Acute Pancreatitis In Children Research Articles

Acute Pancreatitis in Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review.

Background/Objectives: Sickle cell disease (SCD) impacts about 100,000 people in the US. SCD increases the risk of cholelithiasis and microvascular ischemia, which could increase the risk of acute pancreatitis (AP). Abdominal pain is a common presenting symptom of AP and sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis. The purpose of our systematic review is to estimate the prevalence and determine the severity of AP in individuals with SCD compared to the general population. Methods: Multiple electronic databases were searched. We included studies that included children and adults (population) and addressed the association of SCD (exposure) with AP (outcome) compared to the same population without SCD (control). Two authors screened titles and abstracts independently, and data were abstracted in duplication from included studies. We registered this protocol in PROSPERO-CRD42023422397. Results: Out of 296 studies screened from multiple electronic databases, we identified 33 studies. These studies included 17 case reports, one case series, and 15 retrospective cohort studies, and 18 studies included children. Eight of the AP case reports were in patients with HbSS genotype, two with sickle beta thalassemia, and one with HbSoArab, and in six case reports, a genotype was not specified. Complications were reported in 11 cases-respiratory complication (in at least four cases), splenic complications (three cases), pancreatic pseudocyst (two cases) and death from AP (one case). Of the four AP cases in the case series, three had HbSS genotype, and two cases had complications and severe pancreatitis. AP prevalence in SCD was estimated to be 2% and 7% in two retrospective studies, but they lacked a comparison group. In retrospective studies that evaluated the etiology of AP in children, biliary disease caused mostly by SCD was present in approximately 12% and 34%, respectively. Conclusions: Data on the prevalence of AP in individuals with SCD are limited. Prospectively designed studies aiming to proactively evaluate AP in individuals with SCD who present with abdominal pain are needed to improve timely diagnosis of AP in SCD and outcomes.

Nutritional parameters following first episode of pediatric acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) carries the risk of subsequent nutritional deficiencies. The prevalence of these deficiencies following a single episode of AP in children is unknown. We aimed to determine prevalence of anthropometric and laboratory-based measures of nutritional status in children following their first (index) admission for AP. Prospective observational cohort study of patients ≤21 years of age with first episode of confirmed AP. Anthropometric and laboratory values were obtained at time of AP onset and at follow up time points of 3 and 12 months (m) post AP. AP attack was classified as either: mild, moderately severe or severe (which were combined in one group (SAP)). 181 patients met criteria and were followed prospectively with 52% male, a median age of 13.7 years (IQR 9.4-16.0) and median Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-score of 0.6 (IQR -0.5, 1.6). Most patients had mild AP (140, 77%), with 23% meeting criteria for moderate or severe (41/181). 6 (3%) had diabetes mellitus (DM) predating AP and were excluded from further analysis. BMI Z-score remained stable during the follow up period. 13% of patients developed pre-DM or DM at 3m or 12m. Nearly one third of patients had low ferritin at 3m (29%) or 12m (29%). At 12m, 8% of patients had Vitamin A deficiency. 6% of patients had low Vitamin E levels at 3m and 5% at 12m. Over half of patients at both 3m and 12m had 25 OH Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency (56% and 56%). Prolonged International Normalized Ratio (INR) (>1.3) was seen in 9% of patients at 12m. Very low albumin (<3.5g/dL) was found in 24% of patients at 3m and 18% at 12m (Table1). Patients with very low albumin at 3m were younger (median 10.7 vs. 14.2 years, p=0.04), however sex, BMI Z-score and AP severity were not associated with albumin level. Although BMI Z-score did not differ between the groups, those with SAP had a significant decrease in BMI Z-score from first attack compared to mild AP at 3m (-0.4 vs. 0.0, p=0.0002, Figure2). At 3m, Vitamin E deficiency in SAP versus mild AP was found in 20% vs 2% (p=0.04) and SAP had a lower median hematocrit (35.8 vs. 37.6, p=0.046). There were no other laboratory significant differences at 3m in mild versus SAP groups. At 12m, those with SAP were more likely to have pre-DM or DM compared to mild AP (31% vs. 7%, p=0.002). No other significant laboratory differences occurred at 12m. After the first AP attack patients experience nutritional deficiencies, including ferritin, all fat-soluble vitamins, and low albumin. SAP is associated with a decrease in BMI Z-score, increased prevalence of vitamin E deficiency at 3m, and an increase in pre-diabetes and diabetes at 12m. Serial monitoring of vitamin and mineral values post AP is warranted and further prospective studies are needed.

