Acute-phase Serum Research Articles

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution in Bangladeshi under-fives with community-acquired pneumonia pre-10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination

BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent causative pathogen of bacterial pneumonia in children worldwide. Bangladesh introduced the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in their national immunization program for infants in 2015. We assessed its potential coverage in under-fives with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the years before PCV10 was introduced.MethodsA total of 1502 childhood pneumonia cases (< 5 year olds living in the urban section Kamalapur, Dhaka) were enrolled between 2011 and 2013. Acute phase and late (convalescent) serum samples were collected from 1380 cases. Serotype-specific pneumococcal antibody concentrations were measured using a 25-plex immunoassay panel. Pneumococcal CAP was diagnosed based on a serotype-specific pneumococcal antibody response.ResultsS. pneumoniae was serologically identified as causative pathogen in 406/1380 (29%) cases. The five most prevalent serotypes were (in descending order) 11A, 22F, 3, 2 and 19F. Based on the percentage of pneumonia cases associated with PCV10 vaccine types, the potential PCV10 coverage was 29% (116/406).ConclusionsIn almost a third of the studied cases S. pneumoniae was identified as a causative pathogen. Because of the characteristics of the immunoassay, this might well be a gross underestimation. Nevertheless, the potential PCV10-coverage was low. Given the high serotype diversity, the region might benefit greatly from a higher-coverage PCV or recombinant protein vaccine.

Simultaneous Genotyping of Three SNVs, rs5471, rs5472, and rs2000999 Involved in Serum Haptoglobin Levels by Fluorescent Probe-Based Melting Curve Analysis.

Haptoglobin (Hp) is a hemoglobin-binding acute-phase serum protein. Several single nucleotide variations (SNVs) within the Hp gene (HP) or Hp-related protein gene (HPR), such as rs5471 (A>C) and rs5472 (A>G) in HP promoter region and rs2000999 (G>A) in intron 2 of HRP, are suggested to correlate with the serum Hp levels. To determine these three SNVs simultaneously, a genotyping assay based on duplex dual-labeled fluorescent probes was developed. The method was then validated by analyzing genomic DNA from 121 Ghanaian and two Japanese subjects who had been previously genotyped for rs5471, rs5472, and rs2000999. Both rs5471 and rs5472 could be determined as haplotypes with a single FAM-labeled fluorescent probe, and rs2000999 could be genotyped with a HEX-labeled fluorescent probe. The results obtained with the present method were consistent with the previous results except for those of three Ghanaian subjects. All three subjects appear to have multiple HPR copy number variants characteristic of African populations, which may have led to incorrect results during previous genotyping. This method allows us to genotype these three SNVs in a relatively large number of samples, especially in African populations where rs5471 is uniquely distributed.

The Initiating Effect of Acute-Phase Serum Amyloid A (A-SAA) on AKI

The Initiating Effect of Acute-Phase Serum Amyloid A (A-SAA) on AKI

The ASC inflammasome adapter governs SAA-derived protein aggregation in inflammatory amyloidosis

Extracellularly released molecular inflammasome assemblies -ASC specks- cross-seed Aβ amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. Here we show that ASC governs the extent of inflammation-induced amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, a systemic disease caused by the aggregation and peripheral deposition of the acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A (SAA) in chronic inflammatory conditions. Using super-resolution microscopy, we found that ASC colocalized tightly with SAA in human AA amyloidosis. Recombinant ASC specks accelerated SAA fibril formation and mass spectrometry after limited proteolysis showed that ASC interacts with SAA via its pyrin domain (PYD). In a murine model of inflammatory AA amyloidosis, splenic amyloid load was conspicuously decreased in Pycard−/− mice which lack ASC. Treatment with anti-ASCPYD antibodies decreased amyloid loads in wild-type mice suffering from AA amyloidosis. The prevalence of natural anti-ASC IgG (−logEC50 ≥ 2) in 19,334 hospital patients was <0.01%, suggesting that anti-ASC antibody treatment modalities would not be confounded by natural autoimmunity. These findings expand the role played by ASC and IL-1 independent inflammasome employments to extraneural proteinopathies and suggest that anti-ASC immunotherapy may contribute to resolving such diseases.

