Acute Wounds Research Articles

Pain chronification risk assessment: advanced phenotyping and scoring for prediction and treatments tailored to individualized patient profile

AbstractAcute pain is a physiologic, protective life-important warning neurological signal indicating multi-level tissue modulations caused by a broad spectrum of health adverse events such as stress overload, mechanical trauma, ischemia–reperfusion, sterile and infection-triggered inflammation, single- and multi-organ damage, acute and chronic wounds, tissue remodeling and degeneration, amongst others. On the other hand, pain chronification results in a pathologic transformation from the protective pain signaling into persistent debilitative medical condition with severe consequences including but not restricted to phenotype-specific behavioral patterns, reduced quality of life, and cognitive and mood disorders. Who is predisposed to an increased vs. decreased pain sensitivity and to the pain chronification? The motivation of personalized medicine that “same size does not fit all” is getting obvious also for an advanced approach in algesiology. Consequently, an in-depth patient stratification is essential for the paradigm change in overall pain management from currently applied reactive medical services to the cost-effective predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) in primary (reversible damage to health and targeted protection against health-to-disease transition) and secondary (personalized protection against disease progression) care. To this end, specifically innovative concepts of phenotyping elaborated in this study play a crucial role in patient stratification for predicting pain-associated outcomes, evidence-based targeted prevention of the pain chronification, and creation of treatment algorithms tailored to individualized patient profiles.

Wound Healing, Cell Viability and Antimicrobial Potency of Mucus from Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Acute and chronic wounds are the major cause of death according to World Health Organization (WHO), in which, antimicrobial resistance is considered to be a major plight. In this regard, our study is aimed at developing an antimicrobial agent using the mucus of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus against the clinically resistant microbial pathogens and to evaluate the cell cytotoxicity and cell viability followed by an in vitro wound healing analysis. The evaluation of antimicrobial activity was performed through well diffusion method and micro dilution method. The cell cytotoxicity and cell viability were assessed using MTT assay. The cell migration and in vitro wound healing was performed using scratch assay. The acidic extracts of mucus showed antimicrobial activity against the eight different selected bacterial strains while the organic extract showed against seven bacterial strains. L929 showed a cell viability of 102.96% at a concentration of 75 µg/mL and did not show cell toxicity effect up to the concentration of 300 µg/mL. In the in vitro wound healing analysis, the cell migration rate was 99.27% in the treated cells while, the untreated showed only 94.68%. The current research work clearly shows that the mucus of P. hypophthalmus possesses antimicrobial activity and wound healing potency. Furthermore, gene expression analysis and in vivo trials have to be performed for a thorough understanding of the actual cellular mechanism of wound healing.

Management of Burn Wound in Diabetic Old Patient with Panchagavya Formulations – A Case Report

ABSTRACT Burn injuries are often prevalent and among the most catastrophic injuries encountered in casualty or surgery departments, involving skin and other tissues. These injuries typically result from heat sources such as solids, liquids, or fire, while scalds arise from hot liquids, electricity, chemicals, cold, friction, or radiation. Despite varying causes, the male-female ratio of burn cases remains consistent. In India, the annual incidence of burns is estimated at six to seven million. Topical antimicrobial agents are crucial for treatment. This case study focuses on an 83-year-old woman with acute burn wounds on her right leg and abdomen, accompanied by pain, discharge, foul odor, edema, and skin discoloration. Treatment involved Panchagavya Chikitsa, utilizing local applications of Gomutra twice daily for wound cleaning and Jatyadi Ghrita twice daily for wound healing over 60 days. Additionally, 15 ml of Gomutra Arka was administered internally twice daily for 15 days. Significant improvements were observed, including complete wound healing and associated symptom resolution. The positive outcomes may be attributed to the local and systemic effects of Gomutra, Jatyadi Ghrita, and Gomutra Arka, which possess antimicrobial, antiseptic, scrapping, and wound-healing properties. The findings suggest that Panchagavya formulations effectively and safely manage burn wounds, even in geriatric patients. Jatyadi Ghrita and Gomutra demonstrated promising results without causing adverse effects in this case.

Local Treatment of Wound Infections: A Review of Clinical Trials from 2013 to 2024.