Acute pancreatitis in children with inflammatory bowel disease: Risk factors, clinical course, and prognosis.

To characterize the clinical course of acute pancreatitis (AP) in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients compared to children with AP without IBD and to identify risk factors associated with AP among IBD patients. This retrospective, single-center study compared clinical characteristics of children (<19 years) with AP with and without concomitant IBD who were hospitalized 2005-2019. We also conducted a risk factor analysis of AP development in pediatric IBD. Sixty-eight (54% males) patients with 120 episodes of AP were admitted at a median age of 15.3 years. Thirteen patients (14 episodes) had a co-diagnosis of IBD, representing 4% of our IBD patient population. The AP-IBD patients presented with lower amylase levels compared to the non-IBD patients (160 [interquartile range, IQR: 83-231] vs. 418 [IQR: 176-874] U/L, p > 0.01), all had a mild pancreatitis, and none required invasive intervention. The presumed etiology for AP in all IBD patients was IBD-related: IBD flare-up in five, side effects of medications in two, and undetermined in seven. The only risk factor for AP development among IBD patients was IBD-associated arthritis (23% vs. 3% for IBD-non-AP, p = 0.04), while extracolonic Crohn's disease and induction therapy with nutrition were negative risk factors (15% vs. 51%, p = 0.05, and 8% vs. 44%, p = 0.04, respectively). Other parameters, including disease type and medications, were nonsignificant. The clinical course of AP in pediatric IBD patients is mild. Only IBD-associated arthritis emerged as a risk factor for the development of AP, while, unexpectedly, IBD medication did not.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of 227 children with acute pancreatitis

To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) in children, and provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of AP in children. Based on the electronic medical record system of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, the clinical data of children with AP in the hospital from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the severity of the disease, the children were divided into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) group and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) group. The general data, laboratory tests and outcomes indicators of the two groups were collected and compared. The epidemiological characteristics of children with AP were analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of SAP in children. A total of 227 children with AP were enrolled, including 161 in MAP group and 66 in SAP group. The median age of children with AP was 12.00 (8.00, 16.00) years old, and 126 cases (55.51%) were male. The main initial clinical symptoms were abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and abdominal distension (97.36%, 61.67% and 14.10%, respectively), 21 cases (9.25%) were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), and 4 cases (1.76%) died in hospital due to sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction or traumatic shock. The epidemiological characteristics showed that the first onset age of AP was mainly 7-17 years old (85.02%); the main etiologies were biliary tract disease (29.96%), viral infection (29.07%) and idiopathic factors (19.82%). From 2011 to 2020, the number of children with AP showed a fluctuating trend, and from 2018 to 2020, the number of children with AP increased for three consecutive years. Compared with MAP group, the age of SAP group was significantly older, the proportion of female, the proportion of rural source, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), body mass index (BMI), and the levels of white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), hospitalization expenses, the proportion of AP caused by traumatic factors and drug factors in SAP group were significantly higher (all P < 0.05). The level of blood calcium and the proportion of AP caused by virus infection were significantly lower, and the length of hospital stay in SAP group was significantly longer (all P < 0.05). The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that APACHE II score [odds ratio (OR) = 1.495, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.293-1.728] and age (OR = 1.352, 95%CI was 1.182-1.546) were closely related to SAP in children (all P < 0.001). Children with AP mostly occurs in preschool and adolescence, and the overall mortality is relatively low; biliary tract disease, viral infection and idiopathic factors are common causes; APACHE II score and age may be risk factors for SAP in children.

