Adaptive Social Behavior Research Articles

PENDAMPINGAN SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR TERAPHY DAN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERAPHY PADA KOMUNITAS PEDULI ANAK AUTIS

The purpose of this service is to provide support and assistance to children with autism through the implementation of Social Behavior Therapy and Classical Conditioning Therapy. The methods used in implementing this service involve counseling based on counseling service cards, seminars, workshops, and pre-tests and post-tests to measure the effectiveness of the program. The results of the service showed that 85% of parents and caregivers were satisfied with the program, and there was a significant increase in the social skills and adaptive behavior of children with autism. The sustainability of this program is supported by intensive training for caregivers and parents, which ensures consistent application of therapy. This program is expected to be a model for other communities in implementing behavioral therapy for children with autism, creating a more supportive and inclusive environment for them in the future.

Serotonin drives aggression and social behaviors of laboratory male mice in a semi-natural environment.

Aggression is an adaptive social behavior crucial for the stability and prosperity of social groups. When uncontrolled, aggression leads to pathological violence that disrupts group structure and individual wellbeing. The comorbidity of uncontrolled aggression across different psychopathologies makes it a potential endophenotype of mental disorders with the same neurobiological substrates. Serotonin plays a critical role in regulating impulsive and aggressive behaviors. Mice lacking in brain serotonin, due to the ablation of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, could serve as a potential model for studying pathological aggression. Home cage monitoring allows for the continuous observation and quantification of social and non-social behaviors in group-housed, freely-moving mice. Using an ethological approach, we investigated the impact of central serotonin ablation on the everyday expression of social and non-social behaviors and their correlations in undisturbed, group-living Tph2-deficient and wildtype mice. By training a machine learning algorithm on behavioral time series, "allogrooming", "struggling at feeder", and "eating" emerged as key behaviors dissociating one genotype from the other. Although Tph2-deficient mice exhibited characteristics of pathological aggression and reduced communication compared to wildtype animals, they still demonstrated affiliative huddle behaviors to normal levels. Altogether, such a distinct and dynamic phenotype of Tph2-deficient mice influenced the group's structure and the subsequent development of its hierarchical organization. These aspects were analyzed using social network analysis and the Glicko rating methods. This study demonstrates the importance of the ethological approach for understanding the global impact of pathological aggression on various aspects of life, both at the individual and group levels. Home cage monitoring allows the observation of the natural behaviors of mice in a semi-natural habitat, providing an accurate representation of real-world phenomena and pathological mechanisms. The results of this study provide insights into the neurobiological substrate of pathological aggression and its potential role in complex brain disorders.

Differential Functions of Oxytocin Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus in Social Stress Responses: Induction of Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping Behaviors

The flexibility to adjust actions and attitudes in response to varying social situations is a fundamental aspect of adaptive social behavior. Adaptive social behaviors influence an individual's vulnerability to social stress. While oxytocin has been proposed to facilitate active coping behaviors during social stress, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. By using a social defeat stress paradigm in male mice, we identified the distribution of oxytocin receptor (OXTR)-expressing neurons in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (vlVMH) that are activated during stress by detection of c-Fos protein expression. We then investigated the role of vlVMH OXTR-expressing neurons in social defeat stress responses by chemogenetic methods or deletion of local OXTRs. The social defeat posture was measured for quantification of adaptive social behavior during repeated social stress. Social defeat stress activated OXTR-expressing neurons rather than estrogen type 1-expressing neurons in the rostral vlVMH. OXTR-expressing neurons in the vlVMH were glutamatergic. Chemogenetic activation of vlVMH OXTR-expressing neurons facilitated exhibition of the social defeat posture during exposure to social stress, while local OXTR deletion suppressed it. In contrast, over-activation of vlVMH-OXTR neurons induced generalized social avoidance after exposure to chronic social defeat stress. Neural circuits for the social defeat posture centered on OXTR-expressing neurons were identified by viral tracers and c-Fos mapping. VlVMH OXTR-expressing neurons are a functionally unique population of neurons that promote an active coping behavior during social stress, but their excessive and repetitive activation under chronic social stress impairs subsequent social behavior.