Cyclic Nitroxide 4-Methoxy-Tempo May Decrease Serum Amyloid A-Mediated Renal Fibrosis and Reorganise Collagen Networks in Aortic Plaque.

Acute-phase serum amyloid A (SAA) can disrupt vascular homeostasis and is elevated in subjects with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Cyclic nitroxides (e.g., Tempo) are a class of piperidines that inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation. This study examined whether 4-methoxy-Tempo (4-MetT) inhibits SAA-mediated vascular and renal dysfunction. Acetylcholine-mediated vascular relaxation and aortic guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels both diminished in the presence of SAA. 4-MetT dose-dependently restored vascular function with corresponding increases in cGMP. Next, male ApoE-deficient mice were administered a vehicle (control, 100 µL PBS) or recombinant SAA (100 µL, 120 µg/mL) ± 4-MetT (at 15 mg/kg body weight via i.p. injection) with the nitroxide administered before (prophylaxis) or after (therapeutic) SAA. Kidney and hearts were harvested at 4 or 16 weeks post SAA administration. Renal inflammation increased 4 weeks after SAA treatment, as judged by the upregulation of IFN-γ and concomitant increases in iNOS, p38MAPK, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities and increased renal fibrosis (Picrosirius red staining) in the same kidneys. Aortic root lesions assessed at 16 weeks revealed that SAA enhanced lesion size (vs. control; p < 0.05), with plaque presenting with a diffuse fibrous cap (compared to the corresponding aortic root from control and 4-MetT groups). The extent of renal dysfunction and aortic lesion size was largely unchanged in 4-MetT-supplemented mice, although renal fibrosis diminished at 16 weeks, and aortic lesions presented with redistributed collagen networks. These outcomes indicate that SAA stimulates renal dysfunction through promoting the IFN-γ-iNOS-p38MAPK axis, manifesting as renal damage and enhanced atherosclerotic lesions, while supplementation with 4-MetT only affected some of these pathological changes.

Serum Wnt3A levels are significantly associated with cross-sectional vasculitis activity and end-stage kidney disease during follow-up of patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.

In this study, we investigated whether serum Wnt3A levels at diagnosis reflected cross-sectional activity and predicted poor outcomes during follow-up in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). This study included 80 patients who were newly diagnosed with AAV at a tertiary hospital. At diagnosis, whole blood was obtained from patients and sera was immediately isolated and stored at -80℃. Moreover, AAV activity was assessed using the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS), and a high BVAS was defined as the highest tertile. Poor outcomes including all-cause mortality and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) were recorded. The patients had a median age of 63.5 years, with 40% being male and 60% female patients. Serum levels of Wnt3A at diagnosis were correlated with the cross-sectional BVAS and serum Wnt3A ≥411.7 pg/mL exhibited an increased risk of high BVAS. In addition, serum Wnt3A levels at diagnosis significantly correlated with cross-sectional acute-phase reactants and serum albumin levels. Furthermore, serum Wnt3A levels at diagnosis were associated with AAV exacerbation, leading to ESKD. Particularly, serum Wnt3A ≥407.1 pg/mL also demonstrated an elevated risk of ESKD (relative risk 3.867). Additionally, patients with serum Wnt3A ≥407.1 pg/mL exhibited a significantly lower cumulative ESKD-free survival rate than those with lower serum Wnt3A levels. This study is the first to demonstrate the clinical potential of serum Wnt3A levels at diagnosis for estimating cross-sectional activity and partially predicting the advancement to ESKD during follow-up in patients with AAV.

