Incidence Of Acute Respiratory Infections Research Articles

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infections in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) have a substantial impact on morbidity, healthcare utilization, and functional decline among older adults. Therefore, we systematically reviewed evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in preventing ARIs in older adults. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched until 1 February 2024. RCTs evaluating the use of vitamin D supplements to protect older adults from ARIs were included. Two reviewers independently screened papers, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Data were summarised as relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random effects meta-analyses were used to synthesise the results. GRADE was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. All the analysis were performed with Stata version 17. Twelve trials (41552 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. It showed that vitamin D supplementation probably does not reduce the incidence of ARIs (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.97-1.02, I2 = 0%; moderate certainty). No significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of ARI was observed for any of the subgroups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration, control treatments, dose frequency, study duration, and participants' condition. However, there was a possibility, although not statistically significant, that vitamin D may reduce the risk of ARI in patients with a baseline 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.79-1.04, I2 = 14.7%). Additionally, vitamin D supplements might result in little to no difference in death due to any cause, any adverse event, hypercalcinemia, and kidney stones. Vitamin D supplementation among older adults probably results in little to no difference in the incidence of ARIs. However, further evidence is needed, particularly for individuals with vitamin D deficiency and populations residing in low and middle income countries. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023451265).

Risk Factors for The Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Toddlers in The Working Area of Tarus Primary Health Center, Kupang District

AbstractIntroduction: ARI is an acute infection that attacks one or more parts of the respiratory tract, from the nose to the deep tissues of the lungs. The number of ARI in toddlers in the Tarus primary health center in 2020 was 1.352 people and in 2021 there was a decrease of 97 people recorded, in January 2022 to February 2023, the number of ARI in toddlers increased by 1.141 cases.Methods: This research used a case-control study design. The case group is toddlers who experience ARI events, while the control group is toddlers who do not experience ARI events. The total population of toddlers in the Tarus Primary Health Center for the period January 2022 to February 2023 was 5,370 toddlers with a case group population of 1,141 toddlers and a control group population of 4,229 toddlers. The sample obtained for the case group was 117 toddlers and for the control group was 117 toddlers with a total of 234 samples.Results: The results showed no significant relationship between age (p=1.000; OR=1.000), and gender (p=0.428; OR=0.738) with the incidence of ARI in toddlers. There was a significant relationship between immunization status (p=0.000; OR=25.143), exclusive breastfeeding history (p=0.000; OR=25.016), house occupancy density (p=0.000; OR=15.416), house ventilation (p=0.000; OR=9.079) and smoking habits of family members (p=0.000; OR=9.775) with the incidence of ARI in toddlers.Conclusion : The incidence of ARI in toddlers can occur due to several risk factors such as immunization status, exclusive breastfeeding history, house occupancy density, house ventilation, and smoking habits of family members

Descriptive Epidemiology of Pathogens Associated with Acute Respiratory Infection in a Community-Based Study of K-12 School Children (2015-2023).

School-based outbreaks often precede increased incidence of acute respiratory infections in the greater community. We conducted acute respiratory infection surveillance among children to elucidate commonly detected pathogens in school settings and their unique characteristics and epidemiological patterns. The ORegon CHild Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) is a longitudinal, laboratory-supported, school-based, acute respiratory illness (ARI) surveillance study designed to evaluate the utility of cause-specific student absenteeism monitoring for early detection of increased activity of influenza and other respiratory viruses in schools from kindergarten through 12th grade. Eligible participants with ARIs provided demographic, epidemiologic, and symptom data, along with a nasal swab or oropharyngeal specimen. Multipathogen testing using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on all specimens for 18 respiratory viruses and 2 atypical bacterial pathogens (Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae). Between 5 January 2015 and 9 June 2023, 3498 children participated. Pathogens were detected in 2455 of 3498 (70%) specimens. Rhinovirus/enteroviruses (36%) and influenza viruses A/B (35%) were most commonly identified in positive specimens. Rhinovirus/enteroviruses and parainfluenza viruses occurred early in the academic year, followed by seasonal coronaviruses, RSV, influenza viruses A/B, and human metapneumovirus. Since its emergence in 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was detected year-round and had a higher median age than the other pathogens. A better understanding of the etiologies, presentations, and patterns of pediatric acute respiratory infections can help inform medical and public health system responses.

Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of interferon alpha-2b ointment and gel for prevention of acute respiratory infections in organized groups

Relevance: the annual incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) is in the lead in the structure of infectious pathology in the Russian Federation. One of the main issues is the development of optimal strategies for prevention of these diseases in high-risk groups.Aim: to evaluate the preventive and clinical efficacy as well as safety of various dosage forms of interferon alpha-2b in relation to ARI in young adults from organized groups.Materials and methods: our study included 300 volunteers aged 18 to 20 years, 100 of them were prescribed interferon alpha-2b in the form of a gel in addition to non-specific methods for the prevention of ARVI, 100 participants received interferon alpha-2b in the form of an ointment, 100 participants did not receive antiviral drugs.Results: the use of interferon alpha-2b ointment for prevention of ARI in organized groups significantly reduced the number of people who had ARVI and cases of ARI during the observation period. Among those who used interferon alpha2b no pneumonias occurred, the duration of hospitalization was statistically significantly reduced compared to the group of volunteers who used only non-specific prophylaxis methods. Participants who received interferon alpha-2b ointment had ARVI mainly in a mild form. No adverse events that could be associated with the use of the study drug were recorded during the observation period.Conclusion: the use of interferon alpha-2b in the form of ointment showed preventive and clinical efficacy against ARI in young adults from organized groups.

The Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding and the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Children Under Five in Muna Regency Southeast Sulawesi Province

Backgrounds: Data obtained from the Muna District Health Service shows that there are still many toddlers affected by acute respiratory infections and each year this increases. In 2019 there were 3778 cases (23.7%), in 2020 there were 2500 cases (12.2%), while in 2021 there were 3868 cases (24.2%). The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between giving exclusive breast milk and the incidence of acute respiratory infections in toddlers in Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province.&#x0D; Methods: This type of research is quantitative observational using a Cross Sectional Study design. This research was carried out in July 2022. The research population was all toddlers in Muna Regency, totaling 3868 people and a sample of 97 people obtained using proportional simple random sampling. Data were processed using the chi-square test, closeness test and phi test.&#x0D; Results: The research results showed that the results of the chi-square test on the variable giving exclusive breast milk obtained a p value of 0.000. This shows that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, meaning that there is a moderate relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the eventAcute respiratory infectionsamong toddlers in Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a connection between giving exclusive breast milk and the incident Acute respiratory infectionsamong toddlers in Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. It is hoped that mothers can provide knowledge about the factors related to the occurrence of acute respiratory infections in toddlers.

Hubungan Lama Kerja dan Penggunaan APD terhadap Kejadian ISPA pada Pekerja PT. Cakra Indo Pratama (CIP) Site Bukit Asam Tanjung Enim

Background: Work duration of more than 5 years has a risk of experiencing symptoms of acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory infections are upper or lower tract diseases, usually infectious and cause various diseases that range from asymptomatic diseases or mild infections to severe and deadly diseases, the need for efforts for occupational safety in PT. CIP workers, Personal Protective Equipment is one of the last efforts for the company to protect its workforce from factors and potential hazards. The purpose of the study: To determine the relationship between length of work and the use of personal protective equipment to acute respiratory infections in PT. CIP field workers. Research Methods: Quantitative type research using analytical observations with a cross-sectional study approach. Results: research using Chi-Square found that the relationship between length of work with the incidence of acute respiratory infections obtained a p value = 0.391, between the use of personal protective equipment with the incidence of , acute respiratory infections obtained a p value = 0.001. Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between length of work and the incidence of acute respiratory infections, while there is a significant relationship between the use of personal protective equipment and the incidence of acute respiratory infections.

Determinants of the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) in Children Under Five at the Getengan Community Health Center, Tana Toraja Regency

Introduction: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) remain one of the main health problems among toddlers in Indonesia, including in Tana Toraja Regency. The objective of the study was to identify the determinants of the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) on Toddlers at Getengan Health Center Tana Toraja Regency.&#x0D; Methods: The study used a cross-sectional study research design. It was conducted in January 2024. The sample of the study consisted of mothers who had toddlers aged 1-5 years and visited the Getengan Health Center about 320 toddlers. The sampling technique was carried out by using purposive sampling. Data was collected through interviews using a previously validated questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis.&#x0D; Results: The results of the study showed that maternal knowledge of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), use of mosquito repellent, smoking habits in the family environment, and residential density were significant determinant factors related to the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) on toddlers at Getengan Community Health Center, Tana Toraja Regency.&#x0D; Conclusion: The implications of the study are the need to increase maternal knowledge of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), reduce excessive use of mosquito repellent, and promote an environment free of cigarette smoke and air pollution to reduce the risk of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) on toddlers in the region