Prenatal Nutritional Factors and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Narrative Review.

According to the DSM-5, neurodevelopmental disorders represent a group of heterogeneous conditions, with onset during the developmental period, characterized by an alteration of communication and social skills, learning, adaptive behavior, executive functions, and psychomotor skills. These deficits determine an impairment of personal, social, scholastic, or occupational functioning. Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by an increased incidence and a multifactorial etiology, including genetic and environmental components. Data largely explain the role of genetic and environmental factors, also through epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and miRNA. Despite genetic factors, nutritional factors also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of these disorders, both in the prenatal and postnatal period, underscoring that the control of modifiable factors could decrease the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. The preventive role of nutrition is widely studied as regards many chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer, but actually we also know the effects of nutrition on embryonic brain development and the influence of prenatal and preconceptional nutrition in predisposition to various pathologies. These factors are not limited only to a correct caloric intake and a good BMI, but rather to an adequate and balanced intake of macro and micronutrients, the type of diet, and other elements such as exposure to heavy metals. This review represents an analysis of the literature as regards the physiopathological mechanisms by which food influences our state of health, especially in the age of development (from birth to adolescence), through prenatal and preconceptional changes, underlying how controlling these nutritional factors should improve mothers' nutritional state to significantly reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. We searched key words such as "maternal nutrition and neurodevelopmental disorders" on Pubmed and Google Scholar, selecting the main reviews and excluding individual cases. Therefore, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics teach us the importance of personalized nutrition for good health. So future perspectives may include well-established reference values in order to determine the correct nutritional intake of mothers through food and integration.

Heterospecific visual cues and trophic facilitation processes used by a solitary bone‐eating vulture

AbstractWhile the influence of public information sharing on foraging strategies is of growing interest, empirical studies exploring intraguild social information use and facilitation roles between individuals with different trophic specializations remain scarce. Heterospecific facilitation should be more common in specialist foragers, for example, the bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus, a solitary bone‐eating scavenger. We monitored 133 carcasses of different types/sizes in open and shrubland landscapes in the Spanish Pyrenees to explore bearded vulture foraging in relation to social information transfer and adaptive trophic behavior. We hypothesized that they might (1) feed on carcasses after initial heterospecific exploitation; (2) use heterospecifics to locate and/or exploit carcasses; and (3) prefer old carcasses over fresh ones. We recorded bearded vultures scavenging at 44 carcasses; 95.5% had been previously exploited by heterospecifics (93.2% by griffon vultures Gyps fulvus and 2.3% by golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos) while only two small‐sized carcasses were scavenged without previous heterospecific exploitation. Bearded vultures were not observed scavenging at carcasses used only by mammals. Both griffon and bearded vultures took longer to find carcasses in shrublands than in open landscapes. However, bearded vulture arrival times between landscapes after carcass discovery by griffon vultures were similar. Bearded vultures were more likely to discover a carcass the greater the number of griffon vultures exploiting it. Only 10.4% bearded vulture scavenging events occurred after the third week following heterospecific exploitation, suggesting that recently opened carcasses were preferred. Clearly, heterospecifics play an essential role in bearded vultures foraging success, and griffon vultures are fundamental facilitators for specialist foragers, both in providing visual cues to food location and in opening up carcasses to enable access to food.

