Adaptation Of Energy Expenditure Research Articles

Metabolic profiles, energy expenditures, and body compositions of the weight regain versus sustained weight loss patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Weight regain (WR) has been an emerging problem after Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and little is known about the mechanisms of WR after RYGB. To evaluate the mechanisms of WR after RYGB through the postprandial gut hormones response, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which regulates appetite control, energy expenditure, body composition, physical activities, dietary intake, and psychological factors. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. A cross sectional study of 34 patients who underwent RYGB at least 2 years and achieved ≥50% of excess weight loss at 1year was conducted. The subjects were categorized into WR group or sustained weight loss group, based upon whether their WR was ≥15% of postoperative lowest weight. The WR group had less augmented postprandial GLP-1 response but exaggerated hyperinsulinemia. Postprandial peptide YY, ghrelin, and glucose were not different between group. Patients who regained weight required less weight-adjusted energy expenditure and had more percentage body fat and less percentage lean mass. The caloric intake and diet composition were comparable between groups; however, the WR group had higher depression scores, binge eating scales, and hunger rating and spent significantly less time on vigorous exercise. The mechanisms of WR in patients who were initially successful after RYGB are complex and involved not only the role of postprandial gut hormone response but are also related to energy expenditure adaptation and body composition changes. Moreover, food preference and physical activity may play roles in weight control after bariatric surgery. Further prospective controlled trial is needed to explore the mechanisms of WR.

Avian red blood cell mitochondria produce more heat in winter than in autumn.

Endotherms in cold regions improve heat-producing capacity when preparing for winter. We know comparatively little about how this change is fueled by seasonal adaptation in cellular respiration. Thus, we studied the changes of mitochondrial function in red blood cells in sympatric Coal (Periparus ater), Blue (Cyanistes caeruleus), and Great (Parus major) tits between autumn and winter. These species differ more than twofold in body mass and in several aspects of their foraging ecology and social dominance, which could require differential seasonal adaptation of energy expenditure. Coal and Great tits in particular upregulated the mitochondrial respiration rate and mitochondrial volume in winter. This was not directed toward ATP synthesis, instead reflecting increased uncoupling of electron transport from ATP production. Because uncoupling is exothermic, this increased heat-producing capacity at the sub-cellular level in winter. This previously unexplored the route of thermogenesis in birds should be addressed in future work.

Acute metabolic responses after continuous or interval exercise in post-menopausal women with overweight or obesity.

This pilot study compared the effects of acute high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on post-exercise VO2 , fat utilization, and 24-hours energy balance to understand the mechanism of higher fat mass reduction observed after high-intensity interval training in post-menopausal women with overweight/obesity. 12 fasted women (59.5±5.8years; BMI: 28.9±3.9kg·m-2 ) completed three isoenergetic cycling exercise sessions in a counterbalanced, randomized order: (a) MICE [35minutes at 60%-65% of peak heart rate, HRmax ], (b) HIIE 1 [60×(8-s cycling-12-s recovery) at 80%-90% of HRmax ], and (c) HIIE 2 [10×1min at 80%-90% of HRmax -1-min recovery]. Then, VO2 and fat utilization measured at rest and during the 2hours post-exercise, enjoyment, perceived exertion, and appetite recorded during the session and energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) assessed over the next 24hours were compared for the three modalities. Overall, fat utilization increased after exercise. No modality effect or time-modality interaction was observed concerning VO2 and fat oxidation rate during the 2hours post-exercise. The two exercise modalities did not induce specific EI and EE adaptations, but perceived appetite scores at 1hour post-exercise were lower after HIIE 1 and HIIE 2 than MICE. Perceived exertion was higher during HIIE 1 and HIIE 2 than MICE, but enjoyment did not differ among modalities. The acute HIIE responses did not allow explaining the greater fat mass loss observed after regular high-intensity interval training in post-menopausal women with overweight/obesity. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms involved in such adaptations.