Establishment of a multisite umbrella cohort study protocol to describe the epidemiology and aetiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Latin America

IntroductionAcute undifferentiated febrile illnesses (AUFIs) impose a large burden in the tropics. Understanding of AUFI’s epidemiology is limited. Insufficient diagnostic capacity hinders the detection of outbreaks. The lack of interconnection...

Epidemiological, virological and clinical characterization of a Dengue/Zika outbreak in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica 2017-2018.

The increase in incidence and geographical expansion of viruses transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes, such as dengue (DENV) and zika (ZIKV) in the Americas, represents a burden for healthcare systems in tropical and subtropical regions. These and other under-detected arboviruses co-circulate in Costa Rica, adding additional complexity to their management due to their shared epidemiological behavior and similarity of symptoms in early stages. Since diagnostics of febrile illness is mostly based on clinical symptoms alone, we gathered acute-phase serum and urine from 399 samples of acute dengue-like cases from two healthcare facilities of Costa Rica, during an outbreak of arboviruses from July 2017 to May 2018, and tested them using molecular and serological methods. The analyses showed that of the clinically presumptive arbovirus cases that were reported, only 39.4% (n=153) of the samples were confirmed positive by RT-PCR to be DENV (DENV (10.3%), CHIKV (0.2%), ZIKV (27.3%), or mixed infections (1.5%). RT-PCR for other alphaviruses and flaviviruses, and PCR for Leptospira sp were negative. Furthermore, to assess flavivirus positivity in post-acute patients, the negative sera were tested against Dengue-IgM. 20% of sera were found positive, confounding even more the definitive number of cases, and emphasizing the need of several distinct diagnostic tools for accurate diagnostics. Molecular characterization of the prM and E genes from isolated viruses revealed that the American/Asian genotype of DENV-2 and the Asian lineage of ZIKV were circulating during this outbreak. Two different clades of DENV-2 American/Asian genotype were identified to co-circulate in the same region and a difference in the platelet and leukocyte count was noted between people infected with each clade, suggesting a putative distinct virulence. Our study sheds light on the necessity for healthcare strategies in managing arbovirus outbreaks, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive molecular and serological diagnostic approaches, as well as molecular characterization. This approach aids in enhancing our understanding of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of arboviral diseases during outbreaks. Our research highlights the need to strengthen training programs for health professionals and the need to increase research-based on laboratory evidence for diagnostic accuracy, guidance, development and implementation of public health interventions and epidemiological surveillance.

Neutrophil-activating secretome characterizes palbociclib-induced senescence of breast cancer cells

Senescent cells have a profound impact on the surrounding microenvironment through the secretion of numerous bioactive molecules and inflammatory factors. The induction of therapy-induced senescence by anticancer drugs is known, but how senescent tumor cells influence the tumor immune landscape, particularly neutrophil activity, is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the induction of cellular senescence in breast cancer cells and the subsequent immunomodulatory effects on neutrophils using the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib, which is approved for the treatment of breast cancer and is under intense investigation for additional malignancies. Our research demonstrates that palbociclib induces a reversible form of senescence endowed with an inflammatory secretome capable of recruiting and activating neutrophils, in part through the action of interleukin-8 and acute-phase serum amyloid A1. The activation of neutrophils is accompanied by the release of neutrophil extracellular trap and the phagocytic removal of senescent tumor cells. These findings may be relevant for the success of cancer therapy as neutrophils, and neutrophil-driven inflammation can differently affect tumor progression. Our results reveal that neutrophils, as already demonstrated for macrophages and natural killer cells, can be recruited and engaged by senescent tumor cells to participate in their clearance. Understanding the interplay between senescent cells and neutrophils may lead to innovative strategies to cope with chronic or tumor-associated inflammation.

Performance of eight commercial immunoassays for the detection of cytomegalovirus-specific IgM antibodies in pregnancy - no test fits all needs.

Detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies as first-line serologic diagnosis plays an important role in identifying CMV primary infection during pregnancy. The performance characteristics of eight commercially available CMV IgM assays were compared. Sensitivity and IgM antibody kinetics were assessed using 100 acute phase and follow-up sera from 39 pregnant women with a well-defined onset of CMV primary infection. Specificity was analyzed using 50 well-characterized serum samples from pregnant women not infected or latently infected with CMV and from patients with other acute infections. Until 12 weeks after the onset of primary infection, four assays showed sensitivities of 100%, whereas the others had individual gaps to detect all primary infections in this time period. All assays showed a time-dependent decrease of IgM levels. More than 12 weeks after the onset of infection, the IgM-positive rates varied considerably between tests. The specificity was between 92% and 98% in all but one assay. The observed differences in the performance characteristics must be taken into account in CMV screening and diagnosis of primary infection during pregnancy.

Diagnosis of human leptospirosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the Leptospira microscopic agglutination test, PCR targeting Lfb1, and IgM ELISA to Leptospira fainei serovar Hurstbridge

BackgroundLeptospirosis is an underdiagnosed infectious disease with non-specific clinical presentation that requires laboratory confirmation for diagnosis. The serologic reference standard remains the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) on paired serum samples. However, reported estimates of MAT’s sensitivity vary. We evaluated the accuracy of four index tests, MAT on paired samples as well as alternative standards for leptospirosis diagnosis: MAT on single acute-phase samples, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the target gene Lfb1, and ELISA IgM with Leptospira fainei serovar Hurstbridge as an antigen.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of studies reporting results of leptospirosis diagnostic tests. We searched eight electronic databases and selected studies that tested human blood samples and compared index tests with blood culture and/or PCR and/or MAT (comparator tests). For MAT selection criteria we defined a threshold for single acute-phase samples according to a national classification of leptospirosis endemicity. We used a Bayesian random-effect meta-analysis to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of MAT in single acute-phase and paired samples separately, and assessed risk of bias using the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy Approach- 2 (QUADAS-2) tool.ResultsFor the MAT accuracy evaluation, 15 studies were included, 11 with single acute-phase serum, and 12 with paired sera. Two included studies used PCR targeting the Lfb1 gene, and one included study used IgM ELISA with Leptospira fainei serovar Hurstbridge as antigen. For MAT in single acute-phase samples, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 14% (95% credible interval [CrI] 3–38%) and 86% (95% CrI 59–96%), respectively, and the predicted sensitivity and specificity were 14% (95% CrI 0–90%) and 86% (95% CrI 9–100%). Among paired MAT samples, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 68% (95% CrI 32–92%) and 75% (95% CrI 45–93%) respectively, and the predicted sensitivity and specificity were 69% (95% CrI 2–100%) and 75% (2–100%).ConclusionsBased on our analysis, the accuracy of MAT in paired samples was not high, but it remains the reference standard until a more accurate diagnostic test is developed. Future studies that include larger numbers of participants with paired samples will improve the certainty of accuracy estimates.

Detection of Chikungunya Virus RNA in Oral Fluid and Urine: An Alternative Approach to Diagnosis?

To evaluate whether oral fluids (OF) and urine can serve as alternative, non-invasive samples to diagnose chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection via RT-qPCR, we employed the same RNA extraction and RT-qPCR protocols on paired serum, OF and urine samples collected from 51 patients with chikungunya during the acute phase of the illness. Chikungunya patients were confirmed through RT-qPCR in acute-phase sera (N = 19), IgM seroconversion between acute- and convalescent-phase sera (N = 12), or IgM detection in acute-phase sera (N = 20). The controls included paired serum, OF and urine samples from patients with non-arbovirus acute febrile illness (N = 28) and RT-PCR-confirmed dengue (N = 16). Nine (47%) of the patients with positive RT-qPCR for CHIKV in sera and two (17%) of those with CHIKV infection confirmed solely via IgM seroconversion had OF positive for CHIKV in RT-qPCR. One (5%) patient with CHIKV infection confirmed via serum RT-qPCR was positive in the RT-qPCR performed on urine. None of the negative control group samples were positive. Although OF may serve as an alternative sample for diagnosing acute chikungunya in specific settings, a negative result cannot rule out an infection. Further research is needed to investigate whether OF and urine collected later in the disease course when serum becomes RT-qPCR-negative may be helpful in CHIKV diagnosis and surveillance, as well as to determine whether urine and OF pose any risk of CHIKV transmission.

