Adaptation Cycles Research Articles

Climate change induces shifts in coastal Baltic Sea surface water microorganism stress and photosynthesis gene expression.

The world's oceans are challenged by climate change linked warming with typically highly populated coastal areas being particularly susceptible to these effects. Many studies of climate change on the marine environment use large, short-term temperature manipulations that neglect factors such as long-term adaptation and seasonal cycles. In this study, a Baltic Sea 'heated' bay influenced by thermal discharge since the 1970s from a nuclear reactor (in relation to an unaffected nearby 'control' bay) was used to investigate how elevated temperature impacts surface water microbial communities and activities. 16S rRNA gene amplicon based microbial diversity and population structure showed no difference in alpha diversity in surface water microbial communities, while the beta diversity showed a dissimilarity between the bays. Amplicon sequencing variant relative abundances between the bays showed statistically higher values for, e.g., Ilumatobacteraceae and Burkholderiaceae in the heated and control bays, respectively. RNA transcript-derived activities followed a similar pattern in alpha and beta diversity with no effect on Shannon's H diversity but a significant difference in the beta diversity between the bays. The RNA data further showed more elevated transcript counts assigned to stress related genes in the heated bay that included heat shock protein genes dnaKJ, the co-chaperonin groS, and the nucleotide exchange factor heat shock protein grpE. The RNA data also showed elevated oxidative phosphorylation transcripts in the heated (e.g., atpHG) compared to control (e.g., atpAEFB) bay. Furthermore, genes related to photosynthesis had generally higher transcript numbers in the control bay, such as photosystem I (psaAC) and II genes (psbABCEH). These increased stress gene responses in the heated bay will likely have additional cascading effects on marine carbon cycling and ecosystem services.

Glycerol-driven adaptive evolution for the production of low-molecular-weight Welan gum: Characterization and activity evaluation

Through adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) of Sphingomonas sp. ATCC 31555, fermentation for production of low-molecular-weight welan gum (LMW-WG) was performed using glycerol as sole carbon source. During ALE, GPC-MALS analysis revealed a gradual decrease in WG molecular weight with the increase of adaptation cycles, accompanied by changes in solution conformation. LMW-WG was purified and structurally analyzed using GPC-MALS, monosaccharide composition analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR analysis, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, LMW-WG obtains hydration, transparency, antioxidant activity, and rheological properties. Finally, an in vitro simulation colon reactor was used to evaluate potential prebiotic properties of LMW-WG as dietary fiber. Compared with WG produced using sucrose as substrate, LMW-WG exhibited a fourfold reduction in molecular weight while maintaining moderate viscosity. Structurally, L-Rha nearly completely replaced L-Man. Furthermore, LMW-WG demonstrated excellent hydration, antioxidant activity, and high transparency. It also exhibited resistance to saliva and gastrointestinal digestion, showcasing a favorable colonization effect on Bifidobacterium, making it a promising symbiotic agent.

Combining Multi-View UAV Photogrammetry, Thermal Imaging, and Computer Vision Can Derive Cost-Effective Ecological Indicators for Habitat Assessment

Recent developments in Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (UAVs), thermal imaging, and Auto-machine learning (AutoML) have shown high potential for precise wildlife surveys but have rarely been studied for habitat assessment. Here, we propose a framework that leverages these advanced techniques to achieve cost-effective habitat quality assessment from the perspective of actual wildlife community usage. The framework exploits vision intelligence hidden in the UAV thermal images and AutoML methods to achieve cost-effective wildlife distribution mapping, and then derives wildlife use indicators to imply habitat quality variance. We conducted UAV-based thermal wildlife surveys at three wetlands in the Rainwater Basin, Nebraska. Experiments were set to examine the optimal protocols, including various flight designs (61 and 122 m), feature types, and AutoML. The results showed that UAV images collected at 61 m with a spatial resolution of 7.5 cm, combined with Faster R-CNN, returned the optimal wildlife mapping (more than 90% accuracy). Results also indicated that the vision intelligence exploited can effectively transfer the redundant AutoML adaptation cycles into a fully automatic process (with around 33 times efficiency improvement for data labeling), facilitating cost-effective AutoML adaptation. Eventually, the derived ecological indicators can explain the wildlife use status well, reflecting potential within- and between-habitat quality variance.

