Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Research Articles

Link stability based multipath routing and effective mobility prediction in cognitive radio enabled vehicular ad hoc network

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) provide a robust infrastructure for intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications. VANET communication involves vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure connections, primarily with roadside units (RSUs). Analyzing cognitive radio (CR)-VANET studies revealed two key performance issues: high energy consumption and latency. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach: link stability and mobility prediction-based clustered CR-VANETs, known as LMCCR-VANET. LMCCR-VANET consists of four main components: CR-VANET construction, clustering model, speed-based mobility prediction, and link-based multipath routing. Initially, we establish cluster-based CR-VANETs to analyze and mitigate spectrum scarcity and power utilization problems in VANETs. Mobility prediction evaluates vehicle speed variations and predictions. Finally, employing link stability-based multipath routing (LSMR) in conjunction with the fuzzy interference model and ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol ensures stable and efficient routing. Experimental results showcase the superiority of LMCCR-VANET. It exhibits enhanced energy efficiency, delivery rates, reduced energy consumption, end-to-end latency, and routing overhead when compared to recent works such as SCCR-VANET, CFCR-VANET, and MMCR-VANET.

Improved design of load balancing for multipath routing protocol

In this paper, an improved routing protocol for multipath network load balancing is proposed for defects in the traditional AOMDV (Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector) protocol. This research work analyzes problems in traditional routing protocols and estimates the available path load according to network transmission in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN). Moreover, we design a load distribution scheme according to a given load and improve multi-path load balancing by using the MCMR method. We also control path discovery and the number of paths while also establishing routing paths and probability balancing. Lastly, improvements are made to the AOMDV protocol and efficient data transmission is acheived. The performance results of the modified routing protocol show that the designed protocol can improve successful delivery rate and prolong network survival time.

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols for Vehicle Re-Routing in ITS-based Vehicular Networks

This study aims to assess the performance of routing protocols in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)-based vehicular networks, specifically in accident and highway scenarios. The effective management of traffic flow in these situations is crucial for ensuring the safety and smooth operation of vehicular networks. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate routing protocols to identify the most suitable one for these scenarios. The evaluation considers various commonly used routing protocols in vehicular networks, including Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). The evaluation is based on several performance metrics, such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, network throughput, normalized routing load, and routing overhead. These metrics provide insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of the routing protocols in handling re-routing in accident and highway scenarios. The research is divided into two modules, Module I and Module II, to evaluate the effectiveness of routing protocols in these distinct scenarios using the NS2 simulation tool. The simulation results are analyzed and compared to determine the performance of the routing protocols in each module. The findings indicate that AODV consistently achieves the highest throughput, packet delivery ratio, and lowest end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and normalized routing load, followed by AOMDV and then DSDV. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different routing protocols in accident and highway scenarios. This knowledge can assist in the development of more efficient and reliable routing protocols for vehicular networks.

On the design of trust and mobility based evaluation for intelligent collaborative UAVs assisted VANETs

In recent days, vehicles usage and speed are highly increased that leads to an increase in energy consumption, delay, and overhead in the network. In this paper, a novel trajectory is introduced to achieve maximum reliability namely trust and mobility-based evaluation for intelligent collaborative (TMIC)-UAVs assisted VANETs. Reactive multipath greedy routing protocol (RMGR) is the hybrid routing protocol and it is the combination of ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) with greedy geographic forwarding (GGF) which is used for routing in frequently changeable network topology. To protect the network from malfunctions, effective trust evaluation (ETE) is performed by calculating the direct trust and indirect trust. Finally, to achieve effective communication among the UAVs, hybrid optimization is performed which is the combination of the genetic algorithm (GA) and the crow swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm. For validation network simulator (NS3) is used and the results show that this approach achieves high energy efficiency, delivery ratio, and reduction in delay when compared with the earlier research.

Arithmetic Optimization AOMDV Routing Protocol for FANETs.

Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs), composed of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), possess characteristics of flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and rapid deployment, rendering them highly attractive for a wide range of civilian and military applications. FANETs are special mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), FANETs have the characteristics of faster network topology changes and limited energy. Existing reactive routing protocols are unsuitable for the highly dynamic and limited energy of FANETs. For the lithium battery-powered UAV, flight endurance lasts from half an hour to two hours. The fast-moving UAV not only affects the packet delivery rate, average throughput, and end-to-end delay but also shortens the flight endurance. Therefore, research is urgently needed into a high-performance routing protocol with high energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol called AO-AOMDV, which utilizes arithmetic optimization (AO) to enhance the ad hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. The AO-AOMDV utilizes a fitness function to calculate the fitness value of multiple paths and employs arithmetic optimization for selecting the optimal route for routing selection. Our experiments were conducted using NS3 with three evaluation metrics: the packet delivery ratio, network lifetime, and average end-to-end delay. We compare this algorithm to routing protocols including AOMDV and AODV. The results indicate that the proposed AO-AOMDV attained a higher packet delivery ratio, network lifetime, and lower average end-to-end delay.

Invulnerability Improvement of Multipath Protocols in Different Scenarios

Developments in computer communications and networks enabled the deployment of exciting new areas. Meanwhile, Efficient network and communication technologies also promote the development of routing protocols. AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, AODV) routing protocol has invulnerability to different mobile attributes of agent nodes and network damage scenarios. However, this invulnerability performance can not meet the needs of mobile multi-agent cooperative communication. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved responsive multipath routing protocol MD_AODV(Multipath Destroy-resistance AODV, MD_AODV). This routing protocol is based on AODV routing protocol. It is mainly improved in three aspects: multichannel concurrency mechanism, node load balancing mechanism and shortest path maintenance mechanism. Firstly, in this research, an improved multipath routing protocol is modeled and implemented, which is based on OPNET Network simulation platform. Then, network models with different degrees of impairment are built. Combines the mobile attributes of mobile multi-agent task coordination to carry out invulnerability simulation experiments . These experiments study the invulnerability of the improved multipath routing protocol. Finally, this paper evaluates and compares the routing invulnerability of MD_AODV, AODV and AOMDV(Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector, AOMDV). The evaluation results show that MD_AODV routing has better invulnerability when the network is severely damaged

Simulation of Elliptical Curve Cryptography in IPSec on Ad-Hoc Networks

Ad-hoc networks have gained significant attention in the realm of communication due to the proliferation of mobile and IoT devices and wireless networks. Ad hoc Networks offer a decentralized approach, where each node can function as a router and a terminal. Ensuring data safety and integrity in Ad hoc Networks remains a challenge, necessitating the use of robust security mechanisms. This research focuses on the simulation of Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) in the IPsec protocol on ad-hoc networks. ECC, known for its strong security and smaller key sizes, provides an effective means of protecting data packets from potential attacks. The Ad hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is employed for secure data transmission in a Ad hoc Networks. The main objective is to maintain packet security in the face of hostile environments and active adversaries. Furthermore, the results obtained from the NS-2 simulator are compared with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA). Evaluation metrics such as Quality of Service (QoS), average processing time, and average end-to-end delay are utilized. This study addresses the challenges faced by ad-hoc networks in an increasingly digital world. By exploring the implementation of ECC-based cryptography, it contributes to the development of secure communication protocols in ad-hoc networks. The findings offer insights into the efficacy of ECC in protecting data transmission and its comparative performance with other cryptographic techniques. Ultimately, this research aims to advance secure communication protocols, ensuring reliable data exchange in diverse applications and scenarios.

Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) in MANETs Based on Situation Based Adaptive Routing