Incongruence between confirmed and suspected clinical cases of Japanese encephalitis virus infection.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a notifiable infectious disease in China. Information on every case of JE is reported to the superior health administration department. However, reported cases include both laboratory-confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases. This study aimed to differentiate between clinical and laboratory-confirmed cases of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, and improve the accuracy of reported JE cases by analyzing the acute-phase serum and cerebrospinal fluid of all reported JE cases in the Sichuan province from 2012 to 2022. All acute-phase serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples of the reported JE cases were screened for IgM(ImmunoglobulinM)to JEV using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the detection of the viral genes of JEV and 9 other pathogens including enterovirus (EV), using reverse transcription PCR was attempted. Epidemiological analyses of JE and non-JE cases based on sex, age, onset time, and geographical distribution were also performed. From 2012 to 2022, 1558 JE cases were reported in the Sichuan province. The results of serological (JEV-specific IgM) and genetic testing for JEV showed that 81% (1262/1558) of the reported cases were confirmed as JEV infection cases (laboratory-confirmed cases). Among the 296 cases of non-JEV infection, 6 viruses were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in 62 cases, including EV and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), constituting 21% (62/296) of all non-JE cases. Among the 62 non-JEV infection cases with confirmed pathogens, infections with EV and EBV included 17 cases each, herpes simplex virus (HSV-1/2) included 14 cases, varicella- zoster virus included 6 cases, mumps virus included 2 cases, and human herpes viruses-6 included 1 case. Additionally, there were five cases involving mixed infections (two cases of EV/EBV, one case of HSV-1/HSV-2, one case of EBV/HSV-1, and one case of EV/herpes viruses-6). The remaining 234 cases were classified as unknown viral encephalitis cases. Our analysis indicated that those aged 0-15 y were the majority of the patients among the 1558 reported JE cases. However, the incidence of laboratory-confirmed JE cases in the >40 y age group has increased in recent years. The temporal distribution of laboratory-confirmed cases of JE revealed that the majority of cases occurred from May to September each year, with the highest incidence in August. The results of this study indicate that there is a certain discrepancy between clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases of JE. Each reported case should be based on laboratory detection results, which is of great importance in improving the accuracy of case diagnosis and reducing misreporting. Our results are not only important for addressing JE endemic to the Sichuan province, but also provide a valuable reference for the laboratory detection of various notifiable infectious diseases in China and other regions outside China.

Proteínas de fase aguda, perfis hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos de cadelas em diestro, mucometra e piometra

ABSTRACT Blood samples from 200 female dogs divided into 6 groups (diestrus, mucometra, pyometra) were evaluated, with the pyometra group categorized according to the ASA classification (American Society of Anesthesiologists), that is, from ASA II to V, totaling six groups. Aiming to analyze the acute phase proteins (APP), hematological and serum biochemical profiles of the female dogs in the study, establishing the differential diagnosis and prognosis according to the group. The SDS-PAGE method was used for protein fractionation, complete blood count using an automated hematological analyzer and histogram, biochemical tests performed using a semi-automatic spectrophotometer and measurement of serum concentrations of sodium and ionic calcium using the selective ion method. The results showed that female dogs with pyometra categorized in the ASA II to V classification revealed biochemical alterations between the study groups, as well as the acute phase proteins, presented variations according to the systemic involvement, degree of inflammatory response and ASA classification of the female dogs with pyometra, in which ceruloplasmin (p=0.07) and transferrin (p=0.07) did not show statistical significance, but showed an increase in their concentration according to the inflammatory evolution, albumin (p&lt;0.0001), IgGCP (p &lt;0.0001), haptoglobin (p&lt;0.0001), alpha acid glycoprotein (p&lt;0.0001), IgGCL (p&lt;0.0001) and the one identified by its atomic weight 23,000 Da (p=0.0031), enabling the assessment of the acute phase response and aiding in the early detection of the systemic inflammatory response and better therapeutic guidance for the patient.