Significance: Management of infection is a critical aspect of wound care. It involves the application of various interventions to treat the wound and prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the body, which may lead to serious complications, including sepsis. Local treatment of skin wound infections is the favored route of administration, reducing the risk of adverse systemic effects while providing very high therapeutic concentrations at the target site. The purpose of this article was to review clinical trials from 2013 and onward, focusing on local treatment of acute wounds and burns as well as chronic wounds as their primary outcome measurement. Recent Advances: Based on our literature search, 49 clinical trials were focusing on treating infected chronic wounds, and 6 trials studied infection as their primary outcome in acute wounds during the last 10 years. Critical Issues: Currently commercially available local treatments do not prevent the onset of invasive infection. Therefore, there is a need for more effective local therapies. Future Directions: Despite multiple preclinical studies introducing novel and promising strategies in terms of novel antimicrobial agents and delivery methods to prevent and treat skin wound infections locally, many have yet to be tested in a clinical setting. These preclinically tested approaches could still be valuable additions to today's care of infected skin wounds.

Bioadhesive First-Aid Patch with Rapid Hemostasis and High Toughness Designed for Sutureless Sealing of Acute Bleeding Wounds.

The global military and civilian sectors express widespread concern over the significant hemorrhage associated with various acute wounds. Such bleedings lead to numerous casualties in military confrontations, traffic accidents, and surgical injuries. Consequently, the rapid control of the bleedings, particularly for extensive and pressurized wounds, is crucial in first-aid situations. In this work, a double-layered bioadhesive patch that combines a superabsorbent adhesive hydrogel with a highly tough antibacterial polyurethane film, which is called as Bio-Patch, is proposed. The Bio-Patch demonstrates superior mechanical strength and forms robust bioadhesion to acute bleeding wounds. Furthermore, the Bio-Patch enables protecting against external Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Thanks to the double-layered structures having synergistic functions of stable barrier and robust adhesion, the Bio-Patch provides optimal wound sealing (burst strength exceeding 310mmHg) both in vitro and in vivo. It also demonstrates superior hemostatic effects (less than 30 s) in vivo. This offers promising opportunities for rapid control of extensive and pressurized hemorrhage in first-aid clinical scenarios.

Liver Fluke-Derived Molecules Accelerate Skin Repair Processes in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Chronic nonhealing wounds, such as diabetic ulcers, are among the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus. Consequently, the search for new therapeutic strategies remains highly relevant. Based on our previous data on acute wounds, bioactive molecules derived from the liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus hold promise as a novel approach to wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the wound-healing properties of excretory–secretory products (ESP) and inactivated eggs of O. felineus in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Two-month-old mice of the BKS.Cg + Leprdb/+Leprdb/OlaHsd (db/db) strain were inflicted with superficial wounds of 5 mm in diameter. Mouse groups included several controls (methylcellulose as the vehicle and human recombinant PDGF as the positive control) and specific-treatment groups (ESP and inactivated O. felineus eggs). Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and RT-PCR studies using markers for M1/M2 polarization, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling were carried out. Additionally, an image analysis of Masson’s trichrome-stained skin sections was performed. The proliferation of HaCaT cells under ESP and egg treatment was also assessed. The present study reveals a significant increase in the percentage of wound healing in ESP- and egg-treated groups, which significantly exceeded the control values after 14 days. Wound treatment with either ESP or worm eggs resulted in (i) a reduction in inflammation with a canonical M1-to-M2 polarization shift, (ii) the modulation of the vascular response, and (iii) dermal extracellular matrix remodeling. All results are comparable to those of the positive control group treated with PDGF. This study also reveals that ESP, but not O. felineus eggs, stimulated keratinocyte proliferation in vitro. The results indicate the high wound-healing potential of liver fluke bioactive molecules and open prospects for further research on these new promising therapeutic approaches.