Facial emotion recognition in children of parents with a mental illness

ObjectiveFacial emotion recognition (FER) is a fundamental social skill essential for adaptive social behaviors, emotional development, and overall well-being. FER impairments have been linked to various mental disorders, making it a critical transdiagnostic mechanism influencing the development and trajectory of mental disorders. FER has also been found to play a role in the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders, with the majority of research suggesting FER impairments in children of parents with a mental illness (COPMI). Previous research primarily concentrated on COPMI of parents with internalizing disorders, which does not cover the full spectrum of outpatient mental health service populations. Furthermore, research focuses on varying components of FER by using different assessment paradigms, making it challenging to compare study results. To address these gaps, we comprehensively investigated FER abilities in COPMI using multiple tasks varying in task characteristics.MethodsWe included 189 children, 77 COPMI and 112 children of parents without a diagnosed mental illness (COPWMI), aged 6 to 16 years. We assessed FER using three tasks with varying task demands: an emotional Go/NoGo task, a morphing task, and a task presenting short video sequences depicting different emotions. We fitted separate two-level hierarchical Bayesian models (to account for sibling pairs in our sample) for reaction times and accuracy rates for each task. Good model fit was assured by comparing models using varying priors.ResultsContrary to our expectations, our results revealed no general FER deficit in COPMI compared to COPWMI. The Bayesian models fitted for accuracy in the morphing task and Go/NoGo task yielded small yet significant effects. However, Bayes factors fitted for the models suggested that these effects could be due to random variations or noise in the data.ConclusionsOur study does not support FER impairments as a general feature of COPMI. Instead, individual factors, such as the type of parental disorder and the timing of its onset, may play a crucial role in influencing FER development. Future research should consider these factors, taking into account the diverse landscape of parental mental disorders.

Intellectual Development Diagnostics in Athletes with Intellectual and Physical Disabilities

In the article the diagnostic so intellectual development in athletes with intellectual and physical disabilities discussed. Any child from the age of 8 and any person with intellectual disabilities can train and participate in Special Olympics competitions. It has been determined that this must meet the criteria for delayed or impaired intellectual development based on the standard indicator - the IQ score, other indicators, medical examination report and doctor’s permission. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methodology for diagnosing athletes with intellectual and physical disabilities that adhere to existing international rules for specific sports. To effectively implement the classification in the competitive process of paralympians, human factor influence on classification results should be minimized. One of the key figures in the classification process is the classifier. This classifier allows assessing the level of preserve debilities of athletes and determines the outcome of athletes’ classification. This imposes strict requirements both on the moral qualities of the classifier and on his her level of professionals kill. The diagnostics of intellectual development is carried out according to the criteria established by the World Health Organization, the International Classification of Diseases, using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale methodology (WAIS, WISC). The level of social adaptation and adaptive behavior disorders are determined by a special set of socially significant indicators. They are defined in specially designed questionnaire forms A, B, C. The internationally recognized Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) is also used. The total quantitative data from forms A, B, C to determine the overall level of adaptive behavior is or dersisused and calculated as the arithmetic mean.

Effectiveness of sensory integration therapy in children, focusing on Korean children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sensory integration intervention is highly related to the child's effective interaction with the environment and the child's development. Currently, various sensory integration interventions are being applied, but research methodological problems are arising due to unsystematic protocols. This study aims to present the optimal intervention protocol by presenting scientific standards for sensory integration intervention through meta-analysis. To prove the effectiveness of sensory integration therapy, examine the latest trend of sensory integration studies in Korea, and provide clinical evidence for sensory integration therapies. The database of Korean search engines, including RISS, KISS, and DBpia, was used to search for related literature published from 2001 to October 2020. The keywords, "Children", "Sensory integration", "Integrated sensory", "Sensory-motor", and "Sensory stimulation" were used in this search. Then, a meta-analysis was conducted on 24 selected studiesRISS, KISS, and DBpia, was used to search for related literature published from 2001 to October 2020. The keywords, "Children", "Sensory integration", "Integrated sensory", "Sensory-motor", and "Sensory stimulation" were used in this search. Then, a meta-analysis was conducted on 24 selected studies. Sensory integration intervention has been proven effective in children with cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, developmental disorder, and intellectual disability in relation to the diagnosis of children. Regarding sensory integration therapies, 1:1 individual treatment with a therapist or a therapy session lasting for 40 min was most effective. In terms of dependent variables, sensory integration therapy effectively promoted social skills, adaptive behavior, sensory processing, and gross motor and fine motor skills. The results of this study may be used as therapeutic evidence for sensory integration intervention in the clinical field of occupational therapy for children, and can help to present standards for sensory integration intervention protocols.