American lobster (Homarus americanus) hepatopancreas transcriptome reveals the significance of chitin-related genes during impoundment shell disease

American lobsters ( Homarus americanus) stored in open tidal pounds can develop impoundment shell disease (ISD), resulting in decreased marketability of the lobsters on the live market. Little is known about ISD or the immunological responses of lobsters exhibiting this disease. The objective of this project was to identify genes from H. americanus hepatopancreas that are differentially expressed in response to ISD. Lobsters were separated into asymptomatic, moderately symptomatic, and severely symptomatic groups, which represent animals with 0%, 5%–20%, and &gt;20% lesion coverage of the carapace, respectively. RNA-seq analysis found that 134 genes were differentially expressed between groups (false discovery rate (FDR) &lt; 0.05). Most, 80, of these genes were found exclusively in the comparison between moderately symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. All animals clustered in their proposed groups based on the expression of the differently expressed genes (DEGs), and the asymptomatic group clustered as an out-group. The expression of most DEGs was higher in the asymptomatic group than the others, which could be related to a stronger response against the disease or differences in individual resistance against ISD development. Among these genes, we highlight eight chitin-related genes, one α-2-macroglobulin-like gene, one acute phase serum amyloid A gene, one pseudohaemocyanin gene, and one trypsin-1-like gene.

Deficiency of Acute-Phase Serum Amyloid A Exacerbates Sepsis-Induced Mortality and Lung Injury in Mice.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a family of proteins, the plasma levels of which may increase >1000-fold in acute inflammatory states. We investigated the role of SAA in sepsis using mice deficient in all three acute-phase SAA isoforms (SAA-TKO). SAA deficiency significantly increased mortality rates in the three experimental sepsis mouse models: cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), cecal slurry (CS) injection, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatments. SAA-TKO mice had exacerbated lung pathology compared to wild-type (WT) mice after CLP. A bulk RNA sequencing performed on lung tissues excised 24 h after CLP indicated significant enrichment in the expression of genes associated with chemokine production, chemokine and cytokine-mediated signaling, neutrophil chemotaxis, and neutrophil migration in SAA-TKO compared to WT mice. Consistently, myeloperoxidase activity and neutrophil counts were significantly increased in the lungs of septic SAA-TKO mice compared to WT mice. The in vitro treatment of HL-60, neutrophil-like cells, with SAA or SAA bound to a high-density lipoprotein (SAA-HDL), significantly decreased cellular transmigration through laminin-coated membranes compared to untreated cells. Thus, SAA potentially prevents neutrophil transmigration into injured lungs, thus reducing exacerbated tissue injury and mortality. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that endogenous SAA plays a protective role in sepsis, including ameliorating lung injury.

Characterization of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Cosmopolitan Genotype Circulating in Colombia.

Dengue virus (DENV) is the etiological agent of dengue fever (DF), which is among the most prevalent vector-borne diseases in the tropics. In 2022, the Colombian health surveillance system reported more than 69,000 cases of DF. As part of a hospital-based fever surveillance study, acute-phase sera were collected from 4,545 patients with suspected dengue between 2020 and 2023 in three municipalities of Colombia. Combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and antigen rapid testing confirmed that 376 patients (8.3%) had DF. The virus was isolated in cell culture from 166 of these patients (44.1%), and genome sequencing was performed successfully on 122 (73.5%). Three DENV serotypes (1, 2, and 3) were identified. Phylogenetic analyses of the DENV-2 sequences revealed that 42 of 50 of the isolates (84%) belonged to the DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype lineage, clustering with sequences from Asia, Peru, and Brazil. We report the detection, isolation, and whole-genome sequencing (11 Kb) of the DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype and its recent introduction to Colombia.

