Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Research Articles

Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) in MANETs Based on Situation Based Adaptive Routing

Without the need of a fixed foundation or base station, the Mobile Ad hoc Network creates its own wireless network. One of the most troublesome aspects of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the occurrence of unexpected loss of network connectivity. As a result of this problem, packets continue to drop, and we must restore the connection by sending Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP). As a result, network performance will suffer yet another setback. We used the scenario routing technique to combine the Dream Multipath Routing (DMR), Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV), Optimized link-state routing (OLSR), and Ad-hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) routing protocols to build the IHRP routing protocol in this work. According to previous studies, (AODV) is more suited when node motion is high. The purpose of DREAM Multipath Routing (DMR) is to maintain node mobility and location information coordinated. Route packet flooding is prevented by computing the expected chance of node relocation. The number of mobile nodes in the wireless network fluctuates, and the DMR operates on each one individually. In the network, each node maintains a list of nearby nodes and their current locations. Using the AOMDV routing protocol is effective for load balancing and preventing congestion on the network. OLSR is a good fit for networks that priorities link reliability above other considerations when routing traffic. When using the aforementioned (DMR, AODV, AOMDV, and OLSR) protocols to create the IHRP routing protocol, we are capable of better regulation of network behavior and perform. In the case of 100 nodes, data is sent for analysis for The Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP), Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. For data send, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and for 50 nodes, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11151, 9807, 9636, 9586, and 7470, respectively. Thus, with 100 and 50 nodes, the Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) outperforms the AOMDV, ZRP, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. In the case of 100 nodes and 50 nodes, the data receive analysis for IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and 9367, 8714, 8370, 6730, and 7298, respectively, So IHRP also receives data faster than ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. The IHRP outperforms AOMDV, AODV, ZRP, and OLSR routing protocols in terms of data transmit, receive, data drop, PDR, throughput, E-E latency, and NRL.

Meningkatkan Kinerja Protokol Routing Aomdv Dalam Memilih Node Tetangga Berdasarkan Bandwidth, Round Trip Time, Dan Packet Loss Ratio Untuk Menemukan Rute Terbaik

Mobile ad hoc network or in short MANET is a group of node that exchange the information from source node to destination node on wireless network. The main problem in MANET is on the network structure that change continously that is cause by node mobility that made route disconnected. If route disconnect there will be another route discovery processes that will take much time. AOMDV (Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol works by doing broadcast Route Request Packet (RREQ) from source node to neighbor node (intermediate node) and then it will continously until it arrives to destination node. AOMDV didnt choose the best neighbor node while broadcast RREQ packet so the route constructed have high possibility to disconnected and must re-broadcast until it find stable route and it will be a long time and not effective. To solve this problem it proposed to add a modification with AOMDV routing protocol with calculation of bandwidth, round trip time, and packet loss ratio to choose neighbor node to find the best route. Routing protocol performance will tested using test parameter throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio to choose the best neighbor node. Based on test result, the proposed modification can improve the preformance of AOMDV routing protocol. After modification, average throughput has improved 43.26 %, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) improved 3.15 % and average end-to-end delay reduce 31.26%.

Hybrid security in AOMDV routing protocol with improved salp swarm algorithm in wireless sensor network

During these years the current trends shows a fast expansion in the field of wireless sensor network (WSN) based applications. Due to this much vulnerability are created and also coverage optimization becomes essential to improve overall performance. However, maximum of the model concentrates only on security or efficiency. In order to create a highly efficient protocol both concepts need to get concerted. So, we developed a protocol namely hybrid security in ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol with improved salp swarm algorithm (HSA-ISSA). This model is sub-divided into three sections. They are, wormhole attack and gray hole attack construction AOMDV protocol, improved salp swarm algorithm (SSA) model is used for weighted distance position updates which leads to improve the efficiency. And to secure the network from attacks we use hybrid security with the help of Diffie-Hellman key interchange algorithm and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm. During performance evaluation the proposed HS-ISSA protocol provide stable results in terms of message success rate (MSR), end to end delay (E2E_Delay), network throughput (NT), and average energy efficiency (AEE). Our HAS-ISSA protocol outperformed all the other earlier works by providing hybrid security, optimized coverage as well as energy efficiency to the wireless sensor networks.