Inclusive learning and development practices for children with autism spectrum disorders and the ICT’s role

Nowadays, the inclusive orientation of education has promoted the inalienable right of all children, including those with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), to be educated in mainstream schools alongside their typically developing (TD) peers. The autism spectrum includes developmental disorders that appear in early childhood and are characterized by qualitative deficits in social communication and adaptive behavior, impeding academic learning and social-emotional development. The aim of this paper is to study those practices that form the conditions for realizing the functional inclusion of ASD children in the traditional classroom. For this reason, through the literature review of modern foreign language scientific articles, an attempt was made to search and study the most widespread and research-documented intervention procedures and techniques, which develop the readiness skills of ASD children, providing them with quality opportunities for active learning and socialization alongside their TD peers. The results showed that when the earlier targeted educational approaches are used in the inclusive classroom, in a structured and predictable learning environment, taking into account their unique characteristics, interests and assessed educational needs, with the support of adequately trained teachers and an interdisciplinary team, in cooperation with the family, their dynamic involvement in the activities of the school program is facilitated. Furthmore, quality interactions with their TD peers are increased and therefore, the appearance of socially acceptable behaviors is promoted, which contributes to their acceptance by their classmates, laying the foundations for their smooth integration into society.

Effect of online parent training in promoting language development of children with language delay in Hubei province, China.

Training parents to implement language and communication intervention strategies is an effective approach to promote language development for children with language delay. This study introduces an online parent training program conducted in Hubei province, China, which was designed to help parents of language-delayed children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental language disorder (DLD) or global developmental delay (GDD) apply language intervention strategies into daily interactions and promote their children's language development at home. The Bethel Hearing and Speaking Training Center Family Training for Early Communication & Language Development (Bethel Family Training Program, BFT) (Bethel HSTC, 2020) was designed to improve the language and communication skills for children with language delay in a naturalistic way. The caregivers (including parents, grandparents and other main caregivers) participated in an 8-h online program, including lectures on milestones in child language development, common misunderstandings of child language development, and three basic family language intervention strategies ('Looking together, playing together, and talking together') incorporating active learning through video analysis and discussion. Tongji Hospital in Hubei then continued with 3 months of online home intervention monitoring to all the caregivers via weekly online Q&As led by BFT certified speech therapists' team. The Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS) was carried out before the online parent training program and after the 3-month online home intervention monitoring. 146 families whose children aged 12-68 months with language delay participated in the online training program. The results of the GDS assessments conducted before and after the program showed that not only did the developmental quotient (DQ) of language improve, but so did the DQ of social behaviour and adaptive behaviour (p < 0.001). There is no between-group difference in the application of three strategies between the ASD group and the DLD or GDD group (p > 0.05). Furthermore, both caregivers' ability to apply 'looking together, playing together, talking together' strategies and the effective interaction time played important roles in improving the child's language abilities. The online parent training focusing on improving daily interaction with children through speech-language stimulation strategies promoted the development of language skills. It is an economic and practical approach for children with language delay who have limited access to local language intervention programs. What is already known on the subject Parent-implemented language intervention is an effective approach at improving children's language development. Telepractice is an appropriate model of service delivery for audiologists and speech-language therapists and may be the primary mode of service delivery or may supplement in-person services. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge This paper explores the effectiveness of an online parent training program and provides new evidence that online training on language support strategies (looking together, playing together, talking together) followed by home intervention monitoring works for Mandarin-speaking children and it is equally effective for children with ASD and non-ASD diagnosis. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Developmental behavioural paediatricians and speech-language therapists in countries and areas that lack sufficient training resource for every child will have the option to deliver parent training and home intervention monitoring online, which will save time and cost considerably while offering convenience.