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Patients Exhibit Increased Levels of Lipocalin-2, Endothelin-1 and NT-proBNP.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute zoonotic disease caused by viruses of the Orthohantavirus genus. This syndrome is characterized by renal and cardiopulmonary implications detectable with different biomarkers. Here, we explored the role of serum and urine levels of lipocalin-2, endothelin-1 and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in HFRS pathology. A total of twenty-eight patients hospitalized due to a Puumala orthohantavirus infection were included, with serum and urine samples collected on patient admission (acute phase) and discharge (convalescent phase). In comparison to healthy individuals, patients exhibited significantly higher acute-phase serum and urine levels of lipocalin-2, serum levels of endothelin-1 and serum and urine levels of NT-proBNP. Patients in the convalescent phase showed a significant decrease in urine lipocalin-2, serum endothelin-1 and serum and urine NT-proBNP levels. We recorded a strong correlation between serum levels of lipocalin-2 and endothelin-1 and urine levels of lipocalin-2 with several kidney injury markers, such as serum creatinine, urea, urine white blood cell count and proteinuria. We also demonstrated an independent correlation of serum and urine lipocalin-2 levels with acute kidney injury in HFRS. All in all, our results show an involvement of NT-proBNP, lipocalin-2 and endothelin-1 in the renal and cardiac pathology of HFRS.

An outbreak of a novel lineage of dengue virus 2 in Vietnam in 2022.

In 2022, a large dengue outbreak was reported in Vietnam, where dengue was endemic. A total of 1889 acute-phase serum samples were collected from patients with suspected dengue at Vung Tau General Hospital, the core hospital in Vung Tau Province, southern Vietnam. Among the 1889 samples analyzed for laboratory confirmation of dengue virus (DENV) infection, 339 positive cases were identified, of which 130 were primary infections and 209 were secondary infections. DENV-2 was the dominant serotype in both primary and secondary infection groups. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the envelope protein-coding region revealed the emergence of a new DENV-2 lineage during this outbreak.

Soluble factors in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced myocarditis causes cardiomyoblast hypertrophy and cell injury: a case report

BackgroundInflammation affecting the heart and surrounding tissues is a clinical condition recently reported following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Assessing trends of these events related to immunization will improve vaccine safety surveillance and best practices for forthcoming vaccine campaigns. However, the causality is unknown, and the mechanisms associated with cardiac myocarditis are not understood.Case presentationAfter the first dose, we reported an mRNA vaccine-induced perimyocarditis in a young patient with a history of recurrent myocardial inflammation episodes and progressive loss of cardiac performance. We tested this possible inflammatory cytokine-mediated cardiotoxicity after vaccination in the acute phase (ten days), and we found a significant elevation of MCP-1, IL-18, and IL-8 inflammatory mediators. Still, these cytokines decreased considerably at the recovery phase (42 days later). We used the cardiomyoblasts cell line to test the effect of serum on cell viability, observing that serum from the acute phase reduced the cell viability to 75%. We did not detect this toxicity in cells when we tested serum from the patient in the recovery phase. We also tested serum-induced hypertrophy, a phenomenon in myocarditis and heart failure. We found that acute phase-serum has hypertrophy effects, increasing 25% of the treated cardiac cells’ surface and significantly increasing B-type natriuretic peptide. However, we did not observe the hypertrophic effect in the recovery phase or sera from healthy controls.ConclusionOur results opened the possibility of the inflammatory cytokines or serum soluble mediators as key factors for vaccine-associated myocarditis. In this regard, identifying anti-inflammatory molecules that reduce inflammatory cytokines could help avoid vaccine-induced myocardial inflammation.