Conventional Versus Regenerative Methods for Wound Healing: A Comparative Experimental Study on a Sheep Model

Background and Objectives: Wound healing is a complex process involving cellular, anatomical, and functional repair, often hindered in chronic wounds associated with diseases like diabetes and vascular disorders. This study investigated the efficacy of conventional and regenerative wound healing approaches in a sheep surgical wound model. Materials and Methods: Six female Bergamasca sheep underwent five full-thickness skin lesions treated with various methods: sterile gauze (control), chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, micronized dermis system application, and dermal matrix. Wound healing progression was monitored over 42 days through wound dimension measurements, exudate analysis, and histopathological evaluations. Results: The results indicated that all wounds healed completely by day 42, with significant reductions in wound size and exudate over time. Notably, Micronized dermis system application and dermal matrix treatments showed a faster evolution in exudate characteristics and improved collagen reorganization compared to other treatments. Histological analysis revealed earlier neovascularization and better reconstitution of hair follicles in these groups. Despite the lack of significant differences in healing time, both regenerative approaches enhanced wound healing phases, contributing to exudate control, angiogenesis promotion, and reduced scar formation. Conclusions: The findings suggest that while micronized dermis system application and dermal matrix do not accelerate acute wound healing compared to conventional methods, they offer potential benefits in managing exudate and improving tissue regeneration, warranting further investigation in chronic wound scenarios.

Evidence-based practices on nanotechnology in wound treatment

Nanotechnology has revolutionized wound treatment by offering innovative solutions that accelerate healing, reduce infections, and promote tissue regeneration. This article reviews evidence-based practices regarding the use of nanotechnology in wound care, with a focus on antimicrobial nanoparticles, smart dressings, and regenerative scaffolds. Studies reviewed between 2010 and 2024 indicate that silver, zinc oxide, and gold nanoparticles are effective in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), thereby preventing infections in chronic and acute wounds. Additionally, smart dressings equipped with embedded sensors have demonstrated the ability to monitor the wound environment, detecting signs of infection or inflammation and delivering drugs in a controlled manner. Another aspect addressed is the use of nanomaterial-based scaffolds, which mimic the extracellular matrix and promote cell proliferation, facilitating tissue regeneration in hard-to-heal wounds, such as diabetic ulcers and severe burns. Although the results are promising, the article highlights the need for more large-scale clinical trials and long-term studies to assess the safety and efficacy of these technologies across diverse populations. Moreover, the high cost of some nanotechnological products remains a challenge for widespread implementation, particularly in resource-limited healthcare systems. The conclusion is that nanotechnology holds great potential to transform wound care, but its broad adoption will depend on further studies, improved accessibility, and greater awareness among healthcare professionals and patients.

Performance and safety of transparent postoperative dressings with silicone adhesive in daily practice on fragile skin.

Currently there is limited real-world research on the adhesion qualities, pain and clinical performance of specific silicone adhesives products, and their role in maintaining skin integrity and preventing medical adhesive-related skin injuries (MARSI). This paper presents a clinical evaluation of performance and safety parameters of two silicone adhesive dressings on lacerations or surgical wounds and the surrounding skin in daily practice on fragile skin. An observational, prospective, multicentre, uncontrolled post-market clinical observational study with Leukomed T skin sensitive and Leukomed T plus skin sensitive (both BSN medical GmbH, Essity Group) was undertaken at three sites across Germany between June 2021 to November 2022. Inclusion parameters were acute wounds (surgical or laceration) in patients with at least one fragile skin condition. Endpoints included: the percentage of adhered dressing area seven days after application of the dressings; and evaluation of any signs of skin damage and erythema following dressing removal. Furthermore, self-reported patient pain, comfort during dressing wear, and the health professionals' ease of dressing handling with gloves were assessed. A total of 42 patients with fragile skin and surgical wounds (35 patients) or lacerations (7 patients) were recruited. Mean age was 78 years. There were no signs of erythema following dressing removal and no MARSI (skin stripping, blister, skin tears, maceration, irritant contact dermatitis or allergic dermatitis) occurred at removal after seven days of wear time. Data demonstrated a reliable wound coverage with sufficient adhesion without negatively affecting the periwound skin and wound improvement was observed in 94% of patients. The vast majority of patients reported minimal pain at removal, reduced wound pain and high satisfaction with wearing comfort. Health professionals found the dressings easy to apply and remove, even with gloved hands. The results of this real-world evidence showed effective and well-tolerated use of transparent dressings with silicone adhesive in patients with fragile skin. The dressings may reduce the risk of skin damage including MARSI, while providing patients a high wearing comfort and allowing an almost pain-free dressing change.