Divergent mechanisms of perceptual reversals in spinning and wobbling structure-from-motion stimuli.

This study explores the visual phenomenon of random dot structure-from-motion (SFM), where the brain perceives 3D shapes from the coordinated 2D motion of dots. Observing SFM may lead to ambiguous depth relations that reverse back and forth during prolonged viewing. I demonstrate that different processes are involved in triggering perceived reversals for identical SFM shapes involved in spinning and wobbling motion. Durations of stable percepts were measured while human participants viewed the two SFM stimuli, and also a static Necker figure, and a wobbling Necker figure for two sets of 2.5 minutes each. The results showed that wobbling SFM resulted in much longer stable durations compared to the other stimuli. The durations for the wobbling SFM stimuli was not correlated with the spinning SFM, or the two Necker stimuli. Yet, such correlations were obtained between the other stimuli. It is known that reversals obtained while viewing spinning SFM stimuli involves bottom-up driven adaptation and recovery cycles between neural populations. This result suggests that wobbling SFM efficiently deactivates this process and targets other contributions to the reversals, such as top-down processes. In addition, biases observed in the first set disappeared in the second set implying influences of learning between the sets. Imagery vividness, which measures intrinsic top-down processes, was also scored but no correlation between scores in visual imagery and reversal rates were obtained. This research provides insight into the complex interplay between bottom-up driven adaptation-recovery cycles, and top-down processes in ambiguous perception.

Introduction of Spiritual Psychotherapy for Inpatient, Residential, and Intensive Treatment (SPIRIT) in The Netherlands: Translation and Adaptation of a Psychotherapy Protocol for Mental Health Care

The perceived value of the integration of spirituality and religion (SR) in mental health care is growing. This study aimed to adapt an SR intervention developed in the USA (SPIRIT) for use in the Netherlands and to explore its applicability. Employing a participatory practice-based action research design, professionals, clients, and an advisory board collaborated in iterative cycles of translation, adaptation, discussion, and testing. The ongoing interfaith dialog during the adaptation process broadened the perspectives incorporated into the existing handouts. We added the term “meaning” (M) alongside SR to accommodate patients who do not identify with religion or spirituality. Additionally, several handouts were added to the original protocol: autonomy, responsibility, and liberty; loneliness and belonging; inspiring persons in the past and present; and grief and loss. Moreover, the existing handout on sacred verses was expanded to encompass versions from various outlooks on life: philosophical/humanistic, Judeo-Christian, Buddhist, Islamic, and Hindu. Finally, layout modifications and diverse exercise formats were introduced. A qualitative examination revealed that the adapted SPIRIT protocol was well received by professionals and patients, and quantitative studies on its applicability and usefulness are recommended.

Explaining the interplay of value creation and value appropriation in strategic alliances: A developmental perspective

AbstractHow firms respectively create and appropriate value by means of alliances are questions that management scholars have considered for several decades. Scholars have identified various factors underlying how alliances create value and how partner firms appropriate such value, respectively. Fewer studies have dealt with how both issues relate, and fewer yet have examined the interplay between value creation and value appropriation as an alliance develops. The purpose of this paper is to organize the extant literature through a theoretically coherent developmental framework that informs research on value creation and value appropriation as distinct but inter‐related phenomena. A systematic review of 234 articles reveals factors associated with value creation, factors driving value appropriation, and, especially, interplay factors that explain potential cycles of value creation and value appropriation within an alliance. We also identify some important themes and theoretical directions for future research. This study thus contributes to alliance research by (1) developing a structured framework that explains not only the respective drivers of value creation and value appropriation, but also how they interplay in alliances; (2) explicating theoretically the specific factors that explain the interplay of value creation and value appropriation in cycles of alliance adaptation; and (3) developing recommendations for the further development of theory, especially for these interplay effects.