High Compared with Moderate Protein Intake Reduces Adaptive Thermogenesis and Induces a Negative Energy Balance during Long-term Weight-Loss Maintenance in Participants with Prediabetes in the Postobese State:A PREVIEW Study

Background:Weight loss has been associated with adaptations in energy expenditure. Identifying factors that counteract these adaptations are important for long-term weight loss and weight maintenance. Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate whether increased protein/carbohydrate ratio would reduce adaptive thermogenesis (AT) and the expected positive energy balance (EB) during weight maintenance after weight loss in participants with prediabetes in the postobese state. Methods:In 38 participants, the effects of 2 diets differing in protein/carbohydrate ratio on energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed during 48-h respiration chamber measurements ~34 mo after weight loss.Participants consumed a high-protein (HP) diet (n = 20; 13 women/7 men; age: 64.0 ± 6.2 y; BMI: 28.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2)with 25:45:30% or a moderate-protein (MP) diet (n = 18; 9 women/9 men; age: 65.1 ± 5.8 y; BMI: 29.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2)with 15:55:30% of energy from protein:carbohydrate:fat. Predicted resting energy expenditure (REEp) was calculatedbased on fat-free mass and fat mass. AT was assessed by subtracting measured resting energy expenditure (REE)from REEp. The main outcomes included differences in components of energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and ATbetween groups. Results:EB (MP = 0.2 ± 0.9 MJ/d; HP = –0.5 ± 0.9 MJ/d) and RQ (MP = 0.84 ± 0.02; HP = 0.82 ± 0.02) werereduced and REE (MP: 7.3 ± 0.2MJ/d compared with HP: 7.8 ± 0.2MJ/d) was increased in the HP group compared withthe MP group (P < 0.05). REE was not different from REEp in the HP group, whereas REE was lower than REEp in theMP group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, EB was positively related to AT (rs = 0.74; P < 0.001) and RQ (rs = 0.47; P < 0.01)in the whole group of participants. Conclusions:In conclusion, an HP diet compared with an MP diet led to a negative EB and counteracted AT ~34 mo after weight loss, in participants with prediabetes in the postobese state. These results indicate the relevance of compliance to an increased protein/carbohydrate ratio for long-term weight maintenance after weight loss. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01777893.

The Big Breakfast Study: Chrono-nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight.

A growing body of evidence highlights the importance of the biological clock as a modulator of energy balance and metabolism. Recent studies in humans have shown that ingested calories are apparently utilised more efficiently in the morning than in the evening and this is manifest through improved weight loss, even under iso‐energetic calorie intake. The mechanisms behind this enhanced morning energy metabolism are not yet clear, although it may result from behavioural adaptations or circadian driven variations in physiology and energy metabolism. A major objective of the newly funded Big Breakfast Study therefore is to investigate the mechanistic basis of this amplified morning thermogenesis leading to enhanced weight loss, by exploring behavioural and physiological adaptations in energy expenditure alongside the underlying circadian biology. This report briefly discusses the current research linking meal timing, circadian rhythms and metabolism; highlights the research gaps; and provides an overview of the studies being undertaken as part of the Medical Research Council‐funded Big Breakfast Study.

How Strongly Does Appetite Counter Weight Loss? Quantification of the Feedback Control of Human Energy Intake.

To quantify the feedback control of energy intake in response to long-term covert manipulation of energy balance in free-living humans. A validated mathematical method was used to calculate energy intake changes during a 52-week placebo-controlled trial in 153 patients treated with canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitor that increases urinary glucose excretion, thereby resulting in weight loss without patients being directly aware of the energy deficit. The relationship between the body weight time course and the calculated energy intake changes was analyzed using principles from engineering control theory. It was discovered that weight loss leads to a proportional increase in appetite resulting in eating above baseline by ∼100 kcal/day per kilogram of lost weight-an amount more than threefold larger than the corresponding energy expenditure adaptations. While energy expenditure adaptations have often been considered the main reason for slowing of weight loss and subsequent regain, feedback control of energy intake plays an even larger role and helps explain why long-term maintenance of a reduced body weight is so difficult.

The aging influence on cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and energy expenditure adaptations in head-out aquatic exercises: Differences between young and elderly women

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to: (1) establish the relationship between acute physiological responses and musical cadence; and (2) compare physiologic responses between young and older women. Eighteen older (mean = 65.06 ± 5.77 years) and 19 young (mean = 22.16 ± 2.63 years) women underwent an intermittent and progressive protocol performing the head-out aquatic exercise the “rocking horse.” Results showed that older women demonstrated lower mean heart rate, blood lactate concentration (bLa), and oxygen uptake (VO2) at rest. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that variations in the rating of perceived effort and individual metabolic equivalent of task did not differ significantly by age group. However, during exercise, physiological responses of younger women were significantly different than for older women: in mean values, for each increased musical beat per minute, mean bLa was 0.003 mmol/l, VO2 was 0.024 ml/kg/min, and energy expenditure was 0.0001 kcal/kg/min higher for younger women. This study shows that increases in musical cadence increased the cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and energy expenditure responses. However, these responses during increasing intensity seemed to differ between young and older women, with lower values for the elderly group, when performing head-out aquatic exercises.