The Role of Pancreatitis Risk Genes in Endocrine Insufficiency Development After Acute Pancreatitis in Children

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to study the association of pancreatitis genes with pancreatic endocrine insufficiency (pre-DM and DM) development post AP in children. This was an observational cohort study that enrolled subjects ≤21 years with their first episode of AP and followed them for 12 months for the development of pancreatic endocrine insufficiency. Pancreatitis risk genes (CASR, CEL, CFTR, CLDN2, CPA1, CTRC, PRSS1, SBDS, SPINK1, and UBR1) were sequenced. A genetic risk score was derived from all genes with univariable p<0.15 RESULTS: A total 120 subjects with AP were genotyped. Sixty-three subjects (52.5%) had at least 1 reportable variant identified. For modeling the development of pancreatic endocrine insufficiency at one year, 6 were excluded (2 with DM at baseline, 3 with total pancreatectomy, and 1 death).. From this group of 114, 95 remained normoglycemic and 19 (17%) developed endocrine insufficiency (4 DM, 15 pre-DM). Severe AP (58% vs 20%; p=0.001) and at least one gene affected (79% vs 47%, p=0.01) were enriched among the endocrine insufficient group. Those with versus without endocrine insufficiency were similar in age, sex, race, ethnicity, body mass index, and AP recurrence. A model for pre-DM/DM development included AP severity (OR=5.17 [1.66, 16.15], p=0.005) and genetic risk score (OR=4.89 [1.83, 13.08], p=0.002) and had an AUC of 0.74. In this cohort of children with AP, pancreatitis risk genes and AP disease severity were associated with pre-DM or DM development post AP.

Development of a CT-based radiomics-clinical model to diagnose acute pancreatitis on nonobvious findings on CT in children with pancreaticobiliary maljunction.

Since neither abdominal pain nor pancreatic enzyme elevation is specific for acute pancreatitis (AP), the diagnosis of AP in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) may be challenging when the pancreas appears normal or nonobvious on CT. This study aimed to develop a quantitative radiomics-based nomogram of pancreatic CT for identifying AP in children with PBM who have nonobvious findings on CT. PBM patients with a diagnosis of AP evaluated at the Children's Hospital of Soochow University from June 2015 to October 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The radiological features and clinical factors associated with AP were evaluated. Based on the selected variables, multivariate logistic regression was used to construct clinical, radiomics, and combined models. Two clinical parameters and 6 radiomics characteristics were chosen based on their significant association with AP, as demonstrated in the training (area under curve [AUC]: 0.767, 0.892) and validation (AUC: 0.757, 0.836) datasets. The radiomics-clinical nomogram demonstrated superior performance in both the training (AUC, 0.938) and validation (AUC, 0.864) datasets, exhibiting satisfactory calibration (P > .05). Our radiomics-based nomogram is an accurate, noninvasive diagnostic technique that can identify AP in children with PBM even when CT presentation is not obvious. This study extracted imaging features of nonobvious pancreatitis. Then it developed and evaluated a combined model with these features.

Assessment of Severity of Acute Pancreatitis in Children: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Score

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prompt inflammatory process of the pancreas and it may be ranged from mild to severe pancreatitis with variable involvement of regional tissues and remote organ systems. Though there are many scoring systems for adults but scarce of scoring system for assessing the severity of acute pancreatitis among paediatric cases increase their suffering. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) can be useful for assessing the severity of acute pancreatitis in children. It is reported that SIRS has good sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. The aim of this study was to assess the severity of acute pancreatitis in paediatric cases from the scores of SIRS. This cross-sectional descriptive study was coducted in the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh for a period of 1.5 years from May 2019 to October 2020. A total of 25 children with acute pancreatitis were selected purposively and SIRS was evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of SIRS was calculated. Out of 25 acute pancreatitis children, 18 (mean age, 10.27±4.0 years) were diagnosed as mild AP and 7 (mean age, 10.54 ±4.0 years) as severe AP. Fourteen (56.0%) children were male and less than half 11 (44%) of children had pallor and most of them 23 (92%) had abdominal tenderness. There was no statistically significant difference between mild and severe AP in terms of serum lipase, amylase, BUN and CRP (p &gt; 0.05). SIRS score was ≥2 in 7 (100%) severe AP patients and score was ≥2 in 4 (22.2%) mild AP patients and it was statistically significant (p=0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of SIRS score in predicting severe acute pancreatitis was 100%, 77.8%, 63.6%, 100% and 84% respectively. This study finds that SIRS score can effectively assess the severity of acute pancreatitis in the paediatric age group. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) score at admission can be used to assess the severity of acute pancreatitis. Bangladesh Med J. 2022 Sept; 51(3): 10-17

Review of acute pancreatitis in children in India.