The Three-Lens Approach to Agility: Capturing Distinct Strategic Views on the Organization for Comprehensive Examination of Firm Agility

Observing strategic agility as a performance outcome require properly observing the firm over a period of time. This study was conducted to explore and enhance an agility framework for analysing how companies perform as they evolve over time. The theoretical framework developed in this multiple case study emerged based on a combination of an extensive literature review and observed strategic management issues that arise during direct observations. The three-lens approach consists of the Business Model Effectiveness Lens, Productive Information Systems Lens and the Independent – Dynamic Culture Lens. Business Model Effectiveness demonstrates ability in managing the changes in the business model throughout adaptation cycles and is reflected in firm performance. A productive information system is the fundamental support essential for timely, swift and accurate decisions, and, in turn, knowledge cultivation. Culture of an agile company develops in concurrence with firm dynamics throughout adaptation cycles and independent of original founder imprint. Analysis using the three-lens agility framework showed that companies under study did not represent agile companies. All three companies are found to not have business model effectiveness, the information systems were unproductive and the organizations’ culture were not independent of the founders and tend to be outdated. Analysis using the three-lens agility framework allows for observing the birth and development of a firm. While each lens offers a distinct approach to analyse agility, together the lenses make up an integrated framework that provides insights on firm evolution and development.

Eastern Australian Farmers Managing and Thinking Differently: Innovative Adaptation Cycles.

The uncertainty of climate change is a significant challenge prompting Australian farmers to create different thinking and different management systems that ensure sustained farm business viability and continuity, particularly in extreme environments. The purpose of this study was to explore the conditions and adaptive processes for managing farm resilience and cyclic adaptation pathways, in response to climate change. A positive deviance sample of farmers was interviewed, and data was collected from a cohort of twenty-two climate change innovators across Eastern Australia. Grounded theory analysis of data identified three processes and two transactional maps of climate change adaptation, in this under studied farmer cohort. The development of the transactional maps found the resilience and preparedness processes as adaptive learning responses to the stressors of climate change. The processes of managing the business and resources were identified as markers of preparedness and resilience that ensured business viability and continuity. Farmers prepared for climate change through transforming make-over processes as an adaptive learning response to climate challenges. Mapping the cycle of adaptation identified the processes of socio-cognitive agency, learning from feedback and consequences, and contextual variables as critical elements of adaptation. The intervening socio-ecological processes of intelligence gathering and influencing, and socio-cognitive precursors, were found to regulate the adaptation cycle. The cycle was found to have both incremental and transformative transmission processes, and intervening processes of climate and contextual variables. The changing patterns and extremes of climate change were found to impact the growing season, and its potential, as unique variables that demand farm adaptation. Ultimately, this study identified potential points of influence for leveraging preparedness behaviours.

Laminar–Turbulent Transition Prediction on Industrial Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications

This paper presents Ansys Fluent laminar–turbulent transition results using the shear stress transport model applied to the workshop cases of the First American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Transition Modeling Prediction Workshop. The key objectives of this workshop were to assess the current state-of-the-art laminar–turbulent transition models in an industrial Computational Fluid Dynamics environment and to determine and document the best practices to simulate laminar–turbulent transition flows. Sensitivity of the shear stress transport model to mesh refinement was established on a zero-pressure-gradient flat plate. Two other cases [a two-dimensional natural laminar flow (NLF) (1)-0416F airfoil, and a scaled Common Research Model (CRM)-NLF aircraft model] were selected as validation cases using a hierarchy of structured and unstructured meshes. Due to the complexity of the geometry and the airflow around the Common Research Model (CRM)- Natural laminar Flow (NLF) aircraft model, mesh adaptation cycles were also conducted to capture the shock, the wake, and the wing-tip vortices produced by the CRM-NLF. The accuracy of the model is evaluated using transition location measurements obtained with temperature-sensitive paint, pressure coefficient distributions at multiple wingspan stations, and aerodynamic coefficients at numerous angles of attack. The outcome of these comparisons will provide guidelines to conduct laminar–turbulent transition simulations with the model on simple and complex aerospace designs.

Innovations from the Levant: smallpox inoculation and perceptions of scientific medicine.

Modern public-health initiatives in industrialized countries revolve around immunization against contagious diseases. The practice of engendering immunity against disease through disease first emerged in Western European social and medical landscapes in the eighteenth century as inoculation, based on the imported Middle Eastern practice of 'engrafting'. By the nineteenth century, this practice had evolved into the procedure of vaccination, in the first instance directed against smallpox. Popular and academic narratives thus often categorize inoculation as a procedure from the Middle East which was transformed into the truly scientific procedure of vaccination by English and French knowledge. This characterization has obscured the complex traditions of intellectual exchange between English and French networks and Middle Eastern societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article examines these networks in order to show how knowledge was transformed as it circulated between communities during this period. Both Western Europeans and Egyptians across different social hierarchies translated foreign or new medical practices according to the needs of their knowledge and goals, creating cycles of adoption and adaptation. This exploration of inoculation and vaccination furthers our understanding of the bilateral translation processes ingrained in the global circulation of knowledge.