Effectiveness of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy with Instillation Compared to Standard Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy and Traditional Gauze Layer Dressing for the Treatment of Acute Traumatic Wounds: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Effectiveness of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy with Instillation Compared to Standard Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy and Traditional Gauze Layer Dressing for the Treatment of Acute Traumatic Wounds: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Photo-crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels designed for simultaneous delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and tannic acid: Advancing towards scarless wound healing

The quest for scarless wound healing is imperative in healthcare, aiming to diminish the challenges of conventional wound treatment. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a key component of the skin's extracellular matrix, plays a pivotal role in wound healing and skin rejuvenation. Leveraging the advantages of HA hydrogels, this research focuses first on tuning the physicochemical and mechanical properties of photo-crosslinkable methacrylated HA (MAHA) by varying the methacrylation degree, polymer concentration, photo-crosslinker concentration, and UV exposure time. The optimized hydrogel, featuring suitable porosity, swelling ratio, degradability, and mechanical properties, was then used for the combined delivery of tannic acid (TA), known for its hemostatic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, and Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) cultured on the MAHA-TA hydrogel to enhance skin regeneration. The composite MAHA-TA-MSC hydrogel demonstrated favorable pores and biocompatibility, evidenced by cell viability, and promoted cell proliferation. When applied to dorsal wounds in rats, this composite hydrogel accelerated wound healing and reduced scarring. Additionally, molecular and histopathological analyses revealed increased expression of IL-10, the TGF-β3/TGF-β1 ratio, and the Collagen III/Collagen I ratio. These findings suggest that the MAHA-TA-MSC hydrogel is a promising candidate for scarless acute wound healing.

The oxidized hyaluronic acid hydrogels containing paeoniflorin microspheres regulates the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages to promote wound healing

Controlling excessive inflammation of acute wound is an effective means to shorten the healing time. Therefore, targeted control of the inflammatory response of the wound is a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, paeoniflorin (Pae) was encapsulated in microspheres and combined with oxidized hyaluronic acid hydrogels to prepare the hydrogel loaded with Pae microspheres (Pae-MPs@OHA) to promote the healing of acute wounds in rats. The results demonstrated that the particle size of the Pae-MPs was 6.84 ± 0.51 μm, and the positive charge was 26.87 ± 1.51 mV. The uniform spherical structure of the Pae-MPs was observed by TEM. The Pae-MPs@OHA can maintain colloidal state in the range of 0.1–3.16 Hz. FTIR suggested that Pae could be effectively wrapped in MPs, and SEM indicated that the Pae-MPs@OHA had a uniform network pore structure. The Pae-MPs@OHA can realize the sustained release of Pae for 96 h. Biocompatibility experiments showed that the Pae-MPs@OHA hydrogels were safe and available. The Pae-MPs@OHA hydrogels can accelerate wound healing in rats. HE and masson staining suggested that the Pae-MPs@OHA could reduce inflammatory cell infiltration, promote re-epithelialization and collagen formation. The Pae-MPs@OHA could decrease the number of M1 and increase the number of M2 in macrophages, thus regulating the release of inflammatory factor TNF-α and IL-1β. The results of molecular docking and western blot results also confirmed that the Pae-MPs@OHA could reduce the expression of NF-κB, pNF-κB, NLRP3, ASC and pro-caspase-1. These findings suggest that the Pae-MPs@OHA has great potential for application in the treatment of inflammatory wound.

Effect of Bioplastic Material on Adhesion, Growth, and Proliferative Activity of Human Fibroblasts When Incubated in Solutions Mimic the Acidity of Wound an Acute and Chronic Inflammation.

: The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of bioplastic material based on collagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin on the viability and proliferative activity of human fibroblasts in conditions simulating the acidity of acute and chronic wounds. : Bioplastic material was made according to the method described in RF patent no.2722744. Adhesive properties and proliferative activity of human fibroblasts were assessed visually using fluorescent microscopy. The number of apoptotic and necrotic cells was assessed by flow cytometry (BD FACSCanto II) using the commercial FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Pharmingen). The strength, Young's modulus, and elasticity of the gels were determined on a TA.XT-plus texture analyzer (Stable Micro Systems, Great Britain). : Using the methods of luminescent microscopy and flow cytometry, we found that the cell viability (namely, adhesive properties and proliferative activity) decreases after incubation on condition mimic of physiological acidosis. We found that bioplastic material contributes to the preservation of adhesive properties, viability, and proliferative activity of fibroblasts in physiological acidosis conditions. The results obtained indicate that bioplastic material based on soluble dermis components can be used as a biologically active component of wound dressings to increase the effectiveness of reparative regeneration, especially in cases of excessive acute inflammation.