Without the need of a fixed foundation or base station, the Mobile Ad hoc Network creates its own wireless network. One of the most troublesome aspects of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the occurrence of unexpected loss of network connectivity. As a result of this problem, packets continue to drop, and we must restore the connection by sending Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP). As a result, network performance will suffer yet another setback. We used the scenario routing technique to combine the Dream Multipath Routing (DMR), Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV), Optimized link-state routing (OLSR), and Ad-hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) routing protocols to build the IHRP routing protocol in this work. According to previous studies, (AODV) is more suited when node motion is high. The purpose of DREAM Multipath Routing (DMR) is to maintain node mobility and location information coordinated. Route packet flooding is prevented by computing the expected chance of node relocation. The number of mobile nodes in the wireless network fluctuates, and the DMR operates on each one individually. In the network, each node maintains a list of nearby nodes and their current locations. Using the AOMDV routing protocol is effective for load balancing and preventing congestion on the network. OLSR is a good fit for networks that priorities link reliability above other considerations when routing traffic. When using the aforementioned (DMR, AODV, AOMDV, and OLSR) protocols to create the IHRP routing protocol, we are capable of better regulation of network behavior and perform. In the case of 100 nodes, data is sent for analysis for The Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP), Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. For data send, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and for 50 nodes, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11151, 9807, 9636, 9586, and 7470, respectively. Thus, with 100 and 50 nodes, the Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) outperforms the AOMDV, ZRP, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. In the case of 100 nodes and 50 nodes, the data receive analysis for IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and 9367, 8714, 8370, 6730, and 7298, respectively, So IHRP also receives data faster than ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. The IHRP outperforms AOMDV, AODV, ZRP, and OLSR routing protocols in terms of data transmit, receive, data drop, PDR, throughput, E-E latency, and NRL.

Meningkatkan Kinerja Protokol Routing Aomdv Dalam Memilih Node Tetangga Berdasarkan Bandwidth, Round Trip Time, Dan Packet Loss Ratio Untuk Menemukan Rute Terbaik

Mobile ad hoc network or in short MANET is a group of node that exchange the information from source node to destination node on wireless network. The main problem in MANET is on the network structure that change continously that is cause by node mobility that made route disconnected. If route disconnect there will be another route discovery processes that will take much time. AOMDV (Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol works by doing broadcast Route Request Packet (RREQ) from source node to neighbor node (intermediate node) and then it will continously until it arrives to destination node. AOMDV didnt choose the best neighbor node while broadcast RREQ packet so the route constructed have high possibility to disconnected and must re-broadcast until it find stable route and it will be a long time and not effective. To solve this problem it proposed to add a modification with AOMDV routing protocol with calculation of bandwidth, round trip time, and packet loss ratio to choose neighbor node to find the best route. Routing protocol performance will tested using test parameter throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio to choose the best neighbor node. Based on test result, the proposed modification can improve the preformance of AOMDV routing protocol. After modification, average throughput has improved 43.26 %, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) improved 3.15 % and average end-to-end delay reduce 31.26%.

A Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols

A group of mobile nodes creates an arrangement connected to a remote media, forming a dynamic topology. In adhoc networks, Any time a device sends data to another node, that node uses energy, and occasionally the data transmission will halt when all the power is used up. The difficulty with MANET is reducing the energy consumption of the network's intermediary devices so that the network is active during data transmission because Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) devices are often power-driven. Then, using performance measurements, a performance analysis is carried out across several routing protocols, including Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV), and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). The performance analysis is done using the NS2.35 simulator.

Hybrid security in AOMDV routing protocol with improved salp swarm algorithm in wireless sensor network

During these years the current trends shows a fast expansion in the field of wireless sensor network (WSN) based applications. Due to this much vulnerability are created and also coverage optimization becomes essential to improve overall performance. However, maximum of the model concentrates only on security or efficiency. In order to create a highly efficient protocol both concepts need to get concerted. So, we developed a protocol namely hybrid security in ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol with improved salp swarm algorithm (HSA-ISSA). This model is sub-divided into three sections. They are, wormhole attack and gray hole attack construction AOMDV protocol, improved salp swarm algorithm (SSA) model is used for weighted distance position updates which leads to improve the efficiency. And to secure the network from attacks we use hybrid security with the help of Diffie-Hellman key interchange algorithm and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm. During performance evaluation the proposed HS-ISSA protocol provide stable results in terms of message success rate (MSR), end to end delay (E2E_Delay), network throughput (NT), and average energy efficiency (AEE). Our HAS-ISSA protocol outperformed all the other earlier works by providing hybrid security, optimized coverage as well as energy efficiency to the wireless sensor networks.