Weight loss-induced changes in adipose tissue proteins associated with fatty acid and glucose metabolism correlate with adaptations in energy expenditure.

BackgroundEnergy restriction causes adaptations in energy expenditure (total-,TEE; resting-,REE; activity induced-,AEE).ObjectiveTo determine if changes in the levels of proteins involved in adipocyte glucose and fatty acid metabolism as indicators for energy deficiency are related to adaptations in energy expenditure during weight loss.MethodsForty-eight healthy subjects (18 men, 30 women), mean ± SD age 42 ± 8 y and BMI 31.4 ± 2.8 kg/m2, followed a very low energy diet for 8 wk. Protein levels of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C (AldoC) and short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHsc) (adipose tissue biopsy, western blot), TEE (doubly labeled water), REE (ventilated hood), and AEE were assessed before and after the 8-wk diet.ResultsThere was a positive correlation between the decrease in AldoC and the decrease in TEE (R = 0.438, P < 0.01) and the decrease change in AEE (R = 0.439, P < 0.01). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the increases in HADHsc and the decrease in REE (R = 0.343, P < 0.05).ConclusionThe decrease in AldoC correlated with the decrease in AEE, which may be explained by a decreased glycolytic flux. Additionally, the change in HADHsc, a crucial enzyme for a step in beta-oxidation, correlated with the adaptation in REE.Trial registrationClinical Trial Registration Number: NCT01015508 at clinicaltrials.gov

Resting energy expenditure adaptation after short-term caloric restriction in morbidly obese women

Objective:The objective of this study was to describe changes in the resting energy expenditure, substrate oxidation rate, and body composition in morbidly obese women subjected to short-term caloric restriction. Methods:This was a prospective study that included ten obese women with body mass index greater than 40 kg/m2 and aged between 20-50 years. The participants were hospitalized for eight days and received a controlled conventional low-calorie diet, 1200 kcal/day, for seven days. Body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation rate were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the study. Results:A significant reduction in body weight (p=0.005), body mass index (p=0.005), abdominal circumference (p=0.005), fat mass (p=0.005) and fat-free mass (p=0.008) was observed at the end of the study. There was an average reduction in resting energy expenditure of approximately 124 kcal/day (5%). Substrate oxidation rate did not show statistically significant changes. There was a positive correlation only between body weight reduction and fat-free mass reduction (r=0.753; p=0.012). Conclusion:There was an adaptive response of the resting energy expenditure with short-term energy restriction in morbidly obese women with a 5% reduction in resting energy expenditure and a positive correlation between weight loss and the fat-free mass, which indicates the influence of fat-free mass on the decrease in resting energy expenditure. Therefore, short-term caloric restriction in morbidly obese women led to a decrease in resting energy expenditure and fat-free mass, which suggests a rapid adaptation of energy expenditure.

Acute Adaptation of Energy Expenditure Predicts Diet-Induced Weight Loss: Revisiting the Thrifty Phenotype.

Energy expenditure decreases in response to weight loss. Although this phenomenon is likely driven, at least in part, by neuroendocrine adaptations to caloric imbalance, its underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated (1). Because adaptive thermogenesis intensifies and is sustained over time as weight loss increases (2,3), it is considered to mitigate weight loss. The variability of adaptive thermogenesis in response to weight changes has also been suggested to contribute to an individual’s relative susceptibility to obesity and associated complications, such as type 2 diabetes. Rooted in a gene-centered view of evolution and natural selection, this notion was coined the “thrifty gene” hypothesis (4). Its genetic basis having been largely refuted (5), this theory has now been supplanted by the “thrifty phenotype” hypothesis. The thrifty phenotype, originally applied to the susceptibility toward type 2 diabetes and later extended to obesity and its other complications, is thought to result from the complex interplay of environmental cues with the genome known as epigenetic mechanisms (6). In this issue of Diabetes , Reinhardt et al. (7) report on testing their hypothesis that individuals who display greater reduction in energy expenditure during fasting or weaker increases during overfeeding (i.e., a thrifty phenotype) are resistant to weight loss. After an initial weight-maintenance period, the authors submitted 12 obese volunteers …