Tethered Architectures in Cyber-Physical System Development: The Case of Tesla’s Autopilot System

Cyber-physical systems developed to operate under environmental uncertainty, such as self-driving cars, represent challenges within the new product development process. The amount of data and need for iteration of software in addressing the variety and complexity of use environments can conflict with the realities of hardware development lead-time and manufacture. Furthermore, developing new capabilities requires the ability to learn from product use. Current theories regarding product architecture do not provide an adequate architectural blueprint for the development of cyber-physical systems. In this research, through a longitudinal analysis of Tesla's Autopilot system, we propose the concept of a “tethered architecture”. A tethered architecture simultaneously allows the slower, incremental iteration of hardware to be linked with faster, exploratory development of software and continual data-rich feedback loops between product development and use. This paper demonstrates how a tethered product architecture and related development process can enable continuous cycles of learning and adaptation to the variety and complexity of physical environments and situations. This architectural reconfiguration decouples hardware and software while introducing a tight integration between the consumer-facing product and backend software infrastructure and operations. The iterative nature of product development may prove identity-challenging for firms that have traditionally focused on developing complete products, as a tethered architecture gives rise to new product strategies, lifecycle models, knowledge regimes, and organizational arrangements.

Impact Of Seasonal Fluctuations In Natural Light On Cerebral Metabolism In Arctic Region Residents With Different Autonomic Tones

Background — The study of physiological mechanisms of human acclimatization to extreme climatic conditions is an urgent task in current socioeconomic conditions of the Arctic region development. Natural cycles of seasonal adaptation based on light stimulus cause functional restructuring of the cerebral cortex and subcortical activity centers and change the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Objective — The article aims at determining the characteristics of brain energy metabolism in Arctic region residents with different autonomic tones during different seasons. Material and Methods — The first stage of our study was conducted using the computer appliance VNS-Spectrum (Neurosoft LLC, Russia) and resulted in setting up two groups: with predominance of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (26 subjects) and with prevailing sympathetic autonomic nervous system (23 individuals). At the second stage, the study of the seasonal dynamics in cerebral energy processes took place (in October, December, March, and June) by means of using the five-channel diagnostic complex Neuro-KM for topographic mapping of brain electrical activity via direct current potential levels (DCPL). Results — Our results did not exhibit statistically significant gender-related differences, hence they permitted to form a single group. The results were compared with the software reference values for the norm. Conclusion — Enlarged levels of natural light prompt the activation of energy metabolism in frontal and occipital lobes of the Arctic residents’ cortex, accompanied by forming an exhaustion area in the temporal lobes. In the group of sympathotonic individuals, we revealed somewhat tense adaptation processes. Adaptation process of brain energy supply in vagotonic individuals occur less stressfully during the annual cycle.

Guidance for Implementing Video Consultations in Danish General Practice: Rapid Cycle Coproduction Study.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has changed various spheres of health care. General practitioners (GPs) have widely replaced face-to-face consultations with telephone or video consultations (VCs) to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Using VCs for health service delivery is an entirely new way of practicing for many GPs. However, this transition process has largely been conducted with no formal guidelines, which may have caused implementation barriers. This study presents a rapid cycle coproduction approach for developing a guide to assist VC implementation in general practice.ObjectiveThe aim of this paper is to describe the developmental phases of the VC guide to assist general practices in implementing VCs and summarize the evaluation made by general practice users.MethodsThe development of a guide for VC in general practice was structured as a stepped process based on the coproduction and prototyping processes. We used an iterative framework based on rapid qualitative analyses and interdisciplinary collaborations. Thus, the guide was developed in small, repeated cycles of development, implementation, evaluation, and adaptation, with a continuous exchange between research and practice. The data collection process was structured in 3 main phases. First, we conducted a literature review, recorded observations, and held informal and semistructured interviews. Second, we facilitated coproduction with stakeholders through 4 workshops with GPs, a group interview with patient representatives, and individual revisions by GPs. Third, nationwide testing was conducted in 5 general practice clinics and was followed by an evaluation of the guide through interviews with GPs.ResultsA rapid cycle coproduction approach was used to explore the needs of general practice in connection with the implementation of VC and to develop useful, relevant, and easily understandable guiding materials. Our findings suggest that a guide for VCs should include advice and recommendations regarding the organization of VCs, the technical setup, the appropriate target groups, patients’ use of VCs, the performance of VCs, and the arrangements for booking a VC.ConclusionsThe combination of coproduction, prototyping, small iterations, and rapid data analysis is a suitable approach when contextually rich, hands-on guide materials are urgently needed. Moreover, this method could provide an efficient way of developing relevant guide materials for general practice to aid the implementation of new technology beyond the pandemic period.