Innovative Technique to Detect and Prevent Malicious Nodes in AOMDV against Blackhole Attacks in MANET for Increase the Network Efficiency

The Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol is one type of reactive routing protocol used in MANET. It is designed on top of the AODV routing protocol, so it utilizes the features of the AODV protocol. The MANET is a wireless ad hoc network without any physical infrastructure; all nodes can be moved across the network, and connections are made between them as needed simply with the help of RREQ, RREP, and RERR packets. Because the network is dynamic, nodes can quickly join and depart anytime. So far, no security threats have been caused by this feature. The blackhole attack is one type of active and dangerous attack in MANET. In this attack, the attackers use the AOMDV flaw to demonstrate their bad intent, causing data loss and decreasing network performance. Many studies have been done on various detection and prevention methods to prevent blackhole attacks. But it still goes on. To improve network performance against black hole attacks, this study offers a dynamic threshold value with multiple paths technique approach on AOMDV; it will be demonstrated in Network Simulator 2.

Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>

Set Backup Routes on Sensor Network

There are many techniques of using routing protocols on Sensor Network's mobile nodes, yet failures can occur in Wireless Networks path. High mobility leads to slipping nodes in the routing table, causing packet loss; current protocols suggest using rediscover paths. Nevertheless, this process increases delay. This paper proposes a design of two different methods to select the shortest multipath and select the longest multipath to get different scenarios to Set Backup Routes on Sensor Network “SBSN” to avoid using rediscover routes by providing different paths and improve the performance and efficiency of a network depending on the method of packets processing declared in the Proposed System. The proposed technique merges An Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector “AODV” and Multipath-Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector “M-AODV”. Comparison of a delay in transmitting rate, loss of packets, and packet delivery ratio to ensure a network's transmitting performance and efficiency Achieves low broadcast redundancy. It avoids the challenges of establishing paths from low to high-mobility of nodes between a single source and destination.

Developing Secure Multipath Routing (AODV-SMR) Protocol Framework Based Multipath Network Routing Protocol

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks, which consist of mobile nodes that communicate over wireless media. MANETs are typically characterized by high mobility and frequent link failures. Since routing protocols are crucial for the success of MANETs, multipath routing can be employed to reduce link failure so that alternate paths will be available. This paper aims to develop and evaluate the performance of a new multipath routing protocol based on the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. It is an on-demand multipath routing protocol named ad hoc on-demand distance vector-secure multipath routing (AODV-SMR). The on-demand multipath routing protocol was evaluated against three performance metrics: packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing load. The simulation results, obtained using an OMNET++ simulator, showed that the proposed protocol exhibits significant improvement in the packet delivery ratio. It also outperformed the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) protocol in the average end-to-end delay, and outperformed AODV in the normalized routing load metric.

AI-empowered, blockchain and SDN integrated security architecture for IoT network of cyber physical systems

Internet of things (IoT) is one of the most emerging technologies nowadays and it is one of the key enablers of industrial cyber physical system (CPSs). It has started to participate in almost every aspect of our social life, ranging from financial transactions to the healthcare system, communication to national security, battlefield to smart homes, and so on. However, the wide deployment of IoT suffers certain issues as well, such as interoperability, compatibility, heterogeneity, large amount of data, processing of heterogeneous data etc. Among others, energy efficiency and security are the utmost prominent issues. Scarce computing resources of IoT devices put hindrances on information sharing across edge or IoT network. Indeed, unintentional or malicious interference with IoT data may lead to severe concerns. In this study, the researcher exploits the potential benefits of a blockchain system and integrates it with software-defined networking (SDN) while justifying energy and security issues. More in detail, the researcher proposed a new routing protocol with the cluster structure for IoT networks using blockchain-based architecture for SDN controller. The proposed architecture obviates proof-of-work (PoW) with private and public blockchains for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communication between SDN controllers and IoT devices. In addition to this, distributed trust-based authentication mechanism makes blockchain even more adoptive for IoT devices with limited resources. The experimental results show that the proposed cluster structure based routing protocol outperforms the state-of-the-art Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Secure Mobile Sensor Network (SMSN), Energy efficient secured cluster based distributed fault diagnosis (EESCFD), and Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), in terms of energy consumption, network throughput, and packet latency. Proposed protocol help overcome the issues especially, energy management and security of the next generation industrial cyber physical systems.

