Adama Hospital Medical College Research Articles

Knowledge, attitude and practices towards prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease and associated factors in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.

Early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is important because it enables clinicians to initiate effective treatment, preventing loss of kidney function, and delaying or avoiding progression to kidney failure. This study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices towards prevention and early detection of CKD and associated factors. Institution based cross-sectional survey was done at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia, between November 24/2021 and December 24/2021 among 190 hypertensive patients. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.2.0.0 and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The level of good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice was 40.5%, 53.7%, and 47.4%, respectively. Government employed (AOR = 3.30, 95%CI: 1.38, 7.90), having an average monthly income of ≥3000 ETB (61.43 US dollars) (AOR = 2.95, 95%CI: 1.31, 6.66), and having a duration of ≥4 years since diagnosis of hypertension (AOR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.11, 5.06) were factors significantly associated with good knowledge. Government employed (AOR = 2.56, 95%CI: 1.12, 5.87), having duration of hypertension ≥4 years since diagnosis (AOR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.07, 4.36) were factors significantly associated with positive attitude. Government employed (AOR = 4.16, 95%CI: 1.38, 12.58), having an average monthly income of ≥3000 ETB (61.43 US dollars) (AOR = 6.74, 95%CI: 2.93, 15.52), having good knowledge towards prevention and early detection of CKD (AOR = 2.57, 95%CI: 1.14, 5.80) were significantly associated with good practice. The level of good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice towards was low. Educational programs on these issues are required to minimize the burdens.

Knowledge of hypoglycemia symptoms and associated factors among diabetic patients in Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia: A cross sectional study, 2021

BackgroundHypoglycemia is a common and serious complication of diabetes. Diabetic patients who lack knowledge of hypoglycemic symptoms might lead to delayed treatment and causes death. Despite one study in Ethiopia found that 51.2 % of diabetic patients had poor knowledge of identifying hypoglycemia symptoms, there is a paucity of study regarding knowledge of hypoglycemia symptoms. ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore knowledge of hypoglycemia symptoms and associated factors among diabetic patients in Adama Hospital Medical College. MethodsHealth institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February–March 2021. Systematic random sampling method was used to select 212 diabetic patients. Epi-data version 4.6 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 were used for data entry and analysis. Linear regression model (adjusted beta, 95 % confidence interval (CI), and p value < 0.05) was fitted to determine the predictor of knowledge of hypoglycemia symptoms. ResultsThe mean knowledge of hypoglycemia symptom score was 64.63(±27.6). 68 % of the participants knew more than half symptoms of hypoglycemia. Excessive hunger is the most identified symptom of hypoglycemia. Experiencing hypoglycemia episodes (β = 19, 95 % CI 12, 26.9) and type of treatment (β = 22.6, 95%CI 4, 41) were associated with the knowledge of hypoglycemia symptoms. ConclusionsThis study showed that sixty-eight (32 %) of the participants know less than six symptoms. There is a visible knowledge gap regarding essential aspects of hypoglycemia symptoms among diabetic patients.

The Effect of Leadership Styles on Employee Motivation’s in Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama - Ethiopia

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of leadership Styles on Employee Motivation’s in Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama - Ethiopia. The study used descriptive and which incorporated both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The researcher was employed Systematic Random Sampling Technique techniques to distribute the questionnaire to the respondents. Data was collected by using both closed and open ended self-administered questionnaires and a total of one hundred sixty nine (169) questionnaires were returned. The results were analyzed and interpreted using SPSS software version 20. The scores are interpreted quantitatively and open-ended suggestions are interpreted qualitatively. The research indicated that there is positive strong and significant relationships are existed between Leadership Styles attributes (Laissez faire leadership and democratic leadership) and Extrinsic Employee Motivation Practices at (r =.946, p &amp;lt; 0.01 and r =.707 p &amp;lt; 0.01) respectively. But, no relationship existed between democratic leadership and autocratic leadership styles. Linear regression analysis also indicated that at 58.2% variance in employee motivation can be predicted from the combination of all Leadership Styles Dimensions. This indicates that combination of the predictors significantly combined together to predict employee motivation. The study found that majority of the respondents was motivated with most variables of intrinsic motivational practices in the organization. This also proves that intrinsic motivation practices can contributed positively for employee motivations in their jobs. However, the study also found that majority of the respondents was de-motivated with extrinsic motivational practices in the organization. Finally, the researcher believes that this paper is not exhaustive that could provide all lists of topic researched. However, it gives a bird-eye view on topic and it is open for further discussion and/or critics.