Incidence of respiratory infections and SARS-CoV-2 is higher during contact phases in student rugby players – Lessons learnt from COVID-19 risk mitigation strategies–AWARE V

The incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARinf), including SARS-CoV-2, in unvaccinated student rugby players during phases from complete lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic to returning to competition is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of ARinf (including SARS-CoV-2) during non-contact and contact phases during the COVID-19 pandemic to evaluate risk mitigation strategies. In this retrospective cohort study, 319 top tier rugby players from 17 universities completed an online questionnaire. ARinf was reported during 4 phases over 14 months (April 2020–May 2021): phase 1 (individual training), phase 2 (non-contact team training), phase 3 (contact team training) and phase 4 (competition). Incidence (per 1 000 player days) and Incidence Ratio (IR) for ‘All ARinf’, and subgroups (SARS-CoV-2; ‘Other ARinf’) are reported. Selected factors associated with ARinf were also explored. The incidence of ‘All ARinf’ (0.31) was significantly higher for SARS-CoV-2 (0.23) vs. ‘Other ARinf’ (0.08) (p ​< ​0.01). The incidence of ‘All ARinf’ (IR ​= ​3.6; p ​< ​0.01) and SARS-CoV-2 (IR ​= ​4.2; p ​< ​0.01) infection was significantly higher during contact (phases 3 ​+ ​4) compared with non-contact (phases 1 ​+ ​2). Demographics, level of sport, co-morbidities, allergies, influenza vaccination, injuries and lifestyle habits were not associated with ARinf incidence. In student rugby, contact phases are associated with a 3–4 times higher incidence of ARinf/SARS-CoV-2 compared to non-contact phases. Infection risk mitigation strategies in the contact sport setting are important. Data from this study serve as a platform to which future research on incidence of ARinf in athletes within contact team sports, can be compared.

Off-Label Drug Use in Acute Respiration Infection Patient at Pangandaran Hospital, Pangandaran District, West Java - Indonesia

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are infectious diseases of the upper or lower respiratory tract that cause a spectrum of illnesses from mild to severe infections. ARI is one of the leading causes of death in children in developing countries. The high incidence of ARI in children results in the use of off-label drugs. Off-label medicine is the use of drugs outside the provisions of the license relating to dose, age, route of administration, contraindications. This study aims to determine the use of off-label drugs in children with a diagnosis of ARI at Pandega Pangandaran Hospital, Pangandaran District, West Java - Indonesia. This study was an observational study with a cross sectional design and data collection was done retrospectively using Chi-square data analysis with a significance level of 0.05. Of the 84 patients who fit the inclusion criteria, there was an off-label drug use of 16.01% with the categories of off-label age (11.16%), off-label dose (4.37%), and off-label indication (0.48%) while in the category of route of administration and contraindications no off-label drug use was found. The most common type of off-label drug used was cetirizine antihistamine. Based on the results, pharmacist’s supervision related to the risk of drug use is strongly recommended.

Exploring the link between particulate matter pollution and acute respiratory infection risk in children using generalized estimating equations analysis: a robust statistical approach

BackgroundIndia is facing a burdensome public health challenge due to air pollution, with a particularly high burden of acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children. To address this issue, our study aims to evaluate the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ARI incidence in young children in India.Materials and methodsOur study used PM2.5 data provided by the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group at Washington University to assess the association between PM2.5 exposure and ARI incidence in 223,375 children sampled from the 2019–2021 Demographic Health Survey in India. We employed the generalized estimating equation and reported odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and quartiles of PM2.5 exposure.ResultsEach 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 levels was associated with an increased odds of ARI (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.19–1.27). A change from the first quartile of PM2.5 (2.5–34.4 µg/m3) to the second quartile (34.5–51.5 µg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with a two-fold change (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.60–2.66) in the odds of developing ARI. Similarly, comparing the first quartile to the fourth quartile of PM2.5 exposure (78.3–128.9 µg/m3) resulted in an over four-fold increase in the odds of ARI (OR: 4.45, 95% CI: 3.37–5.87).ConclusionMitigation efforts must be continued implementing higher restrictions in India and to bring new interventions to ensure safe levels of air for reducing the burden of disease and mortality associated with air pollution in India.

