Symptoms Of Acute Toxicity Research Articles

Purchasing “Nootropics” Online: Identification and Quantification of Ingredients in Phenibut-Containing Products

Background and Objectives: Phenibut is a central nervous system drug that is registered and used in clinical practice as a prescription medication. In recent decades, the drug has become popular as a “nootropic and cognition enhancer” because of its active marketing as a dietary or food supplement sold online. This has resulted in a growing number of case reports on acute toxicity and withdrawal symptoms and has raised concerns about the quality of phenibut-containing products. Materials and Methods: We used high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to investigate the quality of six phenibut-containing samples purchased from three internet suppliers. Results: Substantially lower levels of the active pharmaceutical ingredient than claimed on the packaging were found for three of the supplements tested. A considerably higher level of phenibut was present in one product. All online-purchased phenibut-containing capsules included declared and undeclared ingredients found in various dietary supplements claiming to have metabolic, neurotropic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Conclusions: The online-purchased phenibut products contained undeclared ingredients and the content of phenibut differed from the declared. The combinations of these additional ingredients with phenibut have not been tested for activity or safety and their use warrants further attention to avoid potential health problems.

Preparation of hydrogel from the hydroalcoholic root extract of Premna integrifolia L. and its mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for wound healing efficacy

The current investigation concentrated on the fabrication of silver nanoparticles through the root of Premna integrifolia L. The antibacterial and wound healing effects of their silver nanoparticles-hydrogel and root extract-hydrogel were evaluated. The hydroalcoholic root extract of P. integrifolia was enriched with crocetin, ferulic acid, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin. The silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized through secondary metabolite-enriched hydroalcoholic root extract (5 %) when mixed with 1 mM AgNO3 and kept under sunlight for 10 minutes. They showed an optimum surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 447 nm. The aldehyde, phenol, and primary amine groups of the extract reduce silver cations into nanoparticles. The nanoparticles band gap of 2.06 eV showed their semi-conductance behavior. The nanoparticles were spherical, uniformly distributed, and stable. The nanoparticles had a good roughness profile and 57.55 % elemental silver. The silver nanoparticles-hydrogel (10 %) showed an efficient 11±0.11 nm zone of inhibition of S. aureus in comparison to the root extract-hydrogel (10 %), i.e., 9±0.15 nm. The nanoparticles-hydrogel and the root extract-hydrogel did not show noticeable symptoms of acute dermal toxicity. The nanoparticles-hydrogel (10 %) and the root extract-hydrogel (10 %) healed 99.9 % and 97.3 % of the S. aureus- infected wound, respectively. The nanoparticle-hydrogel efficiently induced re-epithelialization in the dermis of S. aureus-infected wound compared to the extract-hydrogel. The nanoparticle-hydrogel enhanced the rate of wound closure.

Spray-dried microparticles of turmeric extract for improved delivery and low toxicity

This study aimed to enhance the delivery of turmeric by encapsulating its extract within microparticles using chitosan and mannitol through the spray drying technique and to assess their acute oral toxicity. The resulting microparticles were spherical, with an average diameter of 4 microns, and comprised 17% curcuminoids and 4% ar-turmerone. In vitro studies demonstrated that these microparticles had a higher release rate of curcuminoids compared to raw turmeric extract and preserved antioxidant activity. In the acute toxicity study, conducted in Wistar rats with a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg, no acute toxic symptoms were observed. According to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals, the microparticles were categorized as having relatively low acute toxicity (category 5). These findings support the potential utility of the microparticles in dietary supplements and pharmaceutical applications due to their effective delivery properties and safety profile.

Effects of Repeated Doses of the Vero Cell Vaccine (SARS-Cov-2 Inactivated Vaccine) on Renal Functions in Balb/C Albino Mice.