Phage Therapy in Traumatology: A Review on Perspectives for Treating Acute Wounds and Post-Surgical Complications

Phage Therapy in Traumatology: A Review on Perspectives for Treating Acute Wounds and Post-Surgical Complications

A combined debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) procedure with flap coverage for acute soft tissue defects following total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective study.

Acute soft tissue defects, such as persistent drainage, wound dehiscence, or necrosis, following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can lead to the devastating complication of deep infection. Typically, when a medium-sized defect is present, a gastrocnemius flap is widely employed for soft tissue reconstruction due to its low morbidity and favourable functional outcomes. When facing this situation, we should consider associating the coverage treatment with a debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) surgery procedure, in order to treat a possible acute infection, even when the diagnosis of infection is not clear. We performed a retrospective study to compare TKA outcomes in patients with DAIR and flap procedures in the same surgical act against those who had received an isolated flap procedure for soft tissue reconstruction after an acute surgical wound defect. Patients had been identified from a prospectively collated TKA database. Between 2005 and 2021, 18 patients met our inclusion criteria, with a mean follow-up of approximately 8years. A medial gastrocnemius flap procedure was performed for 15 patients (83 %). We compared the rates of infection clearance between the two groups. No differences in comorbidities or risk factors were observed between both groups. In the combination treatment group, 66.6 % of patients healed after treatment compared to 33.3 % in the isolated flap group. Although no significant statistical differences were found, the association of DAIR with the muscle flap procedure is highly recommended in the treatment of acute soft tissue defects after TKA. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to extrapolate these findings to the general population.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Engineered by Multicomponent Coassembled DNA Nanofibers for Enhanced Wound Healing.

A major challenge for stem cell therapies, such as using mesenchymal stem cells to treat skin injuries, is the stable engraftment of exogenous cells and the maintenance of their regenerative capacities in the wound areas. DNA-based self-assembly strategies can be used for artificial and multifunctional cell surface engineering to stabilize and enhance their functions for therapeutic applications. Here, we developed DNA nanofiber-decorated stem cells, in which DNA-based, multivalent fiber-like structures were self-assembled in situ on the cell surfaces. These engineered stem cells have demonstrated robust reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effects, specific adhesion to damaged vascular endothelial cells, and the ability to enhance angiogenesis, which were effective and safe for acute or chronic wound healing in a mouse model with excisional skin injury. This DNA nanostructure-engineered stem cell provides a novel therapeutic platform for the treatment of tissue damage.

Arginine-Biofunctionalized Ternary Hydrogel Scaffolds of Carboxymethyl Cellulose–Chitosan–Polyvinyl Alcohol to Deliver Cell Therapy for Wound Healing

Wound healing is important for skin after deep injuries or burns, which can lead to hospitalization, long-term morbidity, and mortality. In this field, tissue-engineered skin substitutes have therapy potential to assist in the treatment of acute and chronic skin wounds, where many requirements are still unmet. Hence, in this study, a novel type of biocompatible ternary polymer hybrid hydrogel scaffold was designed and produced through an entirely eco-friendly aqueous process composed of carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol and chemically cross-linked by citric acid, forming three-dimensional (3D) matrices, which were biofunctionalized with L-arginine (L-Arg) to enhance cellular adhesion. They were applied as bilayer skin biomimetic substitutes based on human-derived cell cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes were seeded and grown into their 3D porous structures, producing cell-based bio-responsive hybrid hydrogel scaffolds to assist the wound healing process. The results demonstrated that hydrophilic hybrid cross-linked networks were formed via esterification reactions with the 3D porous microarchitecture promoted by foam templating and freeze-drying. These hybrids presented chemical stability, physicochemical properties, high moisture adsorption capacity, surface properties, and a highly interconnected 3D porous structure well suited for use as a skin substitute in wound healing. Additionally, the surface biofunctionalization of these 3D hydrogel scaffolds with L-arginine through amide bonds had significantly enhanced cellular attachment and proliferation of fibroblast and keratinocyte cultures. Hence, the in vivo results using Hairless mouse models (an immunocompromised strain) confirmed that these responsive bio-hybrid hydrogel scaffolds possess hemocompatibility, bioadhesion, biocompatibility, adhesiveness, biodegradability, and non-inflammatory behavior and are capable of assisting the skin wound healing process.