The Relationship of Residential Density and Smoking Habits with The Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (Ari) In Toddlers in The Working Area at The Sausu Public Health Clinic, Parigi Moutong District, Central Sulawesi Province

ISPA is a respiratory tract disease that can cause mild to fatal infections due to environmental factors. ISPA in toddlers is caused by several factors including environmental factors, namely type of house, ventilation, type of floor, lighting, residential density, humidity, type of fuel and smoking habits. The aim of this research is to find out whether there is a relationship between population density and smoking habits with the incidence of ISPA in toddlers in the Sausu Community Health Center Working Area, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. Analytical with the aim of finding relationships between one variable and other variables. The population was 167 samples, 62 toddlers suffering from ISPA and not suffering from ISPA. There is no relationship between the density of house occupants and the incidence of ISPA with a P-Value ≥ 0.252 &gt; 0.05, so Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected. There is no relationship between home smoking habits and the incidence of ARI with a P-Value ≥ 1,000 &gt; 0.05, so Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected. Keep the home environment clean and do not smoke near children, inside the house. Because it will have an impact on the health of the toddler and the entire family.

Analysis of the Causes and Conditions for the Formation of a High Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in the Population of the Altai Krai (Part 1. Features of Long-Term and Intra-Annual Dynamics of ARI Incidence in 2011–2021)

Relevance. The Altai Krai (AK) is among the least prosperous subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI).Aim: to analyze the causes and conditions for the formation of a high incidence of ARI among the population of the Altai Krai based on an assessment of the long-term and intra-annual dynamics of the epidemic process in 2011–2021.Materials and methods. In the course of a retrospective epidemiological study according to the annual forms No. 2 of the state statistical observation (SOS) for 2011-2021 a comparative analysis of the incidence of ARI and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in various groups of the population of the AK, the Siberian federal district (SFD) and the population of the Russian Federation as a whole was carried out. Data for 2020–2021 («covid» period) was analyzed separately in comparison with the precovid period of 2011–2019. The intra-annual dynamics of the incidence of ARI and CAP in the AK were studied using the method of trend-seasonal decomposition according to the monthly forms No. 2 of the SOS.Results and discussion. It is established that in 2011–2021. the epidemic process of ARI in the AK was characterized by a higher level and rate of increase in the incidence of all population groups (adults and children, urban and rural) compared to the all-Russian and average for the Siberian Federal District; a higher proportion of children in the overall structure of ARI cases, despite the fact that the proportion of the child population did not exceed (or was even less) than in other regions; no decrease in the incidence of ARI in children in the period 2020–2021; the presence of a trend towards an increase in the incidence of ARI in both urban and rural residents in the pre-covid period; higher incidence in the rural population in 2011–2019 compared to the whole of the Russian Federation or the Siberian Federal District. A less pronounced role of the seasonal component in the registration of CAP was revealed, in comparison with ARI. In some years, an increase in the registration of CAP was observed in the spring-summer period. For 2020-2021 there was a close coincidence of the curves of the intra-annual dynamics of the registered incidence of ARI and COVID-19 among the general population, CAP and COVID-19.Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the need to study the possible impact of environmental factors, as well as the shortcomings of the etiological interpretation and differential diagnosis of some natural focal and zoonotic infections that occur with fever and respiratory symptoms on the formation of a high incidence of ARI in the Altai Territory.

