Acute Moderate-intensity Aerobic Exercise Research Articles

Unveiling the neural mechanisms of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control among young adults with obesity: Insights from an ERP study

Obesity has become a prominent public health concern worldwide and is associated with adverse cognitive function. Exercise, particularly aerobic exercise, is known to benefit for weight loss and cognitive function. However, whether acute aerobic exercise could yield benefits to obese individuals and the precise brain mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. The study aimed to investigate whether acute aerobic exercise could improve inhibitory control among obese individuals and what neuroelectric mechanisms are implicated. A 3 (session: control, low-intensity exercise, moderate-intensity exercise) × 2 (congruency: congruent, incongruent) within-subject design was conducted. 18 obese young male adults underwent three sessions of 30-min interventions in a counterbalanced order seperated by five days: moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIE), low-intensity aerobic exercise (LIE) and a control session (a sedentary period of seated rest). The Flanker task and EEG recordings (N2 and P3 amplitude) were investigated following exercise and the control treatment. Results showed that the N2 amplitude following MIE was larger than the control session, whereas a larger N2 and reduced congruent P3 amplitude was observed following MIE than LIE. However, no main effect of the session was found for reaction time and accuracy, but a significant main effect of congruency was observed. These findings suggest acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may modulate brain activity through enhanced recruitment of attentional resources for cognitive control and conflict monitoring in adults with obesity.

Effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive function in E-athletes: A randomized controlled trial.

E-sports require athletes to have high-speed reflexes and excellent memory skills. Whereas a single session of aerobic exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function, this paper aims is to investigate the effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on the cognitive function of e-sports players and its time-course characteristics. Thirty-four E-athletes were divided into 2 groups according to a random number table method, and 2 trials in a quiet physical fitness gym. The duration of each trial was approximately 1 hour. In the first trial: exercise group (64-76% of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes power cycling) and control group, cognitive function was tested, and results were automatically recorded before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after exercise using the human benchmark website (https://humanbenchmark.com). The second trial crossed and swapped the interventions of the 2 groups, and the other test protocols were the same as the first. In both trials, the exercise intervention group showed significant improvements in speed accuracy (P < .001, Cohen's d = 1.406, 95% CI: 0.717-2.072; P = .005, Cohen's d = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.227-1.319), visual memory (P < .001, Cohen's d = 1.416, 95% CI: 0.725-2.086; P = .015, Cohen's d = 0.662, 95% CI: 0.127-1.181), and reaction time (P < .001, Cohen's d = 1.265, 95% CI: 0.610-1.898; P<.001, Cohen's d = 0.979, 95% CI: 0.386-1.551) immediately after exercise compared to baseline. The exercise intervention group also showed significant improvement in speed accuracy 30 minutes after exercise compared to baseline (P = .002 Cohen's d = 0.869, 95% CI: 0.298-1.421; P = .009, Cohen's d = 0.722, 95% CI: 0.177-1.249). In the first trial, the exercise intervention group showed significant improvements in visual memory and reaction time immediately after exercise compared to the control group (P = .013, Cohen's d = 0.904, 95% CI: 0.190-1.605; P = .027, Cohen's d = 0.796, 95% CI: 0.090-1.490). The exercise intervention group also showed significant improvement in reaction time 30 minutes after exercise compared to baseline (P = .009, Cohen's d = 0.719, 95% CI: 0.174-1.246). There was no effect of exercise on sequence memory or the chimp test in both trials (P > .05). Sequence effect analysis showed no influence on the order of the exercise intervention in both trials (P = .912; P = .111; P = .226). Acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise significantly enhanced the speed accuracy, visual reaction time, and instantaneous memory of eSports players, and the effect could be extended up to 30 minutes after exercise.

Impact of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on circulating extracellular vesicles in pregnant and non-pregnant women.

Exercise improves cardiovascular and metabolic health in pregnancy and may represent a non-pharmacological approach to improving pregnancy outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and offer the potential for evaluating vascular health non-invasively during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in circulating EV levels after an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in healthy pregnant and non-pregnant women. We studied plasma samples from pregnant (N=13, 13-28 weeks) and non-pregnant (N=17) women. A pre-exercise blood sample was obtained followed by a 30min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill-based exercise. Immediately following the exercise, a post-exercise blood draw was collected. Large EVs were isolated from plasma by differential centrifugation and characterized by Western blot and electron microscopy. We quantified circulating EVs by nanoscale flow cytometry. Endothelial EVs were identified as VE-Cadherin+, platelet EVs as CD41+,and leukocyte EVs as CD45+events. Acute exercise was associated with a significant reduction in levels of circulating endothelial EVs in the non-pregnant group (p=0.0232) but not in the pregnant group (p=0.2734). A greater proportion of non-pregnant women (13/17, 76.47%) exhibited a reduction in endothelial EVs compared with their pregnant counterparts (4/13, 30.76%, p<0.05). We also observed a positive association between measures of fitness (average speed) and baseline levels of platelet (r=0.5816, p=0.0159) and total EVs (r=0.5325, p=0.0296) in the non-pregnant group but not in pregnant individuals. Collectively, our study highlights that after a matched acute exercise, changes to circulating EV levels differ depending on pregnancy status.