Effects of short‐term protein supplementation on muscle work efficiency in elderly adults

ObjectiveThis study assessed the effect of increased dietary protein intake on adaptation of energy expenditure and skeletal muscle function at rest and during low‐intensity physical activity in elderly adults.MethodsUsing a randomized, crossover design, 12 adults (7 F, 5 M), aged 82 ± 7 y (mean ± SD) completed two 6‐day periods of consuming fruit‐smoothie beverages twice daily (with breakfast and lunch) containing 230 kcal and 25 g whey protein (WPro) or 25 g corn‐derived glucose polymer (CHO) (total 460 kcal/day and 50 g/day WPro or CHO).ResultsOn day 7 of each period, fasting blood urea nitrogen was 28 ± 9% higher in WPro vs. CHO (P=0.003), consistent with higher total protein intake. Fasting state energy expenditure and respiratory ratio at rest and while exercising on a stationary cycle at 1, 10, 20 watts were not different between WPro and CHO. Gross mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle progressively increased from 1 to 10 to 20 watts, but this response was not different between WPro and CHO.ConclusionShort‐term supplementation with either whey protein or glucose polymer does not differentially influence fasting state whole body substrate utilization or skeletal muscle work efficiency in elderly adults.Support: NIH CTSI Grant # TR000006

Why do obese patients not lose more weight when treated with low-calorie diets? A mechanistic perspective

Maximal weight loss observed in low-calorie diet (LCD) studies tends to be small, and the mechanisms leading to this low treatment efficacy have not been clarified. Less-than-expected weight loss with LCDs can arise from an increase in fractional energy absorption (FEA), adaptations in energy expenditure, or incomplete patient diet adherence. We systematically reviewed studies of FEA and total energy expenditure (TEE) in obese patients undergoing weight loss with LCDs and in patients with reduced obesity (RO), respectively. This information was used to support an energy balance model that was then applied to examine patient adherence to prescribed LCD treatment programs. In the limited available literature, FEA was unchanged from baseline in short-term (<12 wk) treatment studies with LCDs; no long-term (≥26 wk) studies were found. Review of doubly labeled water and respiratory chamber studies identified 10 reports of TEE in RO patients (n= 150) with long-term weight loss. These patients, who were weight stable, had a TEE almost identical to measured or predicted values in never-obese subjects (weighted mean difference: 1.3%; range: −1.7–8.5%). Modeling of energy balance, as supported by reviewed FEA and TEE studies, suggests that obese subjects participating in LCD programs have a weight loss less than half of that predicted. The small maximal weight loss observed with LCD treatments thus is likely not due to gastrointestinal adaptations but may be attributed, by deduction, to difficulties with patient adherence or, to a lesser degree, to metabolic adaptations induced by negative energy balance that are not captured by the current models.

Energy expenditure of rhesus monkeys subjected to 11 years of dietary restriction.

Dietary restriction (DR) is currently the only paradigm that has consistently extended maximal life span and reduced the onset of age-related chronic diseases in all of the nonprimate species tested. Although it is controversial, some investigators have suggested that the underlying mechanisms may be mediated by adaptations in energy expenditure. We evaluated the extent to which DR alters energy metabolism in a unique cohort of rhesus monkeys submitted to DR for 11 yr. Total energy expenditure (doubly labeled water), resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry), and nonbasal energy expenditure (calculated by difference) were measured in DR (n = 12) and control (n = 11) animals. Body composition was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Both fat mass and fat-free mass were lower in the restricted animals (56 and 12%, respectively). DR induced a 17% lower total energy expenditure that was attributable to a 20% decrease in REE without changes in the nonbasal energy expenditure. Adjusted for fat-free mass, REE was 13% lower with DR (-250 kJ/d). Taken together with a reanalysis of previous DR experiments published in humans, rodents, and monkeys, these results suggest that DR may lower REE independent of the DR-induced changes in body composition. Whether this reduction in REE contributes to the life-extending properties of DR warrants further analysis, but it suggests that the long-standing debate regarding DR effects on metabolic rates may derive from the lack of consensus on how to adjust for body size and composition.