Many of the vaccines developed for COVID-19 have been approved for clinical emergency use before their safety and preclinical studies have been completed. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine (Vero cells) on renal function in Balb/C Albino mice. 21 healthy, 6-8 week old BALB/c male mice were divided into three equal groups, and 0.10 mL of intramuscular saline equal to the vaccine dose volume was administered to the first group. To the second group, a single dose of 0.10 mL 120 U of Vero cell inactive SARS COV-2 vaccine was administered intramuscularly. Group 3 received two consecutive doses of 0.10 mL 120 U intramuscular Vero cell inactive SARS COV-2 vaccine, 14 days apart. After administration, the clinical status, fecal and urine status, nutritional status and kidney histopathology of the mice were evaluated. It was determined that no acute toxic symptoms were observed in the mice administered the vaccine, they were in good condition, and there was no significant stimulatory reaction related to the vaccine in the tissues of the injected local area. There was no difference in feed consumption, water consumption, and body weight gains between the control group, the groups that received a single dose of vaccine, and the groups that received two doses of vaccine (p>0.05). No difference was found between the groups when urine and feces amounts were compared (p>0.05). No difference was found between the groups when urinary urea, creatinine, and serum BUN, creatinine levels were compared (p>0.05). No difference was found in the histopathological evaluation of the kidneys between the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, single or repeated injections of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cells) into mice were found to have no adverse effects on the animals' overall clinical health, performance abilities and kidneys.

In vivo antimalarial effect of 1-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone isolated from Mammea siamensis T. Anders. flowers: pharmacokinetic and acute toxicity studies

BackgroundThe potent antiplasmodial activity of 1-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone (HTX), isolated from Mammea siamensis T. Anders. flowers, has previously been demonstrated in vitro. However, its in vivo activity has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity and acute toxicity of HTX in a mouse model and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of HTX following a single intraperitoneal administration.MethodsThe in vivo antimalarial activity of HTX was evaluated using a 4-day suppressive test. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain and given HTX daily for 4 days. To detect acute toxicity, mice received a single dose of HTX and were observed for 14 days. Additionally, the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney functions as well as the histopathology of liver and kidney tissues were examined. HTX pharmacokinetics after intraperitoneal administration was also investigated in a mouse model. Liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to quantify plasma HTX and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters with the PKSolver software.ResultsHTX at 10 mg/kg body weight significantly suppressed parasitemia in malaria-infected mice by 74.26%. Mice treated with 3 mg/kg HTX showed 46.88% suppression, whereas mice treated with 1 mg/kg displayed 34.56% suppression. Additionally, no symptoms of acute toxicity were observed in the HTX-treated groups. There were no significant alterations in the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney functions and no histological changes in liver or kidney tissues. Following intraperitoneal HTX administration, the pharmacokinetic profile exhibited a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 94.02 ng/mL, time to attain Cmax (Tmax) of 0.5 h, mean resident time of 14.80 h, and elimination half-life of 13.88 h.ConclusionsHTX has in vivo antimalarial properties against P. berghei infection. Acute toxicity studies of HTX did not show behavioral changes or mortality. The median lethal dose was greater than 50 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that HTX has a long elimination half-life; hence, shortening the duration of malaria treatment may be required to minimize toxicity.

Assessing the hidden dangers of volcanic CO2 exposure: a critical review of health impacts.

Volcanic eruptions pose significant health risks to inhabitants of affected regions, with volcanic gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), being a notable concern. This review examines the implications of long-term exposure to volcanic CO2 emissions on public health, highlighting the shift in understanding from acute to chronic health effects. Recent studies have underscored the need to reevaluate the adverse health impacts of CO2 beyond acute toxicity symptoms. While previous guidelines deemed an indoor (residential) acceptable long-term exposure range (ALTER) of ≤3,000 parts per million (ppm) in residential housing areas, emerging evidence suggests that even concentrations within the range of 3,000 to 1,000 ppm may induce deleterious health effects. International agencies now advocate for lower safe indoor CO2 levels (600-1,000 ppm), necessitating a reassessment of public health strategies in volcanic areas. This review argues for increased awareness among local and public health authorities about the chronic toxicity of CO2 exposure and emphasizes the importance of safeguarding populations from the adverse health effects induced by CO2 exposure.