In the last two decades, the incidence of a cute pancreatitis (AP) in children has increased. Knowing different aspects of this condition like incidence, etiology, and severity is essential for the prevention and management of AP. There is a paucity of well-defined research in India on this topic. Hence, this review was done to evaluate the incidence, etiology, complications, and outcome of a cute pancreatitis. The key findings can aid the pediatrician to be aware of the epidemiology and etiology, which would help in the early diagnosis and treatment to decrease the morbidity and mortality. We have conducted an independent search in PubMed and Google Scholar and analyzed articles by Indian authors on this issue from 1990 onwards. The range of incidence of acute pancreatitis is12-20 cases per year and idiopathic is the most common cause ranging from 21 to 82.25%. Necrotizing pancreatitis (2.5-22.5%) is the most common complication which is high compared to Western countries and the mortality rate is in the range of 1.6% to 3.6%. This highlights the findings of researches in India regarding the epidemiology, etiology, complication, and mortality rate of pediatric acute pancreatitis; the incidence of which has increased considerably over the past few decades.

Acute pancreatitis in childhood - a comparative international study and tale of two cities.

To compare factor(s) contributing to aetiology, management and clinical outcome(s) of paediatric patients acquiring acute pancreatitis (AP) at two major university paediatric surgical centres in Liverpool and Bangkok. All patients (<18 years) with an index diagnosis of AP (ICD 10 coding) during 2006-2016 were studied. 121 patients included n = 79 (65.3%) in Thailand versus n = 42 (34.7%) in the UK centre with no difference(s) in age at diagnosis at 10.4 ± 4.5 and 11.7 ± 6 years. (P = 0.12). Major AP aetiology(s) in Thailand were medications (39.2%) and choledochal cysts (8.9%). In the UK-gallstone disease (21.4%), and medications (16.7%) were leading factors (P < 0.01). Ultrasonography was deployed more frequently in the UK versus Thai centre (74.3% vs. 49.1%; P < 0.01). Pancreatitis was confirmed by imaging in 67.9% (Thai) and 62.9% (UK) patients (P = 0.47). Most patients at both centres had a mild-grade pancreatitis illness (95% Thai vs. 90.5% UK; P = 0.28) while 12.7% of Thai and 19% of UK children developed pancreatitis-related complication (P = 0.37). Overall mortality rate (%) was significantly higher in the Thai versus UK centre (27.8% vs. 9.5%; P = 0.02). Aetiology of acute pancreatitis appears to vary between UK and Thailand children. Timely early diagnosis and healthcare pathways may be driven by local patient-related factor(s). The higher mortality (%) observed in Thailand versus UK in this comparative study was linked to underlying co-existent chronic medical condition(s) in vulnerable patient cohorts.

Acute pancreatitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute pancreatitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Delayed diagnosis of duodenal duplication cyst in a child with recurrent pancreatitis operated by Whipple procedure: a case report.

The authors present the case of a 12-year-old Arab male who was admitted to our hospital with worsening, severe epigastric pain, stabbing in nature, and radiating to the back, suggestive of acute pancreatitis. Serum lipase levels were significantly elevated. The patient received appropriate care. His medical history is notable for multiple bouts of pancreatitis in the last 18 months. Previous investigations at other hospitals were mostly unrevealing. A more extensive workup was performed, revealing a duodenal cystic structure. This led to the diagnosis of a duodenal duplication cyst. The Whipple procedure was decided upon due to his recurrent pancreatitis, which caused fibrotic adhesions and anatomic region distortion. The patient underwent surgery and recovered uneventfully. Acute pancreatitis in children is frequent and can be caused by unrecognized duodenal duplication cysts. When symptomatic, the majority present with vague abdominal pain. Despite using ultrasound as an adjunctive for diagnosis, the cyst might not become apparent until the condition has progressed to an advanced stage. A delayed diagnosis may result in complications necessitating risky surgeries. Children with recurrent pancreatitis should be evaluated for a duodenal duplication cyst. Early use of computed tomography scans may be necessary to identify the cause and spare the patient from risky procedures like Whipple surgery.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided cystogastrostomy in the treatment of the complicated form of acute pancreatitis in children