Reflexive monitoring in action: setting up a monitoring system for learning effectiveness in agroecological farm innovation

ABSTRACT Purpose We defined a methodological framework to monitor and evaluate farmer’s knowledge exchange and learning processes. Our proposed methodology can help farm advisors during the set-up, facilitation and evaluation of interactive activities with farmers, enabling the learning environment for adopting agroecological measures. Approach We used a monitoring approach to monitor and improve learning effectiveness during project activities. We based our monitoring approach on Reflexive Monitoring in Action (RMA) consisting of alternating stages of observation, analysis, reflection and action. We developed a methodological framework combining several theories on learning processes and behavioral change. Theories were translated into practical monitoring tools. Findings We describe the process of installing these monitoring tools. Qualitative data from interviews and a focus group indicate the challenges we encountered when monitoring learning effectiveness and lessons learnt. The conceptual framework of RMA had added value to strengthen collective learning processes and reflexivity. Practical implications Our study offers a methodology to monitor and reflect on learning effectiveness in a multi-actor context. This will support farm advisors in setting up productive learning environments. Theoretical implications Our study reveals additional insights on how to create a learning environment to support the transition to agroecology. Originality/value We translated the conceptual framework of RMA into a methodological framework and implemented it in a real-life setting. By iterative cycles of monitoring, reflection and adaptation, we enable an adaptive learning environment for the implementation of innovative agroecological practices.

A Case Study of Using Telehealth in a Rural Healthcare Facility to Expand Services and Protect the Health and Safety of Patients and Staff.

This case study aimed to gain an understanding of the implementation and usage of a telehealth program during the COVID-19 pandemic at a rural healthcare facility. An action research methodology, utilizing cycles of planning, implementation, review and adaptation was adopted to improve use of telehealth as COVID-19 cases continued to increase. Data was collected from literature review, examination of existing documents, review of gap and SWOT analysis, and examination of staffing plans. This helped in ensuring that adequate resources were in place to start and continue usage of telehealth. Additionally, review of the entire process was conducted as the program advanced through various phases of implementation. By conducting rigorous analysis and reflection, these data informed cycles of improvement in the telehealth program. Challenges surrounding the continuation and usage of telehealth have also been described. Because there is a paucity of research on the use of telehealth programs in rural healthcare facilities, especially during the pandemic, this study can provide practical tips to leaders and healthcare managers.

Exploring Water Landscape Adaptability of Urban Spatial Development Base on Coupling Coordination Degree Model A Case of Caidian District, Wuhan

Under the background of rapid urbanization, the study explored the adaptive relationship between urban spatial development and water landscape in different stages in Caidian District, Wuhan in order to reveal the characteristics and influencing factors of water landscape adaptability of urban spatial development and improve urban sustainability aiming at optimizing spatial development and improving water landscape function. Caidian District was seen as a complex adaptive system formed by the interaction between the base layer and the occupation layer. The assessment system of urban spatial development is constructed based on land use data and landscape pattern indices, and the coupling coordination degree model and correlation analysis were used to describe the characteristics of water landscape adaptability of urban spatial development. The results showed that: (1) the adaptation relationship between urban space and water landscape in Caidian District was becoming tense; (2) different spatial systems have unique adaptation cycles to water landscape; (3) the 1000 m buffer is the main area affected by water landscape adaptability of urban spatial development. This study provides a new perspective for the urban adaptability. Finally, improvement suggestions were put forward by three aspects of water landscape structure control, urban development control, and ecological space demarcation.