In-vivo investigation of dimethoate toxicity on serum enzymes, target organs and intestinal tissues of albino rats

Dimethoate is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide used to control agricultural, industrial and domestic pests. Despite its benefits, toxicities in non-target organisms have been widely reported. This study investigated acute and sub-chronic toxicities of dimethoate in rats. The arithmetic method of Karbar and a modification of repeated 8-week oral toxicity were adopted for the determination of acute and sub-chronic toxicities of dimethoate, respectively. Symptoms of acute toxicity evaluated include muscular weakness, respiratory distress, convulsion and death. Animals that were used for the sub-chronic toxicity studies were divided into 4 groups of 5. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed with feeds containing 200, 500 and 800 mg/kg dimethoate respectively, while group 1 served as the control. The weight of the animals were determined weekly for 8 weeks, and thereafter sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for biochemical tests, and the liver, kidney, lung, intestine and heart were excised and processed for histopathological analysis. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) was 176 mg/kg. Animals in all groups gained weight progressively. However, a dose-dependent significant rise in alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatise, but not aspartate transaminase accompanied with significant focal necrosis in liver, eosinphilic casts in kidney and intestinal ulceration in group 3 and 4 in animals. In addition, dimethoate- induced inflammation was observed in the liver, kidney, lung and intestine tissues. The derangement of biochemical parameters and relevant histopathological alterations observed in rats exposed to dimethoate are suggestive of toxicity. Therefore necessary precautionary measures should be taking during handling and use.

Toxicity Studies and in vivo Antiplasmodial Evaluation of Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts of Terminalia avicennioides

Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases found in the tropics and subtropics. P. falcifarum resistance to almost all anti-malarial drugs has necessitated the search for anti-malarial compounds. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiplasmodial effects of crude leaf and stem bark extracts of T. avicennioides, a plant utilized by traditional healers in Northern Nigeria to treat malaria and other ailments. Brine shrimp lethality (cytotoxicity) assay and acute toxicity were also evaluated, which are considered a useful tool for preliminary assessment of toxicity in plant extracts. The median lethal dosage (LD50) was calculated by administering different doses of the extract (100–4000 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to three groups of three mice each for 24 hours and observing the animals for physical sign of toxicity. Three models were employed to assess the extracts antiplasmodial effectiveness in vivo against the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei: suppressive, curative, and repository. The leaf and stem bark extracts were found to show significant toxicity to brine shrimp larvae of Artemia salina in the brine shrimp lethality test with LC50 values of >1000 and 29.6 respectively. Excitation, paw licking, and death were symptoms of acute toxicity of the extracts based on physical and behavioral observations. Death was recorded at 1000 mg/Kg of the stem bark extract and the LD50 is ≤100 mg/Kg body weight while for the leaf extract it was estimated to be ≤600 mg/Kg with no death record. In vivo evaluation revealed that the extracts significantly (P <0.05) reduced parasite count in all models (suppressive, curative and prophylactic), with high average percentage inhibition of parasitaemia (54.68, 58.67 and 65.61%) seen in both T. avicennioides leaf and stem bark extracts, which was comparable to that produced by chloroquine and artesunate, respectively (64.31&93.1; 70.08&80.67; 63.40&75.20%). Both extracts had moderate antiplasmodial activity and were non-toxic to mice and brine shrimps. This finding validates the plant's traditional use in malaria treatment.