Acute pancreatitis is relatively rare in children, with approximately 313 cases per 100,000 populations annually, and complicated forms are three times less common than those in adults. However, recently, the number of acute pancreatitis cases in children has increased, which entails a relatively higher incidence of complicated acute pancreatitis, including parapancreatic acute fluid accumulation, and determines the relevance of this problem for pediatric surgeons.&#x0D; In this study, using two sample observations, parapancreatic pseudocyst puncture under ultrasound and X-ray control was presented, a conductor string was introduced into the cavity of the pseudocyst, and further stenting of this anastomosis was performed with two plastic double-pigtail stents. In the first case, a 12-year-old boy underwent surgery for idiopathic pancreatitis and acute parapancreatic fluid accumulation in the pancreatic tail. In the second case, a 10-year-old girl presented with a parapancreatic pseudocyst, which was caused by drug-induced pancreatitis (a complication of the long-term use of valproic acid, an antiepileptic drug). Both children underwent surgery using this technique. Antisecretory therapy was performed postoperatively. In the catamnesis after 1 year and 6 months, the children had no complaints, and ultrasound and X-ray studies did not reveal any pathology. Endoscopic cystogastrostomy under ultrasound guidance is widely performed in complicated pancreatitis in adults. These observations show its effectiveness in pediatric practice. However, the relatively short observation period of treatment results requires additional research on a much larger number of cases and outcomes of these surgical interventions in children.

Nutrition therapy in children with pancreatic trauma in pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Introduction. Pancreatic injury is a leading cause of acute pancreatitis in children. The prescribed conservative therapy (nutrition therapy) excludes the pancreas from the process of digestion.Purpose. The aim of the study was to find an optimal algorithm of nutrition therapy for patients with pancreatic injury in a pediatric intensive care unit.Material and methods. Nutrition therapy protocols applied in 20 children with pancreatic injury were analyzed.Results. In pancreatic injury, the enteral feeding via an intestinal tube seems to be the most preferable nutrition strategy; in case of necessity, it can be combined with parenteral nutrition. The nutrition therapy program should be designed using objective techniques for assessing energy and protein needs.Conclusion. All patients with pancreatic injury should receive the enteral feeding via an intestinal tube since the first day of their stay in the hospital.

Prediction of post-operative acute pancreatitis in children with pancreaticobiliary maljunction using machine learning model

This study aimed to develop a prediction model to identify risk factors for post-operative acute pancreatitis (POAP) in children with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) by pre-operative analysis of patient variables. Logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models were established using the prospectively collected databases of patients with PBM undergoing surgery which was reviewed in the period comprised between August 2015 and August 2022, at the Children's Hospital of Soochow University. Primarily, the area beneath the receiver-operating curves (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate the model performance. The model was finally validated using the nomogram and clinical impact curve. In total, 111 children with PBM met the inclusion criteria, and 21 children suffered POAP. In the validation dataset, LR models showed the highest performance. The risk nomogram and clinical effect curve demonstrated that the LR model was highly predictive. The prediction model based on the LR with a nomogram could be used to predict the risk of POAP in patients with PBM. Protein plugs, age, white blood cell count, and common bile duct diameter were the most relevant contributing factors to the models.