An Assessment of the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertensive Crisis in Patients Who Visited the Emergency Outpatient Department (EOPD) at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Oromia, Ethiopia: A 6-Month Prospective Study.

Over 1 billion people worldwide suffer from the common chronic medical condition of hypertension. A hypertensive crisis occurs when blood pressure exceeds 180/110 mmHg. Depending on whether the target organ is harmed, the situation may be presented as a hypertensive emergency or urgency. To assess the prevalence and risk factors of patients with hypertensive crises who visited the Emergency Outpatient Department (EOPD) at Adama Hospital Medical College in Adama, Oromia, Ethiopia, between January 01 and August 31, 2021, G.C. Methodology. A cross-sectional, prospective study on the hypertensive crisis was conducted at Adama Hospital Medical College from January 01 to August 31, 2021, G.C. The data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, validated for completeness, and analyzed using SPSS. The findings were tabulated, and conclusions and recommendations were conveyed. Out of 9,082 patients who visited the EOPD during the six-month period, 444 individuals with hypertensive crises were identified, representing a prevalence of 4.9%. Of these, 56.8% were men, resulting in a M : F ratio of 1.31 : 1. Those between the ages of 66 and 75 were the most affected. At presentation, 91.0% of the study participants were known hypertensive patients. Among the known hypertensive patients, the majority (34.9%) were known to have been hypertensive for 5-10 years. Of the known hypertensive patients, 48.6% were found to be adherent. Hypertensive urgency was discovered to be far more common than hypertensive emergencies (63.5% vs. 36.5%). Headache was the most common presenting symptom, and most patients (36.5%) presented to the health setup in less than 24 hours. The main risk variables identified were drug discontinuation, family history of hypertension, salt consumption, and alcohol usage. The main excuse for the lack of adherence was the cost of the medications. More than half of the patients do not have any additional comorbidities, and of those who do, diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent. A stroke was identified as a major complication. Conclusions and Recommendations. Hypertensive crises are one of the most prevalent reasons for EOPD admission and are linked to significant consequences. At presentation, most of the study subjects were known hypertension patients. Diabetes mellitus was discovered to be a comorbid condition in one-quarter of them. Although more than half of the patients had improved, the death rate still remained high. Infrastructure and capacity building to provide hospitals with the requisite baseline investigations are among the government's recommendations. Health practitioners are expected to make improvements, such as by educating the public about the need for lifestyle changes and evaluating and managing any hypertension problems.

Prevalence of depression and associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinic at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Central Ethiopia

Depression is the most frequently detected and preventable mental illness among people with human immunodeficiency syndrome, with rates two to four times higher than in the general population. Currently, depression is estimated to affect 350 million people worldwide. To assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinic at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Central Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 01 to September 30, 2021, at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia. A total of 420 individuals were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. After informed consent was obtained from each study participant, data were collected through face-to-face interviews, observations, and document reviews. Subsequently, the data were entered into EPI-Info Version 7 and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Variables with p-values less than 0.25 in the univariable logistic regression analysis were subsequently included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis to account for potential confounding factors. The association was measured using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and variables with p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The prevalence of depression was 52.4% (95% CI 47.6–57.1). Factors significantly associated with depression among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy included employment status [AOR = 0.22(95% CI 0.13–0.36)], the patient’s most CD4 count [AOR = 6.99 (95% CI 2.81–17.38)], duration of months on antiretroviral therapy [AOR = 5.05 (95% CI 2.38–10.74)] and presence of chronic non-communicable diseases [AOR = 7.90 (95% CI 4.21–14.85)]. The highest proportion of HIV-positive patients taking antiretroviral drugs exhibited depression. Employment was identified as a preventive factor, whereas having a low CD4 count, recently initiating antiretroviral therapy, and having chronic non-communicable diseases were associated with increased odds of depression among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy. There need to strengthen mental health screening and treat depression among HIV-positive patients, particularly by targeting identified factors.

Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens from Community-Acquired Pneumonia at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It also contributes significantly to hospital admissions, particularly in low-income countries such as Ethiopia, where it accounts for major public health problems. This could be attributed to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in CAP patients. This study aimed to identify and assess the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from CAP patients at the Adama Hospital Medical College in Adama City, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 10, 2022, to November 30, 2023. Demographic, clinical data, and sputum samples were collected from patients with CAP (n = 369). Sputum samples were subjected to standard microbiological procedures, including culture, Gram staining, and a panel of different biochemical tests for the identification of pathogenic bacterial isolates. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for drug susceptibility testing. Descriptive statistics were computed by using SPSS (version 26). Of the 369 patients with CAP, bacterial pathogens were identified in 31.7% (n = 117, 95% CI: 27.0%-36.7%). The most common isolates were Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 15; 12.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 15; 12.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 12; 10.3%), Escherichia coli (n = 11; 9.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 11; 9.4%), Enterobacter species (n = 11; 9.4%), and Citrobacter species (n = 11; 9.4%). Among the identified isolates, resistance rates were high in Enterobacteriaceae, followed by Gram-positive bacteria, and non-Enterobacteriaceae. Overall, 68 (58.1%) of the identified bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), with K. pneumoniae accounting for the highest proportion of multidrug resistant isolates (91.7%), while P. aeruginosa accounted for the lowest proportion (9.1%) of MDR isolates. This study revealed a high prevalence (31.7%) of bacterial pathogens in CAP patients and higher (58.1%) MDR bacterial pathogens. Therefore, regular surveillance and monitoring systems are warranted for assessing predominant pathogens and antibiotic resistance patterns.

Prevalence and Determinants of Intimate Partner Violence Among Antenatal Care Attendees in Case of Adama Hospital Medical College

Prevalence and Determinants of Intimate Partner Violence Among Antenatal Care Attendees in Case of Adama Hospital Medical College

Factors Associated with Neural Tube Defects among Women Who Gave Birth at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia: A Case Control Study.

Neural tube defects (NTDs) occur as a result of incomplete closure of the neural tube by the embryonic age of 26 to 28 days. Addressing factors associated with NTDs would help to identify and prioritize high-risk women, which in turn guides the preventive strategy. The study aimed to identify factors associated with NTDs among women who gave birth or had a second-trimester abortion at Adama Hospital Medical College, from January 1st to December 31st, 2019. Hospital based unmatched case-control study was conducted on 344 women. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20. Descriptive statistics were computed. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associations with NTDs. The odds of having a fetus with NTDs were 2.19 times higher among women who are not in a marital relationship (AOR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.13, 4.25). Women with a previous history of Abortion or stillbirth had 3 fold increased risk of having a fetus with NTDs (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.58, 5.88). Inadequate housing condition nearly doubles the odds of having a fetus with NTDs (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.20, 3.04). Folic acid or multivitamin supplementation early in pregnancy reduced the odds of having a fetus with NTDs by 43% (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.91). Being not in a marital relationship, previous history of abortion or stillbirth, and living in inadequate housing conditions were risk factors for NTDs, while multivitamins or folic acid supplementation was a protective factor.

Disseminated Cryptococcosis Is a Common Finding among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Suspected Sepsis and Is Associated with Higher Mortality Rates.

Cryptococcosis is the leading cause of death among people with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. The lack of optimum diagnoses and medications significantly impair the management of the disease. We investigated the burden of cryptococcosis and related mortality among people with HIV and suspected sepsis in Ethiopia. We conducted a prospective study at (1) Adama Hospital Medical College and (2) Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital from September 2019 to November 2020. We enrolled adult, HIV-infected patients presenting with suspected sepsis and assessed their 28-day survival rates. We performed blood cultures and cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) testing. In total, 82 participants were enrolled with a median age of 35 years, and 61% were female. Overall, eleven (13%) had positive CrAg tests, of which five grew Cryptococcus in blood cultures. Despite high-dose fluconazole (1200 mg/d) monotherapy being given to those with positive CrAg tests, the 28-day mortality was 64% (7/11), with mortality being significantly higher than among the CrAg-negative patients (9% (6/71); p < 0.001). Cryptococcosis was the leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected sepsis patients in this Ethiopian cohort. The CrAg screening of HIV-infected patients attending an emergency department can minimize the number of missed cryptococcosis cases irrespective of the CD4 T cell count and viral load. These findings warrant the need for a bundle approach for the diagnosis of HIV-infected persons presenting with sepsis in low- and middle-income countries.

Metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Metabolic syndrome is one of the most serious global public health problems. It is associated with a higher risk of heart attack and other cardiovascular diseases. However, the magnitude of metabolic syndrome among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is not well understood, especially in developing countries such as Ethiopia. To determine the magnitude of metabolic syndrome and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia, in 2022. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 1 to October 30, 2022. The data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. A systematic random sampling method was used to select the participants. Data were entered using Epi Info version 7.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model this study. Statistical significance was set at p-values of < 0.05. A total of 237 participants were included in this study, with a response rate of 95.1%. Overall, the magnitude of metabolic syndrome was 53.2% (95% CI: 46.8 - 59.6), 41.3% (95% CI: 35.0 - 47.5), and 41.8% (95% CI: 35.5 - 48.1) based on 2009 harmonized criteria of MetS, Revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, respectively. In multivariable logistic analysis, urban residence (AOR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.46-6.42), earning a high income (AOR=5.87 95% CI: 1.8-19.1), history of cardiac illness (AOR=3.33, 95% CI: 1.41-7.84), history of hypertension (AOR=2.65, 95% CI: 1.22-5.78), dyslipidemia (AOR=4.47, 95% CI: 1.96-10.19), current cigarette smoker (AOR=6.2, 95% CI: 1.7-22.93), sedentary activity (AOR=3.62, 95% CI: 1.68-7.82), use of palm oil (AOR=4.87, 95% CI: 2.06-11.51), and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (AOR=3.36, 95% CI: 1.57-7.16) were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. The findings of this study suggested that the magnitude of metabolic syndrome among T2DM patients was high. We found consistent results using the NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria. Similarly, urban residence, high income, history of cardiac, history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, current cigarette smoker, sedentary activity, palm oil, and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome.

Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid and Associated Factors among Women Who Gave Birth at Term in Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia.

Meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) is a commonly observed phenomenon in day-to-day practice of obstetrics. The reported prevalence of MSAF was 7-22% of all term deliveries. Some of the factors that increases the risk of meconium stained amniotic fluid includes; advanced gestational age at delivery, prolonged rupture of membranes, intra-amniotic infection, pre-eclampsia, oligohydroamnios, and diabetes mellitus. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of meconium stained amniotic fluid and its associated factors among women who gave birth at term, from January 1st to July 30th, 2020, at Adama Hospital Medical College. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted on 314 laboring women who gave birth at term. Systematic random sampling was used to select the study participants. Data entry and analysis were made by using Epi- info 7 and SPSS version 20, respectively. The prevalence of meconium stained amniotic fluid was 23.9%. Late term pregnancy, Oligohydraminos, Antepartum hemorrhage, Premature rupture of membrane, and Non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern were significantly associated with meconium-stained amniotic fluid. The prevalence of MSAF was comparable with other studies. Late-term pregnancy, oligohydramnios, antepartum hemorrhage, non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern, and premature rupture of the membrane were factors associated with an increased risk of MSAF.

Medication Adherence and Contributing Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Adama Hospital Medical College in Eastern Ethiopia.