Analysis of Body Weight Profile and Toxic Symptoms of White Rats on Giving Ethanol Fraction of Rambutan Peels (Nephelium lappaceum L)

Introdiction: Rambutan peel (Nephelium lappaceum L) contains antioxidant compounds like flavonoids such as anthocyanins. The high antioxidant activity causes the high utilization of rambutan peel for treatment, but its side effects on the body are unknown. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the effect of giving rambutan rind ethanol fraction on body weight and toxic symptoms in white rats. Methods: The test was carried out using the OECD 425 method in which there were three treatment groups, each consisting of 5 test animals that were given the preparation orally. Treatment 1 was only given 1% CMC Na for 14 days; treatment 2 was given the ethanol fraction of rambutan peel 400 mg/200 g BW which was observed every 30 minutes for 4 hours, then up to 48 hours, then every day for up to 14 days. If there is none, it is continued with treatment 3, which is given the ethanol fraction of rambutan peel 1000 mg/200 g BW for 14 days. Symptoms of acute animal toxicity were observed for 14 days in that treatment. Result: The results showed that the ethanol fraction of rambutan peel doses of 400 mg/200 g BW and 1000 mg/200 g BW had a significant effect (p=0.017) in increasing the body weight profile of white rats, and there were no signs of acute toxicity in each treatment group. Conclusion: The dose of the ethanol fraction of rambutan peel 400 mg/200 g BW is the best, with an increased body weight of 25.17%.

Assessment of Oral Acute Toxicity of Thai Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. Leaf Extracts in Wistar Rats

Southeast Asian nations, particularly Thailand, have long employed the leaf portions of Dendrophthoe pentandra as traditional medicines. However, there is no report on their safety assessment. This study sought to determine the acute toxicity of Dendrophthoe pentandra leaf extracts in male and female Wistar rats. The OECD 420 guidelines were followed in performing the acute toxicity investigation. The extracts were given orally to male and female Wistar rats once at doses of 5, 50, 300, and 2,000 mg/kg. Within 24 hr of dosing and up to 14 days following the tests, the acute toxicity symptoms and mortality rates were recorded. The body weights were measured in week 0, 1 and 2. At the end of the experiments, internal organ weights were recorded. Additionally, the blood biochemistry, liver and kidney histology, and hematological parameters were investigated. Body weight and relative organ weight were unaffected by any of the extract doses. All of the treatments cause the rats to gain weight. Rats given the extracts orally showed no changes in hematological parameters. All experimental groups' rat lipid profiles were comparable. Rats in all experimental groups had similar blood biochemical values. Additionally, liver and kidney tissues did not contain any signs of inflammation. There was no difference in the histology of liver and kidney in rats treated with the extracts. The results showed that Dendrophthoe pentandra leaf extracts were at the dose studied. It was advised to consume Dendrophthoe pentandra leaf extracts at dose of more than 2,000 mg/kg.

In vitro and in vivo acute toxicity of an artificial butter flavoring

ABSTRACT Flavorings used in cookies, electronic cigarettes, popcorn, and breads contain approximately 30 chemical compounds, which makes it difficult to determine and correlate signs and symptoms of acute, subacute or chronic toxicity. The aim of this study was to characterize a butter flavoring chemically and subsequently examine the in vitro and in vivo toxicological profile using cellular techniques, invertebrates, and lab mammals. For the first time, the ethyl butanoate was found as the main compound of a butter flavoring (97.75%) and 24 h-toxicity assay employing Artemia salina larvae revealed a linear effect and LC50 value of 14.7 (13.7–15.7) mg/ml (R2 = 0.9448). Previous reports about higher oral doses of ethyl butanoate were not found. Observational screening with doses between 150–1000 mg/kg by gavage displayed increased amount of defecation, palpebral ptosis, and grip strength reduction, predominantly at higher doses. The flavoring also produced clinical signs of toxicity and diazepam-like behavioral changes in mice, including loss of motor coordination, muscle relaxation, increase of locomotor activity and intestinal motility, and induction of diarrhea, with deaths occurring after 48 h exposure. This substance fits into category 3 of the Globally Harmonized System. Data demonstrated that butter flavoring altered the emotional state in Swiss mice and disrupted intestinal motility, which may be a result of neurochemical changes or direct lesions in the central/peripheral nervous systems.

Cyanide Poisoning.

Cyanide Poisoning.