Cognitive Stimulation Therapy

Abstract. Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is a manualized psychosocial group intervention for people with mild to moderate dementia. Because of its broad scientific evidence and cost effectiveness, CST is now used globally. To ensure replicability and quality standards of the intervention in other cultures, Aguirre et al. (2014) developed guidelines for cultural adaptation of CST based on the formative method for adapting psychotherapy (FMAP). Following this community-based approach, we adapted and translated the English CST manual into German, including multiprofessional focus groups, two adaptation cycles, and two pilot CST groups ( n = 13) in different settings representative of the German healthcare system. Effectiveness in both groups was assessed by pre-post comparison of standard scales on cognition, depression, quality of life, and self-efficacy. We were able to replicate previous findings of improved cognition as measured by the ADAS-Cog, with effect sizes in the same range as in previous randomized controlled trials. Additionally, self-efficacy increased in post-test compared to the pre-test, indicating that CST might trigger cognition through positive, self-rewarding activation.

When Old Logics and New Work Clash: Overmanagement as a Response to Conflicting Management Models

Evolution of management models is often accompanied by conflicts, failure and cycles of adaptation. What is less well understood is the co-existence of two conflicting management models, which can lead the organization to “hoard” systems, processes, roles, and practices from the new and the old, resulting in an overlap of the models. Based on our qualitative, inductive case study at a large Finnish telecommunications hardware and software provider, we propose a model that shows how conflicting management models lead to overmanagement and contradicting demands. We contribute to research on management models by detailing what can happen in the critical transition period when two management models not only overlap, but compete. Further, we describe the effect of over-management on the individual by highlighting how employees use five behaviors to cope with the conflicting demands. Finally, we add empirical insight to research on how technology disrupts management models and organizational practices.

АДАПТИВНОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО ПРЕДЫСКАЖАЮЩЕЙ ЛИНЕАРИЗАЦИИ ДЛЯ БОРТОВЫХ РАДИОПЕРЕДАЮЩИХ УСТРОЙСТВ.

The improvement of energetic and spectral characteristics of the satellite transmitters which act in the harsh space environment with the help of the predistortion linearization becomes more and more actual task. The proposed adaptive predistortion device is based on the correlation evaluation of the nonlinear distortion level at the output of the power amplifier. The device allows to provide more effective linearization in the conditions with changing characteristics of the satellite transmitter within the lifetime of the satellite at the orbit in difference to the systems with advance tuning. The proposed technical solution has a higher reliability and simplified technical implementation in comparison with the analogs due to lack of the preliminary analog and digital processing of the RF signal. The simplified algorithm which requires lesser logical capacity in the digital microcircuits than conventional adaptive algorithms was developed for the modeling of the adaptive predistortion device. The proposed algorithm of changing the parameters of the predistortion linearizer requires less mathematical calculations within one iteration cycle, which is based on the determination of the cross-correlation function gradient rise direction. The obtained results of proposed predistortion linearizer modeling show that the process of two-dimension adaptation based on the developed algorithm is monosemantic and leads to the recovery of the linearizer’s non-linear characteristics optimal tune. The adaptation process leads to the lowering of the intermodulation distortion at the output of the power amplifier in a few adaptation cycles. It is worth noting that the process of the optimization and selection of the two parameters of the predistortion linearizer in the amplifier flows the same way whatever if the analog of digital implementation of the linearizer is used.

Niche theory within video platform competition: traditional vs modern

Rapid proliferation of the usage of internet-based modern television (IPTV and OTT) in Indonesia as well as limited and similar resources threatens the existence of old/traditional video platforms (satellite television and cable television). Adapted from ecological studies, niche theory is used to measure the level of dynamic competition among media. Through three concepts of measurement of niche theory, niche breadth, nice overlap, and competitive superiority, the competition relationship between these four video platforms can be analyzed. The questionnaire was spread out online and offline to 502 respondents of each platform. Focus group discussions were conducted in two groups with 6 respondents each group. The results of this study were also analyzed based on the media life cycle. The conclusions of this study are: 1) OTT is a generalist platform, IPTV and cable television tend to be generalist, and satellite television is classified as a specialist; 2) The highest competition occurs between cable television and IPTV; 3) OTT is the most competitive platform whereas satellite television is the least competitive; 4) Satellite television is in defensive resistance life cycle, cable television in defensive resistance and adaptation cycles, IPTV in growth cycle, and OTT in maturation cycle.