Performance Analysis Of DSDV, AOMDV and ZRP Routing Protocols Application Simulation In Pekanbaru Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

The increase in the number of vehicles without the development of driving safety technology, tends to create adverse impacts on society, such as a rise in casualties due to road accidents. Therefore, vehicles need information on the condition of the surrounding traffic environment to provide driver with safety. One of the methods used to obtain prompt information between vehicles that move dynamically is communication technology such as Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). VANET has network characteristics that change rapidly due to the highly dynamic node movement. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right routing protocol for optimal data transmission. In this study, the DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), AOMDV (Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector), and ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) routing protocols were tested using 3 field data scenarios. The first scenario is a variation of the number of nodes 100, 250, 600, and 700 nodes. The second scenario is a variation of the transmission ranges of 250m, 500m, and 1km. The third scenario is the variation of node speeds of 10 km/hour, 20 km/hour, 30 km/hour, 40 km/hour, and 50 km/hour in Pekanbaru city of Riau province. This research was carried out using the simulation method along with the QoS (Quality of Service) performance testing parameters comprising packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput, collision rate, and packet loss. Out of the three scenarios tested, AOMDV is the best routing protocol to be implemented because it outperforms the other two protocol evaluated in all designated scenarios in the paper. Meanwhile, DSDV and ZRP are superior in end to end delay and routing overhead parameters, respectively.

A New Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Internet of Things Based on Gray Theory

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of smart things. It indicates the ability that the mentioned physical things transfer information with each other. The characteristics of these networks, such as topology dynamicity and energy constraint, make the routing problem a challenging task in these networks. Traditional routing methods could not achieve the required performance in these networks. Therefore, developers of these networks have to consider specific routing methods in order to satisfy their requirements. One of the routing methods is utilization of the multipath protocols in which data are sent to its destination using multiple routes with separate links. One of such protocols is AOMDV routing protocol. In this paper, AOMDV is improved using gray system theory which chooses the best paths used for separate routes to send packets. To do this, Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) packet format is altered and some fields are added to it so that energy criteria, link expiration time, and signal-to-noise ratio can also be considered during selection of the best route. The proposed method named RMPGST-IoT is introduced which chooses the routes with highest rank for concurrent transmission of data, using a specific method based on the gray system theory. In order to evaluate the results, the proposed Routing Multipath based on Gray System Theory (RMPGST)-IoT method is compared to the Emergency Response IoT based on Global Information Decision (ERGID) and Ad hoc Delay-aware Distributed Routing Model (ADRM)-IoT approaches in terms of throughput, packet receiving rate, packet loss rate, average remaining energy, and network lifetime. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed RMPGST-IoT is superior to that of ERGID and ADRM-IoT approaches.

Routing Protocol Based on Neighbor Interference Level for Mobile Wireless Networks

The mobile ad hoc network is a type of wireless network characterized by mobile nodes without a centralized administration. Frequent variations of the topology and the nature of the radio links have a negative impact on the stability of the links. Indeed, the link quality deteriorates rapidly and link breaks become frequent. To overcome these problems, new forms of routing protocols are used as the MultiPath routing. In addition, routing protocols require the knowledge of the nodes neighborhood to build and manage routes. The neighbor discovery process is performed by a Hello protocol. The Hello protocol typically involves several parameters such as the packet’s period; node’s transmit power, node’s position and node’s battery level. The purpose of this paper is to change the behavior of ad hoc On demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol by considering the density of the nodes as well as the interference of the neighboring nodes. This selection of paths goes through two stages. In the first step, we study the impact of the neighbor discovery process to select a set of paths having a minimum number of neighboring nodes to diminish contention problems and interference rate. In the second step, the Interference Ratio (IR) metric is used to select the paths in which the nodes are surrounded by a minimum of interference. We choose for our study two proposed approaches based on AOMDV routing protocol. The first is called AOMDV_neighbor and considers the density parameter as a path metric. The second is called AOMDV_neighbor_IR which considers the interference rate (IR) between each node and its neighborhood as a path metric. We evaluate the proposed routing protocols performance under various NS2 simulation scenarios in a shadowing environment.