Fasting Enhances the Acute Toxicity of Acrylonitrile in Mice via Induction of CYP2E1.

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) plays an essential role in the susceptibility to acute acrylonitrile (AN)-induced toxicity. Here, we investigated the toxicity and mechanism of AN in fasting mice and potential underlying mechanisms. Convulsions, loss of righting reflex, and death 4 h after AN treatment were observed and recorded for each group of mice. Relative to ad lib-fed mice, 48 h fasting significantly increased the acute toxicity of AN, as noted by a more rapid onset of convulsions and death. In addition, fasting significantly enhanced CYP2E1-mediated oxidative metabolism of AN, resulting in increased formation of CN- (one of the end-metabolites of AN). Moreover, fasting decreased hepatic GSH content, abrogating the detoxification of GSH. However, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE), a CYP2E1 inhibitor, altered the level of hepatic CYP2E1 activity in response to fasting, reduced the acute toxic symptoms of AN and the content of CN- in AN-treated mice. These data establish that fasting predisposes to AN toxicity, attributable to induced CYP2E1 and reduced hepatic GSH.

Phenolic compounds, in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the aqueous extracts from fresh and dry aerial parts of Brocchia cinerea (Vis.)

Aerial parts of Brocchia cinerea (Vis.) (Asteraceae family) are traditionally used for the treatment of pain, fever and inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the phenolic profile, the acute oral toxicity, and anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the aqueous extracts from fresh (FBC) and dry (DBC) aerial parts of Brocchia cinerea (Vis.). Phenolic profile from FBC and DBC was characterized by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic of both FBC and DBC were evaluated by carrageenan induced paw edema, acetic acid induced writhing and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in Wistar rats, respectively. The results achieved showed that thirteen phenolic compounds were detected in the aqueous extracts obtained from the aerial parts of FBC and DBC, highlighting a quite different quantitative profile. The FBC and DBC administrated orally at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly reduced edema, after 2 h of the injection of carrageenan (p < 0.001) with a percentage inhibition of 47.73% and 50.01% respectively. On the other hand the rats treated with DBC at the same dose significantly lowered the writhing induced by the injection of acetic acid (18.52 ± 0.38) with respect to the ones treated with FBC (20.47 ± 0.92). Moreover, a significant reduction in rectal temperature was observed in rats treated with FBC/DBC and at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Furthermore, no acute toxicity symptoms were observed on oral administration of all doses of both FBC and DBC in Wistar rats. The results of the present study indicate that the aerial part of Brocchia cinerea extracts exhibit strongly anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties and they can be potentially used in the treatment of inflammation, pain and fever.

Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicities of DA.AMLODEPON HVD hard capsule in experimental animals

Assessment of toxicities of DA.AMLODEPON HVD hard capsule on experimental animals. The acute toxicity of DA.AMLODEPON HVD was assessed on Swiss mice according to World Health Organization Guidance, and LD50 determination according to the method of Litchfield – Wilcoxon. The sub-chronic toxicity study of DA.AMLODEPON HVD at two doses (0.42 g/kg/day and 1.26g/kg/day) was conducted in rats for four consecutive weeks. After administration, general conditions and the body weight of rats were evaluated. Blood samples were collected for analyzing serum parameters before treatment (T0), second week (T1), and fourth week (T2). Histopathological analysis of livers and kidneys was observed at the end of the experiment. The results revealed that mice were taken up to a maximum dose of 39.15 g/kg with no symptoms of acute toxicity, LD50 of DA.AMLODEPON HVD has not been determined. The sub-chronic toxicity study at two doses did not change the body weight of rats, general conditions. The parameters for structures and functions of livers and kidneys and microscopic of the livers and kidneys are in a normal range during the study period.