Relationship Between Occupancy Density, Education, And Diet To The Incidence Of ARI Disease In Patients At The Medan Satria Public Health Center In Bekasi City In 2023

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Indonesia has increased with a prevalence of 1 million cases in 2018. West Java province occupies the 7th position with a percentage of 11.2% cases with the number continuing to grow. The high number of ARI cases is influenced by residential density, education, and a person's diet. This study aims to determine the relationship between residential density, education, and diet with the incidence of ARI at the Medan Satria Health Center, Bekasi City in 2023. This research method is quantitative using a cross-sectional approach. The subjects in this study were patients of Puskesmas Medan Satria Bekasi City, the sampling technique used was accidental sampling of as many as 100 respondents who were targeted. The data used are primary and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate with the chi-square test. Based on statistical tests, there are two variables that show a relationship, namely education with a p-value = 0.011 with OR = 3.122, diet with a p-value = 0.023 with OR = 0.340, while there is one variable that does not show a relationship, namely residential density with a p-value = 1.000 with the incidence of ARI at the Medan Satria Health Center, Bekasi City. It is expected that the Medan Satria Health Center will conduct health promotion on the risk factors that cause ARI by activating cadres to provide education to the community in the Medan Satria area. This aims to reduce ARI cases in the Medan Satria Health Center area

Factors associated with the incidence of ARI disease in children under five

Acute Respiratory Infections are a major health problem in children under five worldwide and the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections in children under five can cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in countries with limited health resources. This study aims to determine the relationship between smoking in the house and ventilation with the occurrence of ARI disease in children under five. The type of research used in research is this type of research analytical survey method with Cross cross-sectional approach. The analysis used in the p chi-square statistical test with a P value value of &gt;0.05 The statistical test obtained smoking variables with a value of p = 0.010 and ventilation P = 0.000. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between the presence of family members who smoke and ventilation in the house with the incidence of ARI disease in children under five. To protect children under five from the risk of ARI caused by secondhand smoke in the home, necessary measures include stopping smoking, smoking outdoors, and ensuring good ventilation inside the home

Exclusive breastfeeding and smoking behavior as determinants of ARI in toddlers

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, with ARI accounting for one-third of under-five deaths in low-income countries. One of the factors that influence the incidence of ARI in toddlers is the exclusive breastfeeding and smoking behavior of parents of toddlers and in the neighborhood. This study aims to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and smoking behavior with the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the working area of the Turikale Health Center, Maros Regency. This study used a type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional study design, with a population of 120 toddlers. Sampling was done using accidental sampling. The results showed that the variables of exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.003) and smoking behavior (p-value = 0.000) were associated with the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the Turikale Puskesmas Working Area, Maros Regency. It is expected for health workers to increase counseling related to exclusive breastfeeding and parents to keep toddlers away from smokers so they are not exposed to cigarette smoke

Risk analysis of temperature, humidity, ventilation, use of mosquito repellent, and smoking behaviour on the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Toddlers

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are commonly experienced by children, infants, and toddlers. This study analysed the relationship of several factors that cause the occurrence of ARI in Toddlers, namely temperature, humidity, exposure to cigarette smoke, and the use of mosquito repellent.&#x0D; This study used the meta-analysis method by doing a literature search and then finding the value of the effect size using JASP.&#x0D; The research with meta-analysis showed that the smoking behaviour of family members is the highest risk of ARI in toddlers with a value of PR=E1.57=4,572 (95% CI 1.28-1.77). Furthermore, ventilation is the second highest risk of ARI in toddlers, with PR=E1.36=3.896. Then the humidity condition with the value of PR=E1.31=3.706. Other variables, such as air temperature risk increasing the incidence of ARI up to 2,829 times, and mosquito coils that had an impact up to 2,293 times increased the risk of ARI in Toddlers.&#x0D; All variables can increase the risk of ARI in toddlers, with the three most potent variables being smoking behaviour, ventilation, and humidity. Other variables can still increase the risk of ARI in toddlers, but to a lesser extent

Комплексна оцінка постнатальних факторів ризику рекурентних респіраторних інфекцій у дітей дошкільного віку