Social adaptive behavior and oscillatory prevalence in an epidemic model on evolving random geometric graphs

Our recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic amply shows that spatial effects like the mobility of agents and average interpersonal distance, together with the adaptation of agents, are very important in deciding the outcome of epidemic dynamics. Structural and dynamical aspects of random geometric graphs are widely employed in describing processes with a spatial dependence, such as the spread of an airborne disease. In this work, we investigate the interplay between spatial factors, such as agent mobility and average interpersonal distance, and the adaptive responses of individuals to an ongoing epidemic within the framework of random geometric graphs. We show that such spatial factors, together with the adaptive behavior of the agents in response to the prevailing level of global epidemic, can give rise to oscillatory prevalence even with the classical SIR framework. We characterize in detail the effects of social adaptation and mobility of agents on the disease dynamics and obtain the threshold values. We also study the effects of delayed adaptive response of agents on epidemic dynamics. We show that a delay in executing non-pharmaceutical spatial mitigation strategies can amplify oscillatory prevalence tendencies and can have non-linear effects on peak prevalence. This underscores the importance of early implementation of adaptive strategies coupled with the dissemination of real-time prevalence information to manage and control the epidemic effectively.

Autism intervention meta-analysis of early childhood studies (Project AIM): updated systematic review and secondary analysis

ObjectiveTo summarize the breadth and quality of evidence supporting commonly recommended early childhood autism interventions and their estimated effects on developmental outcomes.DesignUpdated systematic review and meta-analysis (autism intervention meta-analysis; Project...

Socially Mediated Shift in Neural Circuits Activation Regulated by Synergistic Neuromodulatory Signaling.

Animals exhibit context-dependent behavioral decisions that are mediated by specific motor circuits. In social species these decisions are often influenced by social status. Although social status-dependent neural plasticity of motor circuits has been investigated in vertebrates, little is known of how cellular plasticity translates into differences in motor activity. Here, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism to examine how social dominance influences the activation of swimming and the Mauthner-mediated startle escape behaviors. We show that the status-dependent shift in behavior patterns whereby dominants increase swimming and reduce sensitivity of startle escape while subordinates reduce their swimming and increase startle sensitivity is regulated by the synergistic interactions of dopaminergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic inputs to shift the balance of activation of the underlying motor circuits. This shift is driven by socially induced differences in expression of dopaminergic receptor type 1b (Drd1b) on glycinergic neurons and dopamine (DA) reuptake transporter (DAT). Second, we show that GABAergic input onto glycinergic neurons is strengthened in subordinates compared with dominants. Complementary neurocomputational modeling of the empirical results show that drd1b functions as molecular regulator to facilitate the shift between excitatory and inhibitory pathways. The results illustrate how reconfiguration in network dynamics serves as an adaptive strategy to cope with changes in social environment and are likely conserved and applicable to other social species.

Designing an Algorithm for Students Impact on Social Adaptive Behavior in Political Education Context

Designing an Algorithm for Students Impact on Social Adaptive Behavior in Political Education Context

Targeting ferroptosis as novel therapeutic approaches for epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures resulting from excessive synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain. As one of the most common complications of many neurological diseases, epilepsy is an expensive and complex global public health issue that is often accompanied by neurobehavioral comorbidities, such as abnormalities in cognition, psychiatric status, and social-adaptive behaviors. Recurrent or prolonged seizures can result in neuronal damage and cell death; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the epilepsy-induced damage to neurons remain unclear. Ferroptosis, a novel type of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is involved in the pathophysiological progression of epilepsy. Emerging studies have demonstrated pharmacologically inhibiting ferroptosis can mitigate neuronal damage in epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the core molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and the roles they play in contributing to epilepsy, highlight emerging compounds that can inhibit ferroptosis to treat epilepsy and associated neurobehavioral comorbidities, and outline their pharmacological beneficial effects. The current review suggests inhibiting ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for epilepsy and associated neurobehavioral comorbidities.