Outcomes of dermal substitutes in burns and burn scar reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Dermal substitutes have been introduced in burn care to improve wound healing outcomes; however, their use remains limited in standard treatments. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the outcomes of dermal substitutes in patients with burns and patients requiring burn scar reconstruction and subsequently contribute to optimising the integration of dermal substitutes into clinical practice and reducing the knowledge gap. A comprehensive search across various databases included human studies from peer-reviewed journals on dermal substitutes for deep dermal and full-thickness burns, and scar reconstruction across all ages. Data from comparative trials were extracted, focusing on patient and wound characteristics, treatment specifics, and outcomes related to wound healing and scar quality. Meta-analysis was performed on trials reporting similar post-burn measures, with statistical heterogeneity assessed. Outcomes were presented using mean differences or odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 31 comparative trials were included. The overall quality of the studies was considered moderate. The meta-analysis indicated delayed re-epithelialization 4-7 days after treatment with a collagen-elastin matrix compared to split-thickness skin graft in acute burns (-7.30%, p = 0.02). Significant improvement in subjective scar quality was observed with acellular dermal matrix compared to split-thickness skin graft in acute burn wounds 6 months post-operative (-1.95, p <0.01). While acknowledging the initially delayed wound healing, incorporating dermal substitutes into the surgical treatment of burn patients holds promise for enhancing scar quality. However, future research must prioritise outcome measure uniformity, address variations in dermal substitute application, and standardise indications for consistent and effective practices.

Nervonic acid as novel therapeutics initiates both neurogenesis and angiogenesis for comprehensive wound repair and healing.

Rapid tissue reconstruction in acute and chronic injuries are challengeable, the inefficient repair mainly due to the difficulty in simultaneous promoting the regeneration of peripheral nerves and vascular, which are closely related. Main clinical medication strategy of tissue repair depends on different cytokines to achieve nerves, blood vessels or granulation tissue regeneration, respectively. However, their effect is still limited to single aspect with biorisk exists upon long-time use. Herein, for the first time, we have demonstrated that NA isolated from Malania oleifera has potential to simultaneously promote both neurogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. First, NA was identified by NMR and FTIR structural characterization analysis. In a model of oxidative stress in neural cells induced by hydrogen peroxide, the cells viability of RSC96 and PC12 were protected from oxidative stress injury by NA. Similarly, based on the rat wound healing model, effective blood vessel formation and wound healing can be observed in tissue staining under NA treatment. In addition, according to the identification of nerve and vascular related markers in the wound tissue, the mechanism of NA promoting nerve regeneration lies in the upregulation of the secretion NGF, NF-200 and S100 protein, and NA treatment was also able to up-regulate VEGF and CD31 to directly promote angiogenesis during wound healing. This study provides an important candidate drug molecules for acute or chronic wound healing and nerve vascular synchronous regeneration.

Utilização de laser de baixa potência como adjuvante no tratamento de ferida por mordedura em um cão

Wounds are structural disorders in the skin that can cause loss of body tissue structure. There are different classifications of wounds, such as open and closed, acute or chronic. Acute wounds heal spontaneously within six weeks, while chronic wounds have delayed healing, which can last more than twelve weeks due to prolonged inflammation. Wound treatment is challenging, especially in animals, due to exposure to dirty places and the owner's lack of awareness. Laser therapy has been used to accelerate wound healing since 1967, promoting pain control, reducing inflammation and modulating the immune system. The skin healing process involves cellular interactions and can be divided into phases, such as inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling. It is believed that laser therapy works by increasing the production of ATP in cellular mitochondria, causing biomodulation and stimulating or inhibiting physiological, biochemical or proliferative activities. Factors such as ray refraction and tissue types influence the penetration of the laser into the tissue, requiring precise positioning to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment. Based on this, the present work aims to contribute to knowledge about laser therapy used for wound healing, presenting the case of a dog with a lacerated wound on thepelvic limb.