Good glycemic control and preventing early complications are the ultimate targets of diabetes management, which depends on patients' adherence to regimens. Even though highly potent and effective medications have been developed and manufactured with astonishing advancement over the past few decades, excellent glycemic control has remained elusive. This study aimed to assess the magnitude and factors associated with medication adherence among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients on follow-up at Adama Hospital Medical College (AHMC) in East Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 245 T2D patients on follow-up at AHMC from March 1 to March 30, 2020. Medication adherence reporting scale-5 (MARS-5) was utilized to collect information regarding patients' medication adherence. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 21. The level of significance was declared at a p-value of < .05. Of the 245 respondents, the proportion of respondents who adhere to diabetes medication was 29.4%, 95% CI [confidence interval] (23.7%-35.1%). After adjusting for khat chewing and adherence to blood glucose testing as confounding factors, being married (AOR [adjusted odds ratio] = 3.43, 95%CI [1.27-4.86]), government employee (AOR = 3.75, 95%CI [2.12-7.37]), no alcohol drinking (AOR = 2.25, 95%CI [1.32-3.45]), absence of comorbidity (AOR = 1.49, 95%CI [1.16-4.32]), and having diabetes health education at health institution (AOR = 3.43, 95%CI [1.27-4.86]) were the factors associated with good medication adherence. The proportion of T2D patients who adhere to medication in the study area was remarkably low. The study also found that being married, government employee, no alcohol drinking, absence of comorbidity, and having diabetes health education at a health institution were the factors associated with good medication adherence. Therefore, imparting health education on the importance of diabetes medication adherence by health professionals at each follow-up visit should be considered. Besides, awareness creation programs regarding diabetes medication adherence should be considered using mass media (radio and television).

Cervical Cancer Screening Service Utilization and Associated Factors Among Women Living With HIV Receiving Anti-Retroviral Therapy at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia.

Cervical cancer is the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, and it is one of the top 20 causes of mortality in Ethiopia. Even though cervical cancer is more common among women living with HIV, the utilization of cervical cancer screening services remains low in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess cervical cancer screening service utilization and associated factors among women living with HIV receiving anti-retroviral therapy at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 304 women living with HIV from 1st-30th June 2022. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bi-variable logistic regression analysis was used to identify candidate variables at p < .25. Finally, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of cervical cancer screening service utilization at p < .05 with 95% confidence intervals. The magnitude of cervical cancer screening service utilization was 26.9% (95% CI: 22.0, 32.6). Being a government employee (AOR: 8.09, 95% CI: 1.5, 41.19), having a family history of cervical cancer (AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.02, 11.9), being aware of cervical cancer screening (AOR: 3.75, 95% CI: 2.11, 14.7), having a history of sexually transmitted infection (AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.95, 10.2), and heard about cervical cancer (AOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.05, 6.41) were associated with cervical cancer screening service utilization. The magnitude of cervical cancer screening service utilization was low. It was associated with occupation status, family history of cervical cancer, awareness about cervical cancer screening, history of STI, and ever heard about cervical cancer. Thus, to maximize utilization, health education programs and other multidisciplinary strategies had to be implemented.

Magnitude, Indications, and Factors Associated With Operative Vaginal Delivery Among Mothers Who Gave Birth at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia, 2022.

Operative vaginal deliveries are a method of dealing with issues that arise during the second stage of labor with the use of vacuum device or forceps. The decision to use an instrument to deliver the fetus weighs the maternal, fetal, and neonatal consequences of the procedure against the alternative option of cesarean birth. However, evidence on operative vaginal delivery is limited in Ethiopia in general and in the study area in particular. This study aimed to assess the magnitude, indications, and factors associated with operative vaginal delivery among mothers who gave birth at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 440 mothers who gave birth from 1 to 30 June 2022. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. The data were entered into EPI INFO version 7 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify candidate variables at p < .25 and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of operative vaginal delivery at p < .05 with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The magnitude of operative vaginal delivery was 14.8% (95% CI: 10.8, 18.8). Rural residence (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.09; 95% CI: 2.01, 7.41), maternal age 25-34 (AOR, 4.95; 95% CI: 1.62, 9.2), being primigravida (AOR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.26, 9.98), gestational age ≥42 weeks (3.09; 95% CI: 1.38, 6.9), and antenatal care (ANC) follow-ups <4 times (AOR:3.9; 95% CI: 1.09, 9.45) were significantly associated with operative vaginal delivery. The magnitude of operative vaginal delivery in the study area was relatively low. Rural residence, maternal age 25 to 34, primigravida, gestational age ≥42 weeks, and ANC follow-ups <4 times were independent determinants of operative vaginal delivery. Thus, health education programs and other multidisciplinary strategies are required to encourage mothers to have regular ANC follow-ups.