Acute Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise under High PM2.5 Levels Does Not Influence the Pulmonary Function and Lung Diffusion Capacity in Healthy Young Men

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) impairs the respiratory system and increases the morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases. Even though aerobic exercise is known to improve pulmonary function in diverse populations, it can lead to an increase in the inhalation of PM2.5 in polluted environments. We aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise under high PM2.5 conditions on the pulmonary function in young adults. Nine healthy young men performed indoor treadmill running in both high and low PM2.5 conditions (59.0 ± 2.1 vs. 7.8 ± 1.0 μg/m3) by a crossover study design. Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) at pre- and 1-h post-exercise. There was no difference in the response of pulmonary function and lung diffusion capacity to the acute aerobic exercise in high and low PM2.5 conditions (p ≥ 0.09). These findings indicate that aerobic exercise in high PM2.5 conditions may not adversely affect pulmonary function in healthy young adults.

The Influence of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Craving Degree for University Students with Mobile Phone Dependency: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

These days, mobile phone dependency (MPD) has become one of the most imperative and impressive puzzles in the area of behavioral addictions and public health across the world, especially the individuals with MPD that might frequently crave using mobile phones themselves. The target of the current study was to determine whether moderate-intensity aerobic exercise could reduce the craving degree for mobile phones for university students with MPD by a randomized, controlled trial. Sixty Chinese undergraduates, including 30 male and 30 female students aged from 18 to 22 years (20.08 ± 1.94 years) with MPD were recruited and then randomly assigned to the exercise group (n = 30) or the control group (n = 30) with even numbers by gender and major. Participants in the exercise group were required to perform an acute moderate-intensity treadmill exercise lasting for 30 min at 45–68% heart rate reserve (HRR) with background music, while the control group were only asked to listen to the same music for 40 min without any exercise. Sport watches were employed to monitor their heart rate (HR), and the exercise group was also obliged to report their rating of perceived exertion (RPE). After completing the experimental task, a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate their craving degree for mobile phones, and an independent samples t-test was computed to reveal the difference in the scores of craving degree for mobile phones between the two groups. The results showed that the VAS score for the exercise group (3.77 ± 1.36) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than that of the control group (6.11 ± 1.39). The findings suggested that acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise could be an effective and reliable means to help deal with the issue of mobile phones craving for the undergraduates with MPD, and more longitudinal intervention studies and control trial designs should be conducted in the near future to further test the long-term effects of this exercise.

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on food-reward mechanisms in smoking-addicted individuals: An fNIRS study

PurposeIn addition to its toxic effects on the human cardiovascular and respiratory systems, tobacco dependence also causes damage to brain function and cognitive activity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on food-reward function and its food-cued prefrontal brain activation in tobacco-dependent individuals. MethodNinety-three participants who met the study criteria were randomly divided into a moderate-intensity exercise group (65%-75% HRmax), a high-intensity exercise group (75%-85% HRmax), and a quiet control group (n = 31 in each group). Participants were asked to perform a 35-minute target-intensity exercise or rest. The participants took the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire and the Visual Food Cues Paradigm Task immediately before the experiment and immediately after completing the exercise or control intervention, and oxyhemoglobin concentrations in each prefrontal brain region were measured at the same time as the Visual Food Cues Paradigm Task. ResultsAcute aerobic exercise significantly increased implicit cravings for low-calorie sweets in nicotine-dependent individuals (high: p = 0.040; moderate: p = 0.001), while acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise also significantly increased the activation levels of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC: CH15: p = 0.030; CH22: p = 0.003) as well as the left orbitofrontal area (OFC: CH21: p = 0.007) in the food-reward brain region in nicotine-dependent individuals. ConclusionAcute aerobic exercise improves food-reward function and effectively increases activation levels in the DLPFC and OFC cerebral cortex in tobacco-dependent individuals, facilitating restoration of sensitivity to their drug-hijacked natural reward circuits.

Planning Ability and Alertness After Nap Deprivation: Beneficial Effects of Acute Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Greater Than Sitting Naps.

Nap deprivation is regarded as a sleep loss for habitual nappers. The beneficial effects of napping and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on the reduction in planning ability following nighttime sleep deprivation have been proven. However, it is still unknown whether it can improve the performance decline caused by daytime nap deprivation in habitual nappers. Seventy-four healthy adults who had a long-term habit of taking naps were assigned to three interventions after receiving nap deprivation: (1) Control group (no intervention); (2) Nap group (15-min sitting naps); (3) Exercise group (15-min aerobic exercise), in which subjective alertness, mood, fatigue, and task performance in objective alertness (Psychomotor Vigilance Task, PVT) and planning ability (the Tower of London Task) were measured. Results showed that nap deprivation negatively influenced some performance on the psychomotor vigilance (i.e., response times and 10% slowest response time) and planning ability (i.e., planning time). And acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improved psychomotor alertness (i.e., response times) and planning ability (i.e., execution accuracy, execution time), a 15-min sitting naps only alleviated subjective fatigue, whereas some performance (i.e., response times) deteriorated when no intervention was used. These findings suggested that acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise has a better restorative effect on the reduced planning ability and objective alertness due to nap deprivation compared to sitting naps.

Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Inhibition of Motor Response Based on Correlation Analysis

In this paper, the effects of acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise on inhibition ability of college students were investigated from different aspects, such as behavioral performance, physiological response, and cognitive processing mode of brain. In this paper, college students were selected as the research object, and the content of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in blood was recorded and analyzed after moderate intensity aerobic exercise or reading intervention at the same time. In this paper, we completed the behavioral response and brain activity of the adapted go / NoGo task. After acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise, the correct rate of behavior inhibition of college students increased. The content of BDNF increased, and Nogo-N2 and NoGo-P3, which represent the inhibition ability, had obvious effect. Acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise can effectively promote the inhibition ability of college students, and its mechanism may lie in the rapid recognition of inhibition signals and the allocation of cognitive resources, as well as more peripheral BDNF circulation.

The effects of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control and resting state heart rate variability in children with ADHD

The current study examined the effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MAE) on inhibitory control and resting-state heart rate variability (HRV) in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Our data show that acute MAE resulted in higher response accuracy of a modified flanker task regardless of task difficulty for 60 min (p = .001). Aerobic exercise further resulted in more effective conflict detection, as measured by greater amplitude (p = .012) and shorter latency (p = .029) of the N2 component of event-related brain potential, for 60 min regardless of task difficulty. In contrast, acute MAE did not modulate sympathovagal balance signified by HRV at either 30 min or 60 min following exercise cessation. Collectively, our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control are sustained for 60 min in children with ADHD. However, acute aerobic exercise may not modulate sympathovagal balance during the post-exercise recovery. Overall, we highlight the importance of acute aerobic exercise for children with ADHD as a potential means to facilitate brain health.

Natural killer cell mobilization and egress following acute exercise in men with prostate cancer

What is the central question of this study? What are the characteristics of the NK cell response following acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in prostate cancer survivors and is there a relationship between stress hormones and NK cell mobilization? What is the main finding and its importance? NK cell numbers and proportions changed similarly between prostate cancer survivors and controls following acute exercise. Consecutive training sessions can likely be used without adverse effects on the immune system during prostate cancer treatment. Prostate cancer treatment affects multiple physiological systems, although the immune response during exercise has been minimally investigated. The objective was to characterize the natural killer (NK) cell response following acute exercise in prostate cancer survivors. Prostate cancer survivors on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and those without (PCa) along with non-cancer controls (CON) completed a moderate intensity cycling bout. NK cells were phenotyped before and 0, 2 and 24h after acute exercise using flow cytometry. CD56 total NK cell frequency increased by 6.2% at 0h (P<0.001) and decreased by 2.5% at 2h (P<0.01) with similar findings in CD56dim cells. NK cell counts also exhibited a biphasic response. Independent of exercise, ADT had intracellular interferon γ (IFNγ) expression that was nearly twofold higher than CON (P<0.01). PCa perforin expression was reduced by 11.4% (P<0.05), suggesting these cells may be more prone to degranulation. CD57- NK cells demonstrated increased perforin and IFNγ frequencies after exercise with no change within the CD57+ populations. All NK and leukocyte populations returned to baseline by 24h. NK cell mobilization and egress with acute exercise appear normal, as cell counts and frequencies in prostate cancer survivors change similarly to CON. However, lower perforin proportions (PCa) and higher IFNγ expression (ADT) may alter NK cytotoxicity and require further investigation. The return of NK cell proportions to resting levels overnight suggests that consecutive training sessions can be used without adverse effects on the immune system during prostate cancer treatment.

Effects of Exercise on Blood Glucose and Glycemic Variability in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Dawn Phenomenon.

Background The dawn phenomenon (DP) is the primary cause of difficulty in blood glucose management in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients, and the use of oral hypoglycemic agents has shown weak efficacy in controlling DP. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise before breakfast on the blood glucose level and glycemic variability in T2D patients with DP. Methods A total of 20 T2D patients with DP confirmed via continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) participated in the current study. After collecting baseline measurements by CGM as a control, CGM was reinstalled and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was performed prior to breakfast. Dawn blood glucose increase, blood glucose levels, and glycemic variability were measured before and after exercise. Results Dawn blood glucose increase (ΔGlu, 1.25 ± 0.84vs.2.15 ± 1.07, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs. 8.78 ± 1.09, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs. 8.78 ± 1.09, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs. 8.78 ± 1.09, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs. 8.78 ± 1.09, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs.2.15 ± 1.07, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs.2.15 ± 1.07, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16vs.2.15 ± 1.07, P = 0.005), highest blood glucose value before breakfast (Gmax, 8.01 ± 1.16Conclusions Acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise before breakfast reduced the morning rise of blood glucose in T2D patