراري در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0 ≥ P استفاده گردید. يافته‌ها : تغييرات و تعامل در هر سه متغیر تعادل و کیفیت زندگی، در پس‌آزمون نسبت به پیش‌آزمون در گروه تمرینی معنی‌دار بود (05/0 > P). بدین معنی که تمرینات اعمال شده دارای تأثیر مثبتی بوده است. همچنین تفاوت‌های بين گروهي در تمامی متغيرهای تحقيق معنی‌دار نبود (05/0 < P). نتيجه‌گيري : به نظر مي‌رسد برنامه تمرینی با توپ فیزیوبال برای بهبود ناهنجاری کیفوز پشتی، افزایش تعادل و کیفیت زندگی افراد مبتلا به مصرف مواد مخدر در حال ترک مفید است و می‌تواند به عنوان یک روش درمان غیر دارویی در بازتوانی این افراد مؤثر واقع شده و توسط مراکز ترک اعتیاد مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. کليد واژه‌ها: اعتیاد، توپ فیزیوبال، کیفوز، تعادل، کيفيت زندگي

Effect of Cannabis sativa on Hematological Indices in Rats and Men

2 Abstract: This study was designed to assess the effects of injection of different doses of petroleum ether extract of Cannabis sativa on important hematological indices in rats. Similar effects in adult men who had been smoking C. sativa for different periods were also assessed. Blood hemoglobin concentration was not affected in both addicted humans and treated rats, whereas blood erythrocyte count (RBC) and total leukocytes count (TWBC) revealed significant (p<0.05) decreases in the group of rats treated with 0.2 mg/g of the extract and 0.6 mg/g respectively but no changes in addict men groups were observed. Neutrophils and lymphocytes percentages decreased and eosinophils increased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated groups of rats compared to the control group. In the addicted men eosinophils and monocytes showed significantly (p<0.05) lower levels compared to the control group, but lymphocytes percentages were elevated in all addicted men compared to the control group with a significant (p<0.05) difference in the heavy addicted group. These findings showed that injection of C. sativa petroleum extract to the rats resulted in different effects in some parameters compared to those in addicted men smoked C. sativa for long periods. This was clear for the lymphocytes percentage which decreased significantly in the treated rats and showed significantly higher percentage in the addicted men when compared to their controls.