Enhancement of QOS for Multi-user Environment in Cognitive Radio Network

CRT(Cognitive radio technology) enhances the utilization of available better spectrum in the channel. So to provide better Quality of Service for the user in this paper the Localizability aided localization(LAL) and Water filling Methodologies are proposed. This paper analyzes the routing protocols like AOMDV(Ad-hoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector routing), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector). Considering the AODV as the existing routing protocol, this paper proposed with AOMDV and DSR routing algorithms for Localizability aided localization(LAL) and Water filling methodologies respectively. Current work on improving Quality of Service, the different routing protocols are proposed in this paper. The main factors analyzing in this paper are throughput, PDR( packet delivery ratio) and Delay. The simulation results will confirm the accuracy of the proposed techniques.

Design and Performance Evaluation of IP Based Intelligent Transportation System with Packet Sender’s Location Tracking Scheme

In today’s modern era the congestion problem of vehicles is increasing, resulting in traffic jam, accidents, etc. Also today’s transportation system is far away from intelligent and important message broadcasting within the vehicular network. To overcome these problems there is need of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can boost up the usefulness of the vehicular network infrastructure. In this paper we have designed IP based intelligent transportation system by using WiMAX network protocol with reactive routing protocols like Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV). Also in this transportation system we have incorporated the scheme of particular data packet sender’s location tracking to extract the exact location of the specific data packetsender during transmission and reception process for intelligence agency. The performance evaluation of this vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is done through performance parameter like throughput and delay for AODV and AOMDV routing protocols.

SE-AOMDV: secure and efficient AOMDV routing protocol for vehicular communications

The Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are emerging networks that provide essential services to drivers on the road. To exchange data, vehicles as network nodes route information between source and destination using the V-to-V infrastructure. To retrieve the best path, routing algorithms are used. We focus in this paper on the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing algorithm, which is able to retrieve at least three paths. Despite, its efficiency for VANET, the AOMDV protocol still faces big challenges in terms of security. Because of the lack of security mechanisms, such as cryptography and intrusion detection, the AOMDV protocol is vulnerable to attacks such as the blackhole and the man in the middle attacks. For this purpose, we propose in this work a secure and efficient AOMDV routing protocol for vehicular communications. The security consists of detecting malicious vehicles that are not authenticated and have malicious behavior. Moreover, to guarantee integrity and authentication of Route REPlay packets that are used to retrieve the best and secure paths. The efficiency consists of node disjuncture for RREP packets. Our algorithm is specific to vehicular networks, because it deploys specific vehicle-based authentication. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated using the NS2 and compared to AOMDV and then to SAODV and TS-AOMDV. The results prove that our algorithm is more secure and efficient than AOMDV, especially in terms of average end-to-end delay, for high-speed vehicles. The delay reduction is estimated to 1.5 ms for a speed of 108 km/h, which is promising for vehicular communications.

Detection And Isolation Of Attacks In MANET Using TS- AOMDV

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless nodes, which works well only if those mobile nodes are good and behave cooperatively. The lack of infrastructure support and resource constraint is the key issue that causes dishonest and non-co-operative nodes. Therefore, MANET is vulnerable to serious attacks. To reduce the hazards from such nodes and enhance the security of the network, this paper extends an Ad hoc On- Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) Routing protocol, named as Trust-based Secured Adhoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TS-AOMDV), which is based on the nodes’ routing behavior. The proposed TSAOMDV aims at identifying and isolating the attacks such as flooding, black hole, and gray hole attacks in MANET. With the help of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and trust-based routing, attack identification and isolation are carried out in two phases ofrouting such as route discovery and data forwarding phase. IDS facilitates complete routing security by observing both control packets and data packets that are involved in the route identification and the data forwarding phases. To improve the routing performance, the IDS integrates the measured statistics into the AOMDV routing protocol for the detection of attackers. This facilitates the TS-AOMDV to provide better routing performance and security in MANET. Finally, the Trust based Secured AOMDV, TS-AOMDV is compared with the existing AOMDV through the NS2 based simulation model. The performance evaluation reveals that the proposed TS-AOMDV improves the performance in terms of throughput by 57.1% more thanthat of an AOMDV under adversary scenario. The simulated results show that the TS-AOMDV outperforms the AOMDV routing protocol.

