Acute Toxicity Of Diazinon Research Articles

Alteration of hepatocellular antioxidant gene expression pattern and biomarkers of oxidative damage in diazinon-induced acute toxicity in Wistar rat: A time-course mechanistic study.

In the present survey, the plasma level of diazinon after acute exposure was measured by HPLC method at a time-course manner. In addition, the impact of diazinon on the expression of the key genes responsible for hepatocellular antioxidative defense, including PON1, GPx and CAT were investigated. The increase in oxidative damages in treated rats was determined by measuring LPO, protein carbonyl content and total antioxidant power in plasma. After administration of 85 mg/kg diazinon in ten groups of male Wistar rats at different time points between 0-24 hours, the activity of AChE enzyme was inhibited to about 77.94 %. Significant increases in carbonyl groups and LPO after 0.75 and 1 hours were also observed while the plasma antioxidant power was significantly decreased. Despite the dramatic reduction of GPX and PON1 gene expression, CAT gene was significantly upregulated in mRNA level by 1.1 fold after 4 hours and 1.5-fold after 24 hours due to diazinon exposure, compared to control group. Furthermore, no significant changes in diazinon plasma levels were found after 4 hours in the treated rats. The limits of detection and quantification were 137.42 and 416.52 ng/mL, respectively. The average percentage recoveries from plasma were between 90.62 % and 95.72 %. In conclusion, acute exposure to diazinon increased oxidative stress markers in a time-dependent manner and the changes were consistent with effects on hepatic antioxidant gene expression pattern. The effect of diazinon even as a non-lethal dose was induced on the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. The change in antioxidant defense system occurs prior to diazinon plasma peak time. These results provide biochemical and molecular evidence supporting potential acute toxicity of diazinon and is beneficial in the evaluation of acute toxicity of other organophosphorus pesticides as well.

Acute toxicity of diazinon and its effects on hematological parameters in the Indian carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Diazinon is a commonly used pesticide and its existence in the fresh water reservoirs of Pakistan has been reported by some authors. A semistatic experiment was conducted to find out the acute toxicity of diazinon as an aquatic pollutant on some hematological parameters of Indian carp (Cirrhinus mrigala). The 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC50 values of diazinon for Indian carp were estimated as 17.32 mg/L, 15.39 mg/L, 12.64 mg/L, 10.98 mg/L, and 8.15 mg/L respectively. A significant increase in the number of dead fish was observed as the concentration of diazinon and exposure time increased (P < 0.05). The results after acute exposure to 8.15 mg/L of diazinon for 96 h showed that compared to the control fish, the total erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in exposed fish. The mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of both groups remained unchanged during the study. In conclusion, acute exposure to LC50 values of diazinon induced hematological alterations in Indian carp and offers a tool to evaluate toxicity derived alterations.

Failure of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion to Reduce Diazinon-induced Acute Toxicity: a Pilot Study in Rats.

Diazinon (DZN) is a synthetic organophosphorus (OPs) insecticide widely used in agricultural and household applications. OPs, particularly DZN, are highly lipid soluble liquids. Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) has been shown to reduce toxicity caused by some lipid soluble agents. We evaluated the antidote effect of ILE on acute toxicity of DZN. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley female rats weighting 200-250 g were treated orally with dose of 480 mg/ kg of DZN gavaged at the volume of 0.5 mL/kg. Thirty minutes after administration of DZN, two groups were treated by either ILE 10% (ILE10) or normal saline (NS) (16 mL/kg) (NS16) that were infused for the duration of 15 minutes. Another two groups were also treated by either ILE 20% (ILE20) or NS (10 mL/kg: NS10) as above. The changes in body weight, diarrhea score, muscular power, fasciculation, convulsions and mortality rate of the animals were all monitored immediately after infusions and then every 6 h up to 48 h. There was no significant difference in animals mean weight between different groups during the observation period. In addition, during the 48-hour observation we could not find any difference in muscular power and diarrhea score between groups of ILE20-NS10 and ILE10-NS16 in comparison with each other, and neither ILE 10% nor ILE %20 could not reduce mortality rate of animals or increase the survival time of rats. In conclusion, ILE seems to be unable to reverse DZN acute toxicity and it might be due to conversion of DZN to potent and less lipid soluble agent.

Protective effect of pomegranate seed oil against acute toxicity of diazinon in rat kidney.