Risk factors for childhood pneumonia at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia: a case-control study

BackgroundPneumonia is an acute respiratory infection of the lungs. A child dies of pneumonia every 39 s globally. Even though pneumonia affects children worldwide, the risk and repercussions of the disease are more prevalent in poor and middle-income nations. Despite the initiatives by the Ethiopian government, there are still numerous instances and deaths caused by childhood pneumonia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors for pneumonia among 2–59 months-old children visiting Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among 124 cases and 124 controls from January 1, 2021, to March 15, 2021. Cases were selected using a consecutive sampling technique. For each case, the next patient from the same pediatric outpatient room who met the inclusion criteria was taken as a control. Data were collected using a pretested, structured interviewer-administered questionnaire containing sociodemographic, environmental, and nutritional factors, comorbid illnesses, and related care practices. A multiple logistic regression model was fitted.ResultsFamily size of ≥ 5 compared to < 5 (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.08, 95% CI: 1.23, 7.71), household monthly income of < 2500 compared to > 5000 birr (AOR: 3.94, 95% CI: 1.06, 14.6), use of charcoal as the main fuel for cooking (AOR: 7.03, 95% CI: 2.38, 20.78), and wood or dung as the main fuel for cooking compared to electricity (AOR: 6.58, 95% CI: 2.07, 20.9), malnutrition compared to no malnutrition (AOR: 4.77, 95% CI: 1.89, 12.06), diarrhea compared to no diarrhea in the past 2 weeks (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.52, 7.14) and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) compared to no infection in the past 2 weeks (AOR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.31, 8.23) were found to be risk factors for pneumonia.ConclusionIn this study, risk factors for pneumonia were family size, monthly income, type of energy used for cooking, malnutrition, and diarrhea or URTI in the past 2 weeks. Relatively simple interventions such as cooking with electricity, and other interventions like prevention, early detection and treatment of malnutrition, diarrhea, and URTI, and promotion of family planning are important.

Longitudinal modeling of fasting blood sugar with diabetes: A case study of Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in fasting blood sugar (FBS) over time and its determinants in diabetic patients. A longitudinal data analysis retrospective-based study was considered with a sample of 312 patients, and the linear mixed effect model was applied. Based on the linear mixed model, the 3-month change in time decreases the average FBSlevel by 0.0111. An increase of one unit of body mass index (BMI) increases the FBS level by 0.0434. Similarly, an increase in blood pressure (DBP) per unit increased the average log FBS level by 0.0005. Secondary and higher education levels lower log FBS levels by 99.41%and 99.45%, respectively, compared with noneducated individuals. The study showed that hypertension history, type of diet, age, status of education, type of drug, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, and time were statistically significant factors. According to the study, eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy body weight, and a low blood sugar level are essential to controlling blood sugar and preventing long-term complications. The government should build an educational institution proportional to the population and open programs to increase awareness about the prevention mechanism of diabetes in communities.

Perinatal outcome of twin pregnancies among mothers who gave birth in Adama Hospital Medical College, Central Ethiopia.

IntroductionTwin pregnancy carries a high risk of pregnancy-related complications including adverse perinatal outcomes. Although evidence from international studies indicated an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies, little is known about the adverse perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies and associated factors in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to estimate the incidence of twin pregnancies and related-adverse perinatal outcomes and identify factors associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies in Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 322 mothers who gave twin birth at Adama Hospital Medical College between 08 July 2015 and 07 June 2017. In this study, the adverse perinatal outcome was defined as the presence of any of the following main conditions: low birth weight, preterm birth, stillbirth, low Apgar Scores, mal-presentation, Admission to neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and early neonatal deaths. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with adverse perinatal outcome at 95% CI or P-value of less than 0.05.ResultOf 10,850 births recorded in the hospital, 354 births were twins and 322 of these paired records had complete perinatal information. One hundred ninety-nine (61.8%) of the 322 paired birth records had at least one adverse perinatal outcome on one or both twins. Low birth weight was the most common perinatal outcome followed by preterm birth. After adjusting for confounding factors, younger maternal age (AOR = 4.1, 95% CI; 1.3, 12.5) and not having ultrasound scan during antenatal care (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.1) were significantly associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.ConclusionThe incidence of adverse perinatal outcome in twin pregnancies was high, that is, in 61.8% of twin births, there was at least one adverse perinatal outcome on one or both twins. Moreover, younger maternal age at birth and not having an ultrasound scan during antenatal care were found to be strong predictors for the observed high incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes.

