Addict Population Research Articles

Factors that Influence the Self-Efficacy of Former Drug Addicts to Stop Using Drugs: A Scooping Review

A common problem among ex-drug users is relapse. Addiction in former drug users can be caused by self efficacy factors. This study aims to get a clear picture of the factors that influence the self-efficacy of former drug addicts to stop using drugs. Methods: Researchers used the scoping review method. The literature search was conducted using the search keywords "self efficacy" AND "relapse" OR "abstinence" AND "drugs". The databases used were Sciencedirect, Scopus, and Pubmed. The inclusion criteria were articles reviewed from publications in the last 5 years (2019-2023), articles that were in English, quantitative and/or qualitative research with a study population of former drug addicts who experienced relapse, and the full article was accessible. Stepwise screening was conducted and documented according to the PRISMA flowchart. Results: based on identification, there are 212 articles from search engines from sciencedirect, scopus, and pubmed. The final results obtained are 6 articles that match the criteria after going through the selection process. Self efficacy has many factors that can affect it such as negative emotions, apathy, shame and guilt, psychological, and delay factors predicting recurrence, as well as age. The researcher used the PEO (population, exposure, outcome) question format to find related research articles. Based on the analysis of 6 literatures, it can be concluded that former drug addicts have more serious challenges to stop using drugs.

The affective temperaments as a prognostic factor in the course of alcohol addiction – a key to enhance diagnoses and therapy?

The paper outlines the role of affective temperaments, as defined by Akiskal, in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders with a particular focus on the clinical course of addiction. Among affective temperaments, a cyclothymic temperament seems to play a key role in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders, and have the greatest influence on the clinical course of addiction. A high cyclothymic score is associated with inter alia an earlier onset of drinking and alcohol dependence, a negative course of alcohol dependence, relapse and alcohol craving. The structure of affective temperaments is also a predictor of suicidal behavior and drug addiction in the alcohol addict population. Interest has been growing regarding the role of affective temperament in the development and course of alcohol dependence; however, further research in this area is needed. An understanding of the temperamental determinants of alcohol dependence in the affective dimension may significantly support diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Affective temperament profile may be suggestive of alcohol use disorders and may be a primary prognostic factor of craving and relapse, potential suicide, treatment motivation and the co-occurrence of drug dependence among patients with alcohol use disorder.

Mortality in patients addicted to opioids across 30-year follow-up.

The maintenance of premature mortality among opioid users is a highly significant public health issue. The main objective is to study the causes and age of mortality recorded in the population of opiate addicts (n = 1,998) treated at the Cangas Drug Addiction Assistance Unit (Pontevedra) over more than 30 years. The causes of mortality are classified into 4 groups: overdose, disease, suicide and trauma. The average age of mortality of the patients is compared with that of the general population residing in the same health area. Throughout the study, the premature mortality of these patients remained high, although with a tendency to decrease over time: up to 1998, the mean age of death was 31.8 years compared to 47.7 years since 1998. The mean age of death was always lower than that of the general population. Disease is the most prevalent cause of mortality (84% of the deceased) with a great difference compared to the other 3 groups. Despite the reduction in infections associated with parenteral use, there are still factors associated with an unhealthy lifestyle that, together with the aging of this population, explain to a large extent why the average age of death of these patients is not equal to that of the general population, which seems to force us to review the objectives of health and social intervention.

Reduction of craving in an adolescent in residential treatment for addictions through a brief intervention: A case study

Introduction: Craving refers to a subjective desire to consume substances. It has been found that craving is one of the best predictors of relapse, so it is important to address it during addiction treatment. The Brief Intervention Program for Adolescents (PIBA) has been shown to be effective in reducing drug consumption patterns, increasing self-efficacy to deal with consumption situations, and reducing problems associated with consumption in adolescents who are in middle or high school schools, as well as in outpatient addiction care institutions. However, the effectiveness of this program has not been tested with adolescents in residential treatment or in reducing craving. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of PIBA in reducing craving and increasing self-efficacy in a female adolescent who was in a residential center. Method: A single-case design was applied, consisting of the treatment and a follow-up at four months, intentional and non-probabilistic, with a 16-year-old female adolescent. Result: A reduction in craving was found throughout the treatment and maintained during the follow-up, as well as an increase in self-efficacy. Conclusion: These findings extend the effectiveness of PIBA to addiction components and populations not previously explored, suggesting that PIBA may be an alternative to work with these components and populations.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) in a population of Iranian drug and alcohol addicts