The impact of loneliness and social adaptation on depressive symptoms: Behavioral and brain measures evidence from a brain health perspective.

Early detection of depression is a cost-effective way to prevent adverse outcomes on brain physiology, cognition, and health. Here we propose that loneliness and social adaptation are key factors that can anticipate depressive symptoms. We analyzed data from two separate samples to evaluate the associations between loneliness, social adaptation, depressive symptoms, and their neural correlates. For both samples, hierarchical regression models on self-reported data showed that loneliness and social adaptation have negative and positive effects on depressive symptoms. Moreover, social adaptation reduces the impact of loneliness on depressive symptoms. Structural connectivity analysis showed that depressive symptoms, loneliness, and social adaptation share a common neural substrate. Furthermore, functional connectivity analysis demonstrated that only social adaptation was associated with connectivity in parietal areas. Altogether, our results suggest that loneliness is a strong risk factor for depressive symptoms while social adaptation acts as a buffer against the ill effects of loneliness. At the neuroanatomical level, loneliness and depression may affect the integrity of white matter structures known to be associated to emotion dysregulation and cognitive impairment. On the other hand, socio-adaptive processes may protect against the harmful effects of loneliness and depression. Structural and functional correlates of social adaptation could indicate a protective role through long and short-term effects, respectively. These findings may aid approaches to preserve brain health via social participation and adaptive social behavior.

The Role of Objecthood and Animacy in Apparent Movement Processing.

Although the ability to detect the actions of other living beings is key for adaptive social behavior, it is still unclear if biological motion perception is specific to human stimuli. Biological motion perception involves both bottom-up processing of movement kinematics ('motion pathway) and top-down reconstruction of movement from changes in body posture ('form pathway'). Previous research using point-light displays has shown that processing in the motion pathway depends on the presence of a well-defined, recognizable shape (objecthood) but not necessarily on whether that shape depicts a living being (animacy). Here, we focused on the form pathway. Specifically, we combined EEG frequency tagging with apparent motion to study how objecthood and animacy influence posture processing and the integration of postures into movements. By measuring brain responses to repeating sequences of well-defined or pixelated images (objecthood), depicting human or corkscrew agents (animacy), performing either fluent or non-fluent movements (movement fluency), we found that movement processing was sensitive to objecthood but not animacy. In contrast, posture processing was sensitive to both. Together, these results indicate that reconstructing biological movement from apparent motion sequences requires a well-defined, but not necessarily an animate shape. Instead, stimulus animacy appears to be relevant only for posture processing.

Development and psychometric evidence of the Chinese Version of the Theory of Mind Inventory-2 (ToMI-2) in children with autism spectrum disorder

BackgroundTheory of mind (ToM) is an important social cognitive ability of humans to understand the mental states of themselves and others. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are believed to have impaired ToM. In this study, for application in Chinese children with ASD in clinical and research settings, the Chinese Version of the Theory of Mind Inventory-2 (ToMI-2-C) was developed with cultural adaptations. The psychometric properties of ToMI-2-C were then evaluated in Chinese children with ASD. MethodsThe ToMI-2-C was developed and culturally adapted through a standard translation process: forward translation, back-translation, synthesis, expert validation and content validity, and a pilot study. A total of 166 children with ASD and 54 children with typical development, all aged 3–12 years, were then assessed with the ToMI-2-C and with measures of symptom severity, social adaptive behavior skills, and verbal ability. ResultsThe ToMI-2-C was found to have high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.965) and good test–retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88), convergent validity (r = − 0.436 to 0.591, all p < 0.001), and discriminative validity (t = 8.172, p < 0.01; Cohen's d = 1.57; area-under-the-curve = 0.87) for differentiating children with ASD and those with typical development. ConclusionsThe empirical results show that the ToMI-2-C could be a useful measure for clinicians and researchers to reliably and validly evaluate the daily performance of ToM in children with ASD.