Detection and Prevention of Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network using AOMDV Protocol

Unique characteristics like limited bandwidth, limited battery power and dynamic topology makes Wireless sensor network (WSN) vulnerable to many kinds of attacks. Therefore interest in research of security in WSN has been increasing since last several years. Infrastructure less and self-governing nature of WSN is challenging issue in terms of security. Wormhole attack is one of the severe attack in wireless sensor network. In this paper, the techniques dealing with wormhole attack in WSN are surveyed and a method is proposed for detection and prevention of wormhole attack. AOMDV (Ad hoc On demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol is incorporated into these method which is based on RTT (Round Trip Time) mechanism and other characteristics of wormhole attack. As compared to other solution shown in literature, proposed approach looks very promising. NS2 simulator is used to perform all simulation.

Energy Aware Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing

The current disjoint path Ad hoc On-Demand Multi- path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol does not have any energy-awareness guarantees. When AOMDV is used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) energy is an important consideration. To enhance the AOMDV protocol an extra energy metric is added along with the hop count metric. This Energy aware or EA-AOMDV improves path selection using a trade-off between energy and hop count, thus giving more longevity to WSNs. EA-AOMDV is compared to the current AOMDV routing protocol to prove its worth in the context of WSNs. It is found that EA-AOMDV leads to better WSN energy-awareness in resource constrained WSNs.

Fault Tolerant Multi-Criteria Multi-Path Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

The Ad Hoc On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol allows the transport of data along one or more paths in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The path chosen is based on a single shortest path hop count metric. The data on some WSNs is mission critical, for example, military and health care applications. Hence, fault tolerance in WSNs is becoming increasingly important. To improve the fault tolerance of WSNs in lossy environments, this work adds to the AOMDV routing protocol as it incorporates an additional packet loss metric. This Multi-criteria AOMDV or M-AOMDV is evaluated using the ns2 simulator. Simulations show that M- AOMDV maintains relatively low packet loss rates when the WSN is experiencing loss.

Link Reliable Energy Efficient AOMDV routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

Reliable data transmission has been an emerging issue in ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing since the nodes are prone to link failures and route breaks in highly dynamic ad hoc networks owing to the selection of multiple routes between any source and destination pair based on minimal hop count. For eliminating such problems, a novel node disjoint multipath routing protocol called link reliable energy efficient AOMDV (LR-EE-AOMDV) routing protocol, the extension of AOMDV is proposed. The LR-EE-AOMDV finds multiple link reliable energy efficient paths between any source and destination pair for data transmission using three metrics such as path length, path-link quality estimator (P-LQE) and a novel path-node energy estimator (P-NEE). The performance of LR-EE-AOMDV is evaluated using NS2.34 with varying network flows and number of nodes under random waypoint mobility model in terms of quality-of-service (QoS) metrics. Simulation results reveal the effectiveness of LR-EE-AOMDV routing protocol.

Analysis of Quality of Service for the AOMDV Routing Protocol

Due to the dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), the provision of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees is challenging. The route failure probability in a MANET is increased due to the mobility of nodes, which increases routing overhead. Multi-path routing protocols have relatively greater ability to reduce the routing overheads. This paper discuses the performance analysis of the Ad-hoc On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. AOMDV is a multi-path extension of a very well known single path routing protocol, (AODV). Extensive simulations were carried out using ns-2.34 and the study concluded that for CBR traffic AOMDV performance degrades as the data packet generation rate increases.

A Real Time Video Transmission Routing Protocol in Multi-Interface Multi-Channel Ad Hoc Based on Queue Length and Delay Contraint

Real-time video transmission demands tremendous bandwidth, throughput and strict delay. For transmitting real-time video in the multi-interface multi-channel Ad hoc, firstly, we applied multi-interface multi-channel extension methods to the AOMDV (Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol, and improved extant channel switching algorithm, called MIMC-AOMDV (Multi-Interface Multi-Channel AOMDV) routing protocol. Secondly, we proposed video streaming delay QoS(Quality of Service) constraint and link-quality metrics, which used the multi interface queue’s total used length to get QMMIMC-AOMDV (Quality metric MIMC -AOMDV) routing protocol. The simulations show that the proposed QMMIMC-AOMDV can reduce the frame delay effectively and raise frame decodable rate and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), it is more suitable for real-time video streams.