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ANNOUNCEMENTAnnouncementPublished Online:01 Oct 1998https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.4.C1178MoreSectionsPDF (36 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat The Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter Symposia The Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter Symposium on Signal Transduction and Therapeutic Strategies will be held February 6–10, 1999, at the Ramada Deauville Resort, Miami Beach, FL. The full program, registration forms, and poster and exhibitor information are available on the Web (http://bmb.med.miami. edu/mnbws.html). To receive a program by mail, please contact the Symposium at the following: 1 (305) 243 3597 (telephone), 1 (305) 324 5665 (Fax), or [email protected]med.miami.edu (E-mail).This article has no references to display. Download PDF Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByAssociation between skeletal muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness in community-dwelling elderly men18 June 2018 | Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 31, No. 1Normal weight obesity and physical fitness in Chinese university students: an overlooked association4 December 2018 | BMC Public Health, Vol. 18, No. 1The aging influence on cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and energy expenditure adaptations in head-out aquatic exercises: Differences between young and elderly women16 March 2016 | Women & Health, Vol. 57, No. 3Maximal cardiac output in athletes: Influence of age16 January 2015 | European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, Vol. 22, No. 12Adverse effects of coexistence of sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome in Japanese women9 May 2012 | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 66, No. 10Cardiac response to exercise in young, normal weight and overweight men and women7 November 2008 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 105, No. 3Muscle cross-sectional areas and performance power of limbs and trunk in the rowing motionSports Biomechanics, Vol. 6, No. 1Ageing and activity: their effects on the functional reserve capacities of the heart and vascular smooth and skeletal muscles20 February 2007 | Ergonomics, Vol. 48, No. 11-14Peak oxygen uptake during running and arm cranking normalized to total and regional skeletal muscle mass measured by magnetic resonance imaging20 November 2004 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 93, No. 5-6Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and malesScandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, Vol. 13, No. 6Element Metabolism and Body Composition More from this issue > Volume 275Issue 4October 1998Pages C1178-C1178 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.4.C1178PubMed9746464History Published online 1 October 1998 Published in print 1 October 1998 Metrics

Influence of Dietary Carbohydrate-to-Fat Ratio on Whole Body Nitrogen Retention and Body Composition in Adult Rats

Experiments have shown that the amount and source of dietary energy may alter protein metabolism. A high fat diet has resulted in greater nitrogen retention than a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet. To examine this question further, adult rats were fed diets providing ratios of CHO:FAT as a percentage of energy of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 for 6 wk. Mean energy and protein intakes were 93.0 +/- 0.8 kcal/d and 5.3 +/- 0.1 g/d, respectively. Final body weight was lower in rats fed the high fat diet (CHO:FAT, 0.5) than in rats fed the high carbohydrate diet (CHO:FAT, 3.0) (P less than 0.05), and a linear response was observed over the entire range of treatments (r = 0.92). Rats fed the high fat diet had the highest nitrogen balance; values were significantly (P less than 0.05) different from those of rats fed high carbohydrate diets (CHO:FAT, 2.0 or 2.5) when expressed as mg nitrogen/kcal energy gain. Rats fed the high fat diet had the highest protein gain and the lowest fat gain as a function of energy gain. It is concluded that alterations in nonprotein energy source result in metabolic changes, which may be related to adaptations in energy expenditure and/or protein deposition.

How Rats Economize: Energy Loss in Starvation

Adaptation of energy expenditure to partial or complete food deprivation was studied in the laboratory rat. Energy expenditure was measured by means of a material balance technique and with indirect calorimetry. Increasing the temporal resolution of the latter method and combining it with other techniques allowed a detailed analysis of expenditure into its components. All experiments were done at a temperature of 30 C. Total expenditure during food deprivation went down by nearly three-fifths of its ad lib. value. Of the total decrease of 59%, 12%-13%, was due to cessation of food processing, 12% to reduction of activity, and 34%-35% to a drop of fasting resting metabolic rate. Finally the consequences of the expenditure changes for the regulation of body temperature were studied. The mean core temperature fell by 1 C while the animals reduced their thermal conductance. The adaptive significance of the findings is discussed.