Link Reliable On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing for Reliable Video Streaming in MANET

Background: Due to the generic feature of AOMDV, it is widely used in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks such as the Internet which requires new challenges to deploy conversational real-time applications like VoIP (Voice over IP) and video conferencing. Objective: In AOMDV, the multiple routes between any source and destination pair are selected based on minimal hop count which does not ensure reliable video content delivery as the communicating nodes along the paths are prone to link failures and route breaks. Methods: To overcome such problems, the Link Reliable On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (LROMDV) is proposed by modifying the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV). Results: The LROMDV uses an enhanced Cumulative Expected Transmission Count (enh-CETX) for selecting multiple routes between any source and destination pair to avoid link failures and route breaks in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. Conclusion: The performance of LROMDV on H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video streaming under both Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (EDCF) using NS2.34 and Enhanced EvalVid framework is evaluated and the simulation result shows the effectiveness of LROMDV.

DyTE: An Effective Routing Protocol for VANET in Urban Scenarios

A Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of wireless ad-hoc networks, widely used in on-road vehicles and roadside equipment, having applications in various areas including passenger safety, smart traffic solutions, and connectivity on vehicles The VANET is the backbone of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) that establishes connectivity between vehicles through a wireless medium. When it comes to the communication between high-speed vehicles there is the challenge of dynamic mobility. In order to provide a higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and increase the throughput, a new routing protocol called Dynamic Trilateral Enrolment (DyTE) is introduced which chooses a dynamic trilateral zone to find the destination vehicle by allowing only relevant nodes to participate in the communication process using the location coordinates of source and destination nodes. The proposed routing protocol is compared with Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and the results show remarkable improvement in reducing the Network Routing Load (NRL) and increasing the PDR and throughput of the network. DyTE has performed more efficiently in terms of PDR (23% approximately), throughput (26% approximately) and drastically minimized the NRL by a factor of almost 3.

Penerapan Algoritma EA-SHORT pada Protokol Routing AOMDV untuk Menemukan Rute yang Handal Berbasis Energi di Jaringan MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a stand-alone wireless network, consisting of several nodes that can move in all directions freely. The routing protocol used as the object of this study is Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV). This research carries out an energy calculation process at a node that can be used as a new energy-based route by utilizing topology changes. Energy efficiency in the routing protocol can be done using the Energy-Aware SHORT (Self Healing and Optimizing Routing Techniques) method. The main purpose of the Energy-Aware SHORT (EA-SHORT) algorithm is to save energy on MANET, by extending the life of nodes and networks by routing packets through nodes that have enough remaining power and avoiding nodes that have low power. AOMDV performance will be compared with AOMDV which has been modified with EA-SHORT measured from the specified parameter values. Analysis results show that the application of the EA-SHORT algorithm in the efficiency of route search succeeded in improving performance. The results of throughput on EA-AOMDV increased by 13.904% for an area of ​​500x500 m2 and 13.905% at 1000x1000 m2. The packet delivery ratio increased by 0.91% and 2.273%. Average end-to-end delay decreased by 20.482% and 18.734%.

Mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols of time-critical events for search and rescue missions

The most important experiences we discovered from several disasters are that cellular networks were vulnerable, and the loss of the communication system may have a catastrophic consequence. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) play a significant role in the construction of campus, resident, battlefield and search/rescue region. MANET is an appropriate network for supporting a communication where is no permanent infrastructure. MANET is an effective network that uses to establishing urgent communication between rescue members in critical situations like, disaster or natural calamities. The sending and receiving data in MANET is depending on the routing protocols to adapt the dynamic topology and maintain the routing information. Consequently, This paper evaluates the performance of three routing protocols in MANET: ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), and ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). These protocols are inherent from different types of routing protocols: single-path, multi-path, reactive and proactive mechanisms. The NS2 simulator is utilized to evaluate the quality of these protocols. Several metrics are used to assess the performance of these protocols such: packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratios (PLR), throughput (TP), and end-to-end delay (E2E delay). The outcomes reveal the AOMDV is the most suitable protocol for time-critical events of search and rescue missions.