Diazinon is an organophosphate which is extensively used in trade and agriculture. Due to its widespread application, its toxicity is common. Several studies have shown that organophosphates are able to induce oxidative stress by generating free radicals and depletion of endogenous antioxidants. Pomegranate seed oil (PSO) possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, the effect of PSO was evaluated on diazinon-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Wistar male rats were randomly divided into four groups, 6 each. Group one received saline, 1 mL/kg, group 2 received diazinon 100 mg/kg. Groups 3 and 4 received PSO, 0.32 and 0.64 mg/kg, one hour before diazinon 100 mg/kg respectively. After 24 h, animals were anesthetized. Blood samples were taken out by cardiac puncture for measuring the level of serum urea and creatinine. 24 h urine samples were also collected for measuring glucose and protein concentration. The right kidney was removed and homogenized for measuring malondialdehyde and thiol content Compare to control group, DIZ increased urea and serum creatinine, urinary glucose, and malondialdehyde, but did not modify significantly urinary protein and thiol content. In groups received PSO+ DIZ, serum creatinine, urinary glucose and MDA were significantly decreased. DIZ induced acute nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress. Probably, increasing of serum creatinine and urinary glucose are appropriate markers for diagnosis of kidney damage. In addition increasing of MDA level emphasizes that DIZ plays role in pathogenesis of kidney via oxidative stress mechanism. PSO reduced DIZ toxicity by antioxidant activity.

Role of acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase following exposure to nicosulfuron and diazinon in Helicoverpa zea

The acute toxicity of diazinon combined with the herbicide nicosulfuron was determined using the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. Nicosulfuron significantly increased toxicity of diazinon to H. zea compared to diazinon alone based on dip bioassays to evaluate acute contact toxicity. Diazinon, an organophosphorous insecticide, controls insects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly altered in corn earworms exposed to binary mixtures compared to those exposed to diazinon alone; however, the activity did not correspond consistently with toxicity. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), also known to be altered by organophosphorous insecticides, did not exhibit significant changes following exposures to diazinon, nicosulfuron, or binary mixtures. Our results suggest that nicosulfuron increases toxicity of diazinon but the mechanism of toxicity does not appear to be correlated with acetylcholinesterase or GST inhibition.

Metoclopramide protection of diazinon-induced toxicosis in chickens.

The efficacy of metoclopramide for preventing organophosphate insecticide-induced (diazinon) toxicosis was evaluated in 7~14 days old chicks. Injection of metoclopramide at 25 mg/kg, s.c. 15 min before diazinon increased the oral 24 h median lethal dose of the insecticide in the chicks by 80%. Metoclopramide alone inhibited the in vitro and in vivo plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities of the chicks. Metoclopramide pretreatment at 100 mg/kg, s.c. reduced the extent of cholinesterase inhibition that was caused by diazinon (10 mg/kg, p.o.) in the plasma and whole brain by 24% and 7%, respectively. Diazinon at 10 mg/kg, p.o. produced signs of cholinergic toxicosis in the chicks, and these signs included salivation, lacrimation, gasping and convulsions within 2 h, and the 2-h and 24-h lethalities were 88 and 100%, respectively. Metoclopramide at the dose rates of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, s.c. given 15 min before diazinon (10 mg/kg, p.o.) variably decreased the occurrence of toxic manifestations in the chicks. The highest dose of metoclopramide (200 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced the 2-h and 24-h lethality of diazinon to 75% each and it reduced the overall toxicity score of diazinon by 32%. The data suggest that metoclopramide pretreatment only partially protected chicks against the acute toxicity of diazinon.

Acute toxicity of diazinon on the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) embryos and larvae

In the present study, the toxic effects on the embryos and larvae of the common carp were used as a model to investigate the organophosphorus pesticide, diazinon, which contaminates aquatic ecosystems. Data obtained from the diazinon acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method. The control and six test experiments were repeated five times. The number of dead embryos significantly increased in response to diazinon concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg L −1 ( p < 0.05 for each case). The 48 h LC 50 value (with 95% confidence limits) of diazinon for common carp embryos was estimated at 0.999 (0.698–1.427) mg L −1. Dose–response decreases in hatching success were recorded as 84.60, 75.2, 54.1, 31.0, 6.0, and 0.0%, respectively ( p < 0.05). The number of dead larvae significantly increased with increasing diazinon concentrations exposed for 24–96 h ( p < 0.05). The 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC 50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of diazinon for common carp larvae were estimated at 3.688 (2.464–8.495), 2.903 (2.019–5.433), 2.358 (1.672–4.005), and 1.530 (1.009–3.948) mg L −1, respectively. There were significant differences in the LC 50 values obtained at different exposure times ( p < 0.05). The results of the study suggest that low levels (0.25 mg L −1) of diazinon in the aquatic environment may have a significant effect on the reproduction and development of carp.