Treatment outcome of perforated peptic ulcer disease among surgically treated patients: A cross-sectional study in Adama hospital medical college, Adama, Ethiopia

BackgroundPerforation is a life threatening complication of peptic ulcer disease which requires emergency admission and almost always urgent surgical intervention. It is associated with 30% mortality and 50% morbidity. The aim of this study is to assess treatment outcome of perforated peptic ulcers and its associated factors among surgically managed patients. Materials and methodsA 5 year, tertiary hospital-based, retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on treatment outcome and associated factors among 106 patients operated for perforated peptic ulcers from 2015 to 2020. Omental patch, wedge excision and repair, and total gastrectomy were done by residents and/or consultants in 94, 11, and 1 patient respectively. Treatment outcome was considered favorable if the patient discharged improved and unfavorable if the patient developed complications/died. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify associated factors. ResultOut of 106 patients studied male to female ratio was 9:1. The mean age of patients was 36.13 ± 15.6years. Seventy-five (70.8%) patients presented after 24h of onset of symptoms. Most perforations were located on the first part of duodenum in 86 (81.1%) patients. Postoperative complications were identified in 30(28.3%) patients. Being female, delayed presentation, hypotension, and perforation site were significantly associated with postoperative morbidity (P < 0.05). Fifteen (14.2%) patients died in the hospital. Mortality was significantly associated with intra-operative level of contamination and development of post-operative complications (P < 0.05). Conclusionpostoperative morbidity and mortality were significantly associated with delayed presentation and postoperative complications.

Time to Kidneys Failure Modeling in the Patients at Adama Hospital Medical College: Application of Copula Model.

Kidney failure is a common public health problem around the world. The vast majority of kidney failure cases in Sub-Saharan African nations, including Ethiopia, go undetected and untreated, resulting in practically certain mortality cases. This study was aimed primarily to model the time to (right and left) kidneys failure in the patients at Adama Hospital Medical College using the copula model. A retrospective cohort study. The copula model was used to examine join time to the right and left kidneys failure in the patients by specifying the dependence between the failure times. We employed Weibull, Gompertz, and Log-logistic marginal baseline distributions with Clayton, Gumbel, and Joe Archimedean copula families. This research comprised a total of 431 patients, out of which, 170 (39.4%) of the total patients failed at least one kidney during the follow-up period. Factors such as sex, age, family history of kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity were found to be the most predictive variables for kidney failure in the patients. There was a 41 percent correlation between the patients' time to the right and left kidneys failure. The patients' kidney failure risk factors included being a male, older adult, obese, hypertensive, diabetic and also having a family history of kidney disease. The dependence between the patient's time to the right and left kidneys failure was strong. The best statistical model for describing the kidney failure datasets was the log-logistic-Clayton Archimedean copula model.

Assessment of self-care practice amongst patients with type II diabetes attending Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia

IntroductionThere is almost no published data on the assessment of self-management practice among adult type II diabetes patients in Ethiopia. Hence, we aim to assess the level of self-management practice for people with type II diabetes patients attending Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia.MethodThe study was conducted from April 1 to August 30, 2021 in type II diabetes mellitus patients at Adama Hospital Medical College. The survey was performed using the diabetes mellitus self-Management questionnaire, which consists of four domains Physical activity, Physician contact, Medication adherence, glucose management and dietary management of the patients. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Descriptive statistics was performed. Fisher's Exact Test was used to determine the presence of association between adherence to self-care behavior and other variables. P-value less than 0.05 determines statistical significance.ResultMajority (63.4%) of respondents do not perform self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Out of a total of 93 participants, 48 (51.6%) respondents adhered to insulin therapy. Sixty-two (66.7%) adhered to recommended diet management practice, 57 (61.3%) did not adhere to physical activity recommendations and 59 (63.5%) participants adhered to overall self-care practice (DMSQ).ConclusionAlthough the importance of self-care practices in the management of diabetes were recognized to be useful and effective for achieving glycemic control and preventing serious diabetes complications, our study found that most patients had not adhered to self-care practice especially in terms of SMBG and physical activity. Overall (DSMQ) adherence to self-care practice was optimal amongst type II diabetes patients in AHMC Chronic care unit.