Evaluation of the analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanol extract of Combretum bauchiense Hutch & Dalziel (Combretaceae) leaves

BackgroundMedicinal plants make up a vital component of therapeutics. The pharmacologic effect of medicinal plants can be said to be related to the nature of their phytochemical constituents or secondary metabolites. Combretum bauchiense is an African folk plant of the family Combretaceae. Over the years Species of the Combretaceae family has been associated with native us as antipyretic and analgesic substances. AimThis study aims to determine the phytochemical composition and evaluate the analgesic and anti-pyretic activity of the methanol extract of Combretum bauchiense (MECB) leaves. Materials and MethodsThe phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity study of MECB was done using standard procedures. The analgesic and antipyretic activity of MECB was investigated using two models each, with Morphine (10 mg/kg) as the standard reference drug for analgesic activity and Paracetamol (150 mg/kg) for antipyretic activity. The analgesic activity of the extract was evaluated using formalin induced pain and tail flick analgesic method and the antipyretic activity was evaluated using baker's yeast and turpentine induced pyrexia. The study was investigated at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Data was analyzed using One-way Anova followed by Tukey's Post-hoc test and P < 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, proteins, carbohydrates, glycosides and reducing sugars. No acute toxicity symptoms observed on oral administration of MECB at 5000 mg/kg which indicates the safety of the extract. There was significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pain response of 71.43, 77.92, and 84.41% for 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively for the formalin induced pain. For the tail flick test; 31.0, 56.05 and 48.31% increase in pain response time was observed at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. MECB also showed antipyretic activity of 4.87 and 7.42% in Baker's yeast induced antipyretic model at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. While there was significant (P < 0.05) antipyretic activity; 2.28, 4.29 and 5.13% in the turpentine induced antipyretic model at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract respectively. ConclusionThe study shows that the Methanol extract of Combretum bauchiense leaves possesses both analgesic and antipyretic properties and justifies it's use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and fever. These results also indicated a possible inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as the mechanism of antipyretic and analgesic activity of the extract.

Role of IL-6/STAT3 pathway in mediating the protective effect of agomelatine against methotrexate-induced lung/intestinal tissues damage in rats

Background Methotrexate (MTX), an anticancer drug, has been linked to multiple organ toxicity. The drug-induced acute toxic symptoms can negatively affect the patient’s commitment to the course of treatment. Materials and methods This study aimed to investigate the mitigating action of agomelatine (Ago) against MTX-induced lung and intestinal toxicity. Forty eight male Wister rats were randomized into six experimental groups: Group 1: Control; Groups 2 and 3: received Ago L&H (20/40 mg/kg, respectively by gavage); Group 4: received MTX 10 mg/kg/day, i.p. on days 7–9; Group 5: received Ago L (20 mg/kg) + MTX; Group 6: received Ago H (40 mg/kg) +MTX. The duration of the study was 10 days. Lung/intestine oxidative markers were measured. Lung/intestinal tissues IL-6, STAT3, and HO-1 levels were evaluated by ELISA. Besides, lung/intestinal tissues were examined for Histological changes, collagen fibers detection using Massonꞌs trichome stain, and immunohistochemical study using HSP70 antibody. Results MDA, NOx, IL-6, and STAT3 levels were significantly higher in the MTX group's lungs and intestines, indicating lung and intestinal toxicity. There were substantial decreases in GSH, SOD tissue levels, and HSP 70 immunoexpression, as well as histological changes suggesting significant lung and intestinal injury. All of the above parameters improved significantly by using Ago. Conclusion By reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, and modulating the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, Ago has potent ameliorative effects against MTX-induced lung/intestinal toxicities.