ARTICLE INFOReceived: 30 August 2023 | Accepted: 5 December 2023 | Available online: 12 March 2024CITATIONKhalvati M, Harouni GG, Ghazanfarpour M, et al. Cultural adaptation and validation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) in a population of Iranian drug and alcohol addicts. Environment and Social Psychology 2024; 9(6): 2042. doi: 10.54517/esp.v9i6.2042COPYRIGHTCopyright © 2024 by author(s). Environment and Social Psychology is published by Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), permitting distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is cited.This study aimed to culturally adapt and validate the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) in a population of Iranian drug and alcohol addicts. The statistical population in this cross-sectional, descriptive, scale development study consisted of all the drug and alcohol addicts in Iran. Of these, 518 were selected as participants using convenient sampling. The measurement tools included a demographic checklist, the BIS, and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). The adaptability and stability of the tool were tested using Cronbach’s alpha and ICC to measure its reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were also employed to assess the construct validity of the tool. The clinical cut-off point was determined following the psychiatrist interview (as the gold standard) using the rocking curve (to determine the tool’s sensitivity and specificity) in MedCalc-19.4.0. Moreover, CFA, EFA, and descriptive analysis of participants’ demographics were performed in AMOS-18, SPSS-24, and SPSS-26, respectively. The mean age of participants was 31.9 ± 9.3 years. Drug abuse was the most common type of addiction among the participants (77.8%). Scratching the body, punching a hard object, and self-injection were the most common impulsive actions. The ICC score calculated using the consistency type was 0.78 (95% Cl: 0.45–0.80). A significant inverse relationship was found between BIS and DTS (P = 0.000, r = −0.021). Three factors were extracted from the Varimax rotation of the factors, and two items (5 and 14) were excluded. The results showed a cut-point of 65, with the best balance exhibiting sensitivity values of 76.6 (62.0–87.7) and specificity values of 52.5 (47.9–57.1) for BIS. Items 27, 29, and 30 were excluded based on the correction indices provided for CFA in AMOS. The goodness of fit indices was satisfactory (CMIN/DF = 2.20, GFI = 0.826, AGFI = 0.792, CFI = 0.754, RMSEA = 0.071). Based on the study findings, it can be concluded that the right diagnostic tools can help policymakers, therapists, and other relevant authorities to predict people’s proclivity to abuse drugs.

Unveiling the dynamics of drug transmission: A fractal-fractional approach integrating criminal law perspectives

<abstract><p>The excessive use of drugs has become a growing concern in the current century, with the global toll of drug-related deaths and disabilities posing a significant public health challenge in both developed and developing countries. In pursuit of continuous improvement in existing strategies, this article presented a nonlinear deterministic mathematical model that encapsulates the dynamics of drug addiction transmission while considering the legal implications imposed by criminal law within a population. The proposed model incorporated the fractal-fractional order derivative using the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo ($ \mathbb{ABC} $) operator. The objectives of this research were achieved by examining the dynamics of the drug transmission model, which stratifies the population into six compartments: The susceptible class to drug addicts, the number of individuals receiving drug misuse education, the count of mild drug addicts, the population of heavy-level drug addicts, individuals subjected to criminal law, and those who have ceased drug use. The qualitative analysis of the devised model established the existence and uniqueness of solutions within the framework of fixed-point theory. Furthermore, Ulam-Hyer's stability was established through nonlinear functional analysis. To obtain numerical solutions, the fractional Adam-Bashforth iterative scheme was employed, and the results were validated through simulations conducted using MATLAB. Additionally, numerical results were plotted for various fractional orders and fractal dimensions, with comparisons made against integer orders. The findings underscored the necessity of controlling the effective transmission rate to halt drug transmission effectively. The newly proposed strategy demonstrated a competitive advantage, providing a more nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics outlined in the model.</p></abstract>

Deep Brain Stimulation In The Treatment Of Cocaine Addiction

The history of cocaine addiction as a considerable public health issue has remained more than a century. In recent decades, as the population of cocaine addicts has risen again, more external interventions, such as neurotechnology, medication, and psychological therapy, are being considered and discovered as tools to address the effectiveness of the issue. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a potential intervention as existing treatments are limited to managing and healing cocaine addiction effectively. This paper delves into the multifaceted relationship between cocaine addiction and DBS, drawing insights based on neurobiological functions and existing experiments in rodent models. While DBS has been given expectation in targeting addiction-related neural circuits such as rewarding systems, its effectiveness and safety in decreasing cocaine craving remains a critical topic. This paper also emphasizes the caution of translating the results of preclinical experiments into clinical applications. In an era when innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed, this article explores the intricate promise of DBS in the treatment of cocaine addiction, providing a balanced perspective on its potential and challenges in reshaping addiction therapies. The purpose of the paper is to make the process of overcoming cocaine addiction easier using neurotechnology, specifically deep brain stimulation, and furthermore, to reduce the population of cocaine users in the United States.

Needle exchange programs and their impact on HIV incidence in West Virginia: Is it working?

ABSTRACT The opioid epidemic has had a strong impact on West Virginia, due to various social, economic, cultural, and environmental hardships. To aid users, Needle Exchange Programs (NEPs) were created to exchange used needles for new sterile ones and provide awareness of treatment and rehabilitation options. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of NEPs in reducing HIV and Hepatitis C infections in West Virginia, and the subsequent decrease in healthcare costs. In 2018 and 2019, there was an HIV outbreak in Cabell County, with 85 cases requiring CDC intervention in 2019. This occurred after the county-run needle exchange was reduced. Kanawha County also shut down its NEPs in 2018, followed by another HIV outbreak between 1 January 2019 and 13 March 2021, with 65 people testing positive for HIV linked to injection drug use, which required CDC intervention. To rehabilitate the opioid addict population, research on relapse, quality of life, social inclusion, stable housing, habilitation, and treatment adherence should be conducted. Policymakers should also revise existing policies surrounding the provision of harm reduction services to document adequate procedures for SSP procedures. This research suggests that suspending and scaling down NEPs in West Virginia has increased HIV/HCV incidence.

The relationship between food addiction and emotional eating in individuals at risk for anorexia nervosa.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anorexia nervosa, food addiction, and emotional eating. The study was carried out with 395 university students. The Eating Attitude Test (EAT)-26 was used to determine the risk of anorexia nervosa in individuals. Yale Eating Addiction Scale (YFAS) and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) were used to determine the eating behaviors that may be effective in anorexia nervosa. Digital scales were used for weight measurement, and a non-stretchable tape measure according to standard techniques was used for measuring height, waist, and hip circumferences. In this study, in which individuals at (high and medium) risk of anorexia nervosa were examined, 62.03% were females, and the mean age was 25.21±4.33 years. The mean BMI value was 22.25±3.48 kg/cm2. In the study, 8.35% of people with both anorexia nervosa (AN) risk and food addiction made up 19.75% of the food addict population (p=0.023). The distribution of DEBQ scores by sub-dimension shows that AN risk decreases as external eating score decreases. The group at the highest risk for AN also had the highest emotional eating score (p=0.029). In the multiple linear regression analyses, emotional eating behavior, gender, and BMI were predictive factors for eating attitude or anorexia nervosa risk. Food addiction increases the risk of eating disorders and the most important factor affecting them is BMI. Women were more likely than men to have anorexia nervosa and food addiction. This study informed young adults about food addiction, eating disorders, and anorexia nervosa.

REHABILITASI BAGI PECANDU NARKOTIKA OLEH POLDA METRO JAYA UNTUK MENEKAN PEREDARAN GELAP NARKOTIKA DI JAKARTA

Narcotics become an extraordinary threat for human life. The development of drugs trafficking is very fast due to the increasing number of users or addicts. Nowadays, based on data from National Narcotics Agency (BNN), there are almost five million narcotics addicts in Indonesia. These narcotics addicts are mostly spread in big cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Makassar and Bandung. Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia, center of economy, trade and business is the city with the largest population of narcotics addicts. There are so many narcotics dealers carry out their illicit actions in Jakarta. It can be confirmed that there are always narcotics dealers in every subdistrict. The narcotics dealers do not stop offering these illicit narcotics to buyers who come timeless. Even the law enforcement seems unable to suppress the narcotics traficking. In fact, it often happens that the narcotics users change their status to be narcotics dealers after the law enforcements are conducted by the law enforcement officials. Therefore,it is neccessary to find the right solutions to suppress the drugs trafficking so that it does not become a very dangerous threat anymore namely by decreasing the narcotics user, one of the right ways is rehabilitation for the narcotics users.

A mathematical model with nonlinear relapse: conditions for a forward-backward bifurcation

ABSTRACT We constructed a Susceptible-Addicted-Reformed model and explored the dynamics of nonlinear relapse in the Reformed population. The transition from susceptible considered at-risk is modeled using a strictly decreasing general function, mimicking an influential factor that reduces the flow into the addicted class. The basic reproductive number is computed, which determines the local asymptotically stability of the addicted-free equilibrium. Conditions for a forward-backward bifurcation were established using the basic reproductive number and other threshold quantities. A stochastic version of the model is presented, and some numerical examples are shown. Results showed that the influence of the temporarily reformed individuals is highly sensitive to the initial addicted population.

MODEL MATEMATIKA PENYEBARAN PENGGUNA NARKOBA DENGAN ADANYA FAKTOR EDUKASI DI SUMATERA UTARA

Drug abuse is using drugs without a doctor's instructions or prescription. Drug abuse is one of Indonesia's health and social problems, not least in the province of North Sumatra. North Sumatra Province currently has the highest number of drug abuse cases. This makes the researchers make a mathematical model of the distribution of drug users with educational factors with the SIRS epidemic model method. The first step is to modify the model, after which the equilibrium and stability points are calculated. The final step is to perform a numerical simulation on the basic reproduction number using the next-generation matrix approach. From the analysis results obtained two equilibrium points, namely the equilibrium point free of drug users and the endemic equilibrium point for drug users, but only one equilibrium point was analyzed. . Based on the numerical simulation, every population are stable near to the drug free equilibrium point at , means the population of the drug addigt constantly decrease and on a certain condition will be non existent, and stable around to drug endemic equilbrium point at , means the drug addict population will constantly increase so the drug epidemic occurred. From the simulation, it is found that the greater the rate of education, the more the number of vulnerable population with education will increase and the number of vulnerable population without education will decrease

Mechanical neck pain affects on pulmonary functions in smart phone addicted population

mechanical neck pain affects on pulmonary functions in smart phone addicted population

The impact of mechanical neck pain on peak expiratory flow in smartphone addicted population.

The impact of mechanical neck pain on peak expiratory flow in smartphone addicted population.

Electrophysiological responses to emotional and cocaine cues reveal individual neuroaffective profiles in cocaine users.

Smokers with stronger neuroaffective responses to drug-related cues compared to nondrug-related pleasant images (C > P) are more vulnerable to compulsive smoking than individuals with the opposite brain reactivity profile (P > C). However, it is unknown if these neurobehavioral profiles exist in individuals abusing other drugs. We tested whether individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) show similar neuroaffective profiles to smokers. We also monitored eye movements to assess attentional bias toward cues and we further performed exploratory analyses on demographics, personality, and drug use between profiles. Participants with CUD (n = 43) viewed pleasant, unpleasant, cocaine, and neutral images while we recorded electroencephalogram. For each picture category, we computed the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential component that reflects motivational relevance. k-means clustering classified participants based on their LPP responses. In line with what has been observed in smokers, clustering participants using LPP responses revealed the presence of two groups: one with larger LPPs to pleasant images compared to cocaine images (P > C) and one group with larger LPPs to cocaine images compared to pleasant images (C > P). Individuals with the C > P reactivity profile also had higher attentional bias toward drug cues. The two groups did not differ on demographic and drug use characteristics, however individuals with the C > P profile reported lower distress tolerance, higher anhedonia, and higher posttraumatic stress symptoms compared to the P > C group. This is the first study to report the presence of these neuroaffective profiles in individuals with CUD, indicating that this pattern may cut across addiction populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of a Residential Multimodal Psychological Treatment in an Addicted Population, at 6 and 12 Months: Differences Between Men and Women.

The aim of this study is to explore the effects of a residential multimodal treatment intervention for an addict population. We gathered participants from the “Programa Base” (n = 166) of the Solidarity and Reinsertion Foundation of Murcia, and assessed the various problematic areas with the EuropASI at baseline level, 6 months and 12 months of treatment. We found improved outcomes in every area except for Legal Status. In addition, we found differences between male and female participants in their baseline evaluation, as well as between completers and non-completers. In conclusion, this data shows us some changes which occurred in individuals with problematic drug use during treatment, going further into the complex social reality which causes great suffering and damage to people and their families.

Modeling social media addiction with case detection and treatment

Introduction This paper discusses the problem of social media addiction that pose a major threat to the human population especially children and teenagers. It is well known that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment to treat the addict individuals and delay in the treatment leads the patient to worst stage even to death. Therefore, it is important to identify the individuals who has addiction symptoms at early stage and to provide proper counseling. Method We propose and analyze a nonlinear mathematical model for social media addiction problem using case detection strategy to reduce the addiction. The basic reproduction number and equilibria of the model are computed. Further, the deterministic model is extended to delay differential equation model by incorporating transmission delay and treatment delay in the system. The local stability of different equilibria is discussed in detail. Additionally, the model is converted to stochastic model and numerical simulation is carried out to compare the results of both deterministic and stochastic model. Results Numerical result shows that the introduction of time delays can destabilize the model system and Hopf bifurcation occurs due to periodic oscillations when certain equilibrium point crosses the delay threshold limit. Our results of stochastic model show a smaller number of social media users and addict population when compared with deterministic model. Also, our results reveal that detection and counseling parameters play a vital role in reducing addiction population. Discussion Presented results clearly suggest that there is a need to use effective detection strategy and suitable counseling program to reduce the social media addiction level.

The impact of the COVID pandemic on the treatment of psychoactive drug addicts in Zenica-Doboj Canton of BiH april 2020-april 2021

IntroductionThe paper presents experiences in working with drug addicts in Ze-Do Canton after the outbreak of the COVID pandemicObjectivesThe time frame in which the research was conducted was April 15, 2020 to April 15, 2021. Criteria for inclusion in the study were clinically and laboratory-proven dependence on psychoactive substances and participation in some of the types of treatment in our institution. Criteria for exclusion from the study due to population specificity were not definedMethods. The study was designed as a retrospective-prospective in which the following parameters were monitored: rate of retention in treatment, rate of relapse and overdose, deterioration of basic psychopathology, number of hospitalizations due to worsening addiction or comorbid psychopathology, suicide rate, incidence and prevalence of blood-borne hepatitis and HIV -a, incidence and prevalence of COVID in the addicted population and auto and hetero-destructive behavior of health care users.ResultsThe results of the study indicated an increased rate of abuse of substitution therapy, an increased rate of relapse, most often with stimulants, abuse of sedatives, antidepressants and anticholinergics, an increased rate of overdose but no deaths and an increased rate of hospitalization due to worsening basic psychopathology.ConclusionsThe study indicated a deterioration in the quality of health care of addicts to psychoactive substances caused by pandemic working conditions and a marked deterioration in basic psychopathology caused by social distancing and the impossibility of more frequent and direct contact with patients. continuous monitoringDisclosureNo significant relationships.

Assessment of DNA damage in the heroin addicted population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using alkaline comet assay

Assessment of DNA damage in the heroin addicted population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using alkaline comet assay

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Population of Addicts Undergoing Substitution Therapy

Background: The pandemic of the new corona virus has taken its toll on the mental health of entire humankind with special impact on vulnerable groups, such as drug users in substitution treatment. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the population of opiate addicts who are on substitution therapy. Methods: The research was conducted in the Institute of Addiction Diseases of the ZE-DO canton on the population of patients addicted to opiates who are included in the substitution therapy program. The sample of 80 patients was randomly selected with respect to the inclusion criteria. An 8-parameter questionnaire with symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorder, ranked by intensity on the Likert scale from 0 to 4, was used as a measuring instrument. The change in these symptoms in the one-year period before the pandemic to the one-year period of the pandemic are compared. The results are analyzed in descriptive statistics using the SPSS program. The statistical significance was monitored by the χ2 test. Results: The results of this research show an apperent statistically significant increase in the symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorder, as well as an increase in drug abuse during the pandemic period compared to the period before it. Conclusion: Results imply the existence of a significant adverse effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of treated opiate addicts. This research impose the need to affirm the prevention of further abuse of illegal substances, as well as the introduction of new customized programs through various psychosocial interventions and therapies carried out by psychiatrists and psychologists. Telemedicine presents itself as useful way of intervention and treatment.