The Role of Child Raising Attitudes in the Relationship Between Fathers' Gender Roles and Children's Adaptive Social Behavior

Bu çalışmanın amacı; toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin, babaların ebeveynlik davranışlarına ve çocukların uyumlu sosyal davranışlarına olan etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışmanın örneklemini, Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde yaşayan 2-6 yaşında çocuğu olan evli ve tam zamanlı bir işte çalışan babalardan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar, basit seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemiyle 12 farklı ilden seçilmiş ve 300 kişiden oluşmuştur. Çalışmada Çocuk Yetiştirme Anketi, Uyumlu Sosyal Davranış Envanteri ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Ölçeği ve Erkeklik Algısı ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma bulguları göstermektedir ki, babaların eşitlikçi toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine sahip olmaları, çocuklarına gösterdikleri cezalandırıcı ebeveynlik davranışlarıyla olumsuz olarak ilişkilidir. Babaların toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinde eşitlikçi olmaları sıcaklık ve açıklayıcı akıl yürütme ebeveyn davranışlarını ve çocuklarının uyumlu sosyal davranışları ile olumlu bir şekilde ilişkilidir. Babaların toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ile çocukların uyumlu sosyal davranışları arasındaki ilişkide babaların cezalandırıcı, sıcaklık ve açıklayıcı akıl yürütme tutumları aracı rolü üstlendiği bulunmuştur. Ataerkil rollere sahip babaların, bu tutum ve algılardan dolayı ebeveynlik davranışları, ve dolayısıyla çocuklarının da uyumlu sosyal davranışlarının etkilendiği; buna bağlı olarak babaların toplumsal cinsiyet ve babalık davranışlarıyla ilgili eğitimler alarak kendilerini geliştirmelerinin önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Ekolojik Sistemler Kuramı’na göre mikro sistemde gerçekleşen babaların bu gelişimi toplumsal açıdan da olumlu dönüşümlerin yaşanacağını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmayla birlikte toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinde eşitlikçi olmanın hem babalara hem de küçük yaştaki çocukların gelişmesine katkısı olacağı vurgulanmaktadır.

Global intellectual ability and adaptive functioning in children with FASD with and without sentinel facial features

ABSTRACT Background: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by cognitive and adaptive impairment. FASF can be presented or not with sentinel facial features (SFF). The presence of such SFF have been positively correlated with cognitive impairment in children with FASD. Objectives: The current study explores difference in global intellectual functioning and how cognition affects adaptive behavior in children with and without SFF. Methods: A total of 88 children and adolescents (55 males, 33 females) with confirmed FASD diagnosis were included in the study, of which 16 had sentinel facial features. Childrens’ neuropsychological functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) and The Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndromes for Children (BADS-C). Adaptive behavior was explored through the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-3). Results: Children with SFF performed more poorly in tasks assessing processing speed (t = 2.495, t = .020) and executive functioning (t = 4.147, t = .001). Those children also had lower IQ scores than children without SFF (t = 2.658, t = .016). BADS-C overall scaled score was related to three of the four domains of the ABAS scale (conceptual, social, and practical) but only in the group of FASD children without SFF (B = 0.547, t = .020; B = 0.544,t = .049; B = 0.431,t = .040, respectively). Conclusions: The present study founds poorer cognitive outcomes in children who have FASD with sentinel facial features. In children without SFF, stronger executive functioning is also related to significantly stronger reported conceptual, social, and practical adaptive behaviors. Better understanding of cognitive and adaptive functioning in children with FASD may help in the design of tailored evidenced-based interventions.