Phytochemical Identification of Magenta Leaf Extract (Peristrophe Bivalvis (L.) Merr) and Acute Toxicity Test on Male White Mice with LD50 Determination

Magenta leaves (Peristrophe bivalvis (L.) Merr) are used as natural dyes for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Apart from acting as decorations in food ingredients, Magenta leaves have many biological activities in the pharmaceutical field including treatment of blood diseases, anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipidemia, fungistatic and antibacterial properties. For the safety of the utilization of magenta leaves if used as a treatment, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the content of secondary metabolites and conduct acute toxicity tests of Magenta leaf extract in male white mice measured quantitatively with LD50. This type of research is experimental with a randomized post-test only control group design. Samples of 25 male white mice divided into 1 control group and 4 treatment groups, each consisting of 5 mice. The control group (P1) give a placebo, treatment group 2 (P2), 3 (P3), 4 (P4) and 5 (P5) were given a solution of Magenta leaf extract with successive doses with a dose of 1 g / KgBB, 2 g / KgBB, 4 g / KgBB and 8 g / KgBB. The test preparation was given orally with only one administration at the beginning of the study period. Extraction was carried out using 80% ethanol by maceration. Testing the content of secondary metabolites in Magenta leaf extract was carried out by tube reaction. After identification of secondary metabolites, the extract of the positive Magenta plant contains alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and tannins. The LD50 value of Magenta leaf extract is greater than 8 g / kgBB. Magenta leaf extract is a material that is practically non-toxic based on Loomis criteria (1978) and no significant clinical symptoms of acute toxicity were found in all experimental animals.

In Vivo Antimalarial Activity and Toxicity Study of Extracts of Tagetes erecta L. and Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. from the Asteraceae Family.

Objective To investigate the antimalarial effects and toxicity of the extracts of the flowers of Tagetes erecta L. and the leaves of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. in a mouse model. Methods To determine the in vivo antimalarial activity of the extracts, mice were intraperitoneally injected with the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain and then administered T. erecta or S. nodiflora extract daily for 4 days. Parasitemia was observed by light microscopy. For the detection of acute toxicity, the mice received a single dose of T. erecta or S. nodiflora extract and were observed for 14 days. Biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function and the histopathology of liver and kidney tissues of the acute toxicity group were then examined. Results T. erecta and S. nodiflora crude extracts at a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight significantly suppressed parasitemia in malaria-infected mice by 65.65% and 62.65%, respectively. Mice treated with 400 mg/kg T. erecta and S. nodiflora crude extracts showed 50.82% and 57.67% suppression, and mice treated with 200 mg/kg displayed 26.33% and 38.57% suppression, respectively. Additionally, no symptoms of acute toxicity were observed in the T. erecta- and S. nodiflora-treated groups. Moreover, no significant alterations in the biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function and no histological changes in the liver or kidney tissues were observed. Conclusions This study revealed that both T. erecta and S. nodiflora extracts have antimalarial properties in vivo with less toxic effects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of the active compounds from both plants.

Acute Toxicity of Oroxylum indicum Fruit Extracts in Rats

Background: The fruit parts of Oroxylum indicum have been used as local vegetables and folklore medicine among Southeast Asian people including Thailand. There is no report on their safety evaluation. Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of O. indicum fruit extracts in male and female rats. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity study was performed according to OECD guideline. The male and female Wistar rats were once and orally administered with the extracts at doses of 5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg. The acute toxicity symptoms and mortality rates were observed within 24 h after administrations and until 14 days of the experiments. Body weight was measured in weeks 0, 1, and 2. At the end of the experiment, internal organ weights were measured. Hematological values, blood biochemistry values, and histology of liver and kidney were also examined. Results: All doses of the extracts did not affect body weight and relative organ weight. The rats from all treatments tend to gain weight. Hematological values are not affected by oral administrations of the extracts to the rats. Lipid profiles in rats from all experimental groups were similar, except triglyceride which is increased (P < 0.05) in male rats while cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein were not changed. Blood biochemical values in rats from all experimental groups were similar, but alkaline phosphatase in male rats statistically increased (P < 0.05). In addition, the inflammation was not found in liver tissue. While the histology study found that there was fatty liver incidence in the male rats treated with 2000 mg/kg fruit extracts. No change in histopathology of kidney in rats treated with the extracts was found. Conclusion: These findings indicate that O. indicum fruit extracts caused hepatotoxicity in rats. Therefore, the dose less than 2000 mg/kg was recommended for consumption.