ACUTE DESTRUCTIVE PANCREATITIS IN CHILDREN

Unlike adults, acute pancreatitis in children is a rare disease. The absence of unified standards for the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of children with acute destructive pancreatitis, as well as high rates of complications and mortality, determined the relevance of our study.Materials and methods. Materials and methods. The results of treatment of 11 children with acute destructive pancreatitis were studied. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 16 years. Laboratory examination in all patients included general and biochemical analyzes of blood, urine, peritoneal and thoracic exudate. All children underwent an ultrasound examination of the abdomen, chest cavity and mediastinum, and plain radiography of the chest and abdominal cavity. Computed tomography was performed in 6 patients (54.5%). Fibrogastroduodenoscopy (FGDS) was performed in 3 patients (27.3%). All patients underwent surgery. In 8 cases (72.7%), a median laparotomy was performed initially. In 3 observations (27.3%), surgical treatment began with video surgical revision of the abdominal organs, and then switched to conversion. Three patients (27.3%) subsequently underwent cystopancreatic jejunostomy. In one child, transcutaneous drainage of a false pancreatic cyst was performed under video surgical control. Synthetic somatostatin analogs and proteinase inhibitors were used as targeted therapy. All patients received long-term antibacterial therapy. Various methods of extracorporeal detoxification were used in 6 patients (54.5%).Statistical processing of the research results was carried out using standard methods with the calculation of relative values (absolute number of observations, % ratio).The approval of the scientific work was received from the Bioethical Commission of the Donetsk National Medical University (Ukraine).The work is a fragment of proactive research work of the Department of General and Children's Surgery of the Donetsk National Medical University (Ukraine). Results. Complications in the early postoperative period were noted in 8 children (72.7%). The group of the most severe complications included progressive enzymatic bacterial peritonitis, early adhesive intestinal obstruction, failure of cystopancreatic ileal anastomosis, profuse arrosive hemorrhage from the pancreas, cystopancreaticodigestive fistula and eventation. In the early postoperative period, 1 child aged 14 years (9.1%) died, and the rest of the patients were discharged in satisfactory condition. The average hospital stay for children was 23.1 days. In 7 patients (63.6%), complaints characterized by "enteric" discomfort occurred later.Conclusions. The principles of surgical and therapeutic tactics in children with acute destructive pancreatitis are based on a differentiated approach depending on the form of pancreatic necrosis and the development of purulent and destructive complications. Further study requires determination of situational surgical tactics, assessment of the effectiveness of combined therapy with somatostatin and proteinase inhibitors, selection of the optimal regimen of nutritional therapy and rehabilitation.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute pancreatitis in children

To study the clinical characteristics of acute pancreatitis (AP) in children. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the children with AP who were hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2020 to June 2022, and their clinical characteristics were summarized and analyzed. A total of 92 children with AP were included, with a male/female ratio of 1:1 and a mean age of (9±4) years. Adolescents (34%, 31/92) and pre-school children (33%, 30/92) were more commonly affected, while infants and toddlers (7%, 6/92) were less commonly affected. The etiology of the disease from most to least was as follows: drug-induced (40%, 37/92), biliary (18%, 17/92), dietary (14%, 13/92), idiopathic (13%, 12/92), trauma-related (9%, 8/92), and infectious (5%, 5/92). Mild, moderate, and severe AP accounted for 68% (63/92), 21% (19/92), and 11% (10/92), respectively. Among all 92 children, 62 (67%) received abdominal ultrasound, with a positive rate of 66% (41/62); 67 (73%) underwent abdominal CT, with a positive rate of 90% (60/67); 20 (22%) underwent magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), with a positive rate of 95% (19/20). There were significant differences in the levels of D-dimer, procalcitonin, and amylase among children with different degrees of severity of the condition (P<0.05), and there were significant differences in the levels of leukocyte count, hematocrit, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, and blood calcium among children with different etiologies (P<0.05). Of all 92 children, 89 (97%) had a good prognosis. The primary cause of pediatric AP is medication-induced, with a predominantce of mild cases. Abdominal CT has a high rate of utilization and positivity in the diagnosis of pediatric AP, while MRCP has the highest specificity among imaging techniques. Laboratory tests aid in determining the severity and etiology of AP. The prognosis of AP is favorable in children.

Risk factors for acute pancreatitis in children

Risk factors for acute pancreatitis in children

Clinical Profile of Acute Pancreatitis in Children and Adolescents from a Single Center in Northern India.