Purpose - to determine the influence degree of particular postnatal risk factors to the likelihood of the recurrent course of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in preschool children. Materials and methods. Three hundred and fourteen children (176 boys and 138 girls) aged 1 to 6 years old, undergoing inpatient treatment on ARI, were involved in the clinical study. The number of ARI episodes during their previous year of life, as well as the presence or absence of 19 potential postnatal risk factors associated with recurrent respiratory infections (RRI), were taken into account for the examined children. Additionally, two integral indices of ARI recurrence, namely the infection index (InI) and resistance index (InR), were calculated. The statistical processing of the primary digital data obtained was performed by IBM SPSS Statistics 28 licensed program. A сross-tabulation method was applied to compute the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. The difference between the age subgroups of the examined preschool children in the ARI episodes number during their previous year of life was demonstrated (H=11.243; p=0.047). First of all, the higher incidence of ARI was detected among the patients aged 36 to 71 months compared with those aged 12 to 35 months. Besides, the weak but significant correlation was revealed between six stratified age subgroups of children and their clinical diagnoses (φc=0.183; p=0.006). The studied integral indicators of the recurrent course of ARI (InI and InR) are inversely correlated with the majority of the postnatal risk factors considered, with the degree of the relationship strength being higher for InR than for InI. Conclusions. The majority of the potential RRI risk factors registered, namely 10 out of 19, separately increase the probability of children belonging to the group with more frequent ARI episodes. The most significant risk factors of RRI were as follows: 1) breastfeeding for 0-4 months after birth (OR=2.868; p&lt;0.001; 95% CI: 1.681-4.895), 2) an older child in a family attending an organized childhood group (OR=2.814; p&lt;0.001; 95% CI: 1.662-4.763); 3) second-hand smoke exposure (OR=2.537; p&lt;0.001; 95% CI: 1.509-4.267). The prevalence of the studied RRI risk factors among the preschool children does not correlate with their significance in contributing to more frequent ARI episodes. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local ethics committees of the institutions mentioned in the paper. An informed parental consent was obtained for the study in children. No conflict of interests was declared by the author.

Correlation between Completeness of Basic Immunization and Other Factors with the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection in Toddlers

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a common disease that occurs in children under five. In developingcountries, the probability of the disease within an age group of toddlers estimated 29% cases perchild/year and in developed countries 5% cases per child / year. It shows that there are 156 millionnew cases per year in the world in which 151 million cases (96.7%) occur in developing countries.Episode cold on Toddlers in Indonesia estimated 2-3 times per year (Rudan et al Bulletin WHO 2008).This study aims to determine the correlation between the comprehensiveness of basic immunization andother factors in terms of ARI on toddler in Cipejeuh Wetan – Cirebon within January to October 2016.The factors that are examined include comprehensiveness of basic immunization, exclusivebreastfeeding, nutrition, smoking behavior in the home. The design study is cross-sectional. Samplingtechnique is cluster random sampling with the primary data source in 62 children under five yearsusing questionnaire. The analysis is Chi-square. The statistical test showed a significant correlationbetween ARI against nutrition (p=0.015), smoking behavior in the home (p=0.009).

Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian ISPA Pada Balita

Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) is a health problem that commonly affects children under five. Aspects that are susceptible to the incidence of ARI include education, knowledge, humidity and smoking habits. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the incidence of ARI in children under five years of age in the Working Area of UPTD Puskesmas Babelan 1 Bekasi Regency in 2023. Sample: The sample in this study were 40 cases and 40 controls. Methods: This study used a case control design with total sampling technique for the case group and purposive sampling technique for the control group. Results: The results of the chi-square test analysis showed maternal education (pvalue = 0.002), maternal knowledge (pvalue = 0.035), room air humidity (pvalue = 0.013) and smoking habits of family members (pvalue = 0.036). Conclusion: There is a relationship between maternal education (pvalue = 0.002), maternal knowledge (pvalue = 0.035), room air humidity (pvalue = 0.013) and smoking habits of family members (pvalue = 0.036) with the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the Working Area of UPTD Puskesmas Babelan 1 Bekasi Regency in 2023.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian ISPA pada Balita

Background: Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) is a health problem that commonly affects children under five. Aspects that are susceptible to the incidence of ARI include education, knowledge, humidity and smoking habits. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the incidence of ARI in children under five years of age in the Working Area of UPTD Puskesmas Babelan 1 Bekasi Regency in 2023. Sample: The sample in this study were 40 cases and 40 controls. Methods: This study used a case control design with total sampling technique for the case group and purposive sampling technique for the control group. Results: The results of the chi-square test analysis showed maternal education (pvalue = 0.002), maternal knowledge (pvalue = 0.035), room air humidity (pvalue = 0.013) and smoking habits of family members (pvalue = 0.036). Conclusion: There is a relationship between maternal education (pvalue = 0.002), maternal knowledge (pvalue = 0.035), room air humidity (pvalue = 0.013) and smoking habits of family members (pvalue = 0.036) with the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the Working Area of UPTD Puskesmas Babelan 1 Bekasi Regency in 2023.