Increased toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia in mixtures of atrazine and diazinon at environmentally realistic concentrations

The acute toxicity of diazinon in combination with atrazine concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/L was evaluated using Ceriodaphnia dubia. Atrazine concentrations as low as 5 μg/L in combination with diazinon significantly increased toxicity to C. dubia compared to diazinon alone. Atrazine and diazinon residues within water samples collected from 65 subbasins throughout Denton, Texas, USA were used to assess the environmental relevance of pesticide concentrations. A geographical information system was used to examine the relationship between subbasin land uses and pesticide concentrations. Significant correlations were observed between in situ atrazine and diazinon concentrations and some subbasin land uses. Atrazine was significantly ( P<0.05) correlated to diazinon during some months. Of the 276 samples collected, 39% exceeded our experimentally derived diazinon LC 50 value, and 39% exceeded our minimum atrazine concentration of 5.0 μg/L. Results indicate the potential for increased toxicity from mixtures of compounds at environmentally realistic concentrations.

Effects of dissolved humic materials on acute toxicity of some organic chemicals to aquatic organisms

The influence of dissolved humic materials (DHM) on the acute toxicity of diazinon, tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBP), 4-chloroanilin (4-CA) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was evaluated using the zebrafish ( Brachydanio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan) and waterflea ( Daphnia magna Straus). The 96-h LC 50 (zebrafish) and 48-h EC 50 values for four chemicals were determined in the presence of 0, 0.5, 5.0 and 50 TOC mg/l. The effects of DHM on the toxicity of four test chemicals to B. rerio were not observed in all of the DHM treatments. In the daphnid toxicity test, DHM significantly reduced the toxicity of diazinon and 4-CA, while no reduction of the toxicity of TBP and PCP was observed. These results indicate that the interaction between DHM and chemicals can alter the toxicity of some chemicals to D. magna.

Acute toxicity of diazinon is similar for eight stocks of bobwhite

AbstractNine‐week‐old bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) from eight different game farms were tested for their sensitivity to an acute oral exposure of technical‐grade diazinon (phosphorothioic acid O,O‐diethyl‐O‐[6‐methyl‐2‐(l‐methylethyl) ‐4‐pyrimidinyl]ester). Extraneous variables associated with interlaboratory differences in husbandry were eliminated by incubating eggs and rearing chicks to test age for all stocks simultaneously in the same facilities at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Under this single set of conditions, the responses of the eight stocks of bobwhite to diazinon were statistically inseparable, with LD50 values varying from 13 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 8–21 mg/kg) to 17 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 11–25 mg/kg). The pooled LD50 for the eight stocks was 14.7 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 13.1–16.5 mg/kg).

Toxicity response of Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859 (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) to some agricultural pesticides

Abstract. Hedayati A, Tarkhani R, Shadi A. 2012. Mortality response of Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859 (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) to some agricultural pesticides. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 6-10. This research was performed to determine and compare acute toxicity of diazinon and deltamethrin as potential dangerous organic pesticides to assess mortality effects of these chemicals to the freshwater guppy Poecilia reticulata. LC50 of 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h was attained by probit analysis by Finney’s and using the maximum-likelihood procedure (SPSS). The 24-96 h LC50 for the diazinon were 40.9±0.98, 33.2±0.84, 23.2±0.74 and 16.8±0.57 ppm respectively. The 24-96 h LC50 for the deltamethrin were 0.297±0.13, 0.236±0.16, 0.204±0.47 and 0.195±0.06 ppm respectively. In the present study, LC50 values indicated that deltamethrin was more toxic than diazinon to this species. LC50 values obtained in the present study were different from the corresponding values that have been published in the literature for other species of fish.

Toxicity of House Fly Larvae to Insecticides Administered as Single Oral Dosages to Chicks 12

The acute toxicity of Diazinon®( 0,0 -diethyl 0 -(2-isopropyl- 4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate), Dipterex® ( 0,0 - dimethyI2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate), Dow ET- 14 ( 0,0 -dimethyl 0-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl phosphorothioate), Dow ET-15 ( 0 -methyl 0 -(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)phosphoramido-thioate), malathion, and phenothiazine to 1-week-old chicks and thc toxic effect of the droppings from these treated chicks on 1- day-old house fly ( Musca domestica (L.)) larvae were investigated. The LD-50, 7 days after treatment, in terms of mg. of technical toxicant per kg. of chick weight follows: Dinzinon, 8.4; Dipterex, 65; malathion, 370; Dow ET-14, 890; and Dow BT-15, 1,180. Phenothiazine was nontoxic at the highest level that it was possible to feed accurately to the chicks (1,970 mg./kg.). The effect of treatment on chick weight gain was also studied. The degree of fecal toxicity to house fly larvae was directly related to the dosage of insecticide ingested by the chick and inversely related to the period of time after ingestion that the feces were voided. Feces collected daily from chicks fed nonlethal levels of insecticides caused greater than 90% mortality in house fly larvae for varying periods of time, as follows: malathion, 1 day; Dipterex, 2 days; Dow ET-14, g days; and Dow ET-15, 6 days. Feces from Diazinon- and phenothiazine-treated chicks caused relatively low mortality in the larvae.