There has been an increase in incidence of pancreatitis in children all over the world; studies in developed countries shown multiple etiological factors such as drugs, infections, trauma, anatomic abnormalities, and/or genetic pancreatitis in children; however, there are sparse data from the developing countries. This study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of Indian children with acute pancreatitis (AP), mainly the clinical features, etiology, complication, association, genetic factors, and outcome and recurrence. We performed a retrospective study of all patients under the age of 18 years, who had a final diagnosis of pancreatitis admitted at our center between 2017 and 2019. During the 3-year period from 2017 to 2019, 40 patients were admitted at our center with AP. We found a definite etiology in 62.5% cases of patients, which were broadly grouped into seven etiologies: structural, genetic, drug induced, concurrent illness, cholelithiasis related, metabolic, and autoimmune. Recurrence of acute episodes was noted in 13 patients (32.5%). Of these, 11 were found to have a genetic mutation, underlying structural abnormality, or concurrent illness. In our study, we found that 23 patients (57.5%) had mild AP, while 14 patients (35%) had moderately severe pancreatitis; however, 3 patients (7.5%) had severe AP. We found that most cases of pancreatitis in children were of mild severity, and the etiology was quite different than adults, and most cases of acute recurrent pancreatitis have a definite etiology of either genetic mutation or structural anomaly.

Association, Clinical and Biochemical Profile of Pediatric Acute Pancreatitis in a Tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Acute pancreatitis in children typically presents differently and has a different course than in adults. Objective: To evaluate the association, clinical profile &amp; biochemical evidence of childhood acute pancreatitis. Method: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Pediatrics Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during January 2019 to July 2022. Total 65 children below 12 year of age having diagnostic criteria of acute pancreatitis made by INSPPIRE group were included in this study. Results: Children examined had a mean age of 8.1 3.2 years, with 35 (53.8%) being boys. The majority of patients presented with abdominal discomfort. The epigastric area was the most prevalent site of discomfort (82%), affecting 55 people (84.6%). Before being admitted, the average patient had been in agony for 3.4 2.2 days. Fifty (76.0%) patients presented with vomiting, 22 (33.8%) cases presented with fever, 5.7 (7.7%) cases presented with shock, and 3.4 (4.6%) cases presented with melena. Leukocytosis was detected in 32% of patients, whereas elevated blood lipase and amylase levels were found in 89% and 72% of patients, respectively, according to laboratory testing. We detected biochemical abnormalities including hypokalemia (8, or 12.3%), elevated ALT (6, 9.2%), hypocalcemia (5, or 7.7%), and elevated triglycerides (3, 4.6%). In 40 (61.5%) individuals, positive ultrasonographic results were seen. Four patients (6.2%) had pancreatic pseudocysts, while three patients (4.6%) had pancreatic necrosis. Acute pancreatitis occurred for no apparent reason in 36 people (55.4%). Five patients (7.7%) had biliary sludge, four (6.2%) had biliary ascariasis, four (6.2%) had a choledochal cyst, three (4.6%) had Henoch-Schönlein purpura, and three (4.6%) had hepatitis caused by drugs (valproic acid/L-asparginase). Conclusion: Epigastric pain was shown to be the most prevalent symptom of acute pancreatitis in youngsters. This was usually due to an unknown ....

Tendency and risk factors of acute pancreatitis in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities: A single-center study

ObjectiveAcute pancreatitis (AP) is a life-threatening disease in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID). This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and causes of AP in children with SMID. MethodsWe enrolled 29 children with AP admitted to our hospital. Patients were divided into children with SMID (AP with SMID group) and the remaining patients (AP without SMID group). All patients in the AP without SMID group had no pre-existing neurological disabilities. We obtained data on the clinical background of patients, severity of AP, treatments, and outcomes. We enrolled 34 children with SMID without a history of AP (SMID control group) to compare their clinical characteristics with the AP with SMID group. We statistically compared the data between the AP with SMID and AP without SMID groups and between the AP with SMID and SMID control groups. ResultCompared to the AP without SMID group, the AP with SMID group showed significantly more severe pancreatitis (50% vs 12%) and recurrent pancreatitis (58% vs 18%). Moreover, compared with the SMID control group, the AP with SMID group showed significantly more frequent absence of voluntary movement (83% vs 26%), requirement of respiratory devices (75% vs 35%), panhypopituitarism (33% vs 6%), thermoregulatory dysfunction (58% vs 18%), and low serum albumin levels (3.6 vs 4.1 g/dL). ConclusionAP in children with SMID tended to be associated with severe and recurrent pancreatitis. Children with SMID who had a history of AP had more severe neurological impairment among children with SMID. Hypothalamic-pituitary system dysfunction caused by severe cerebral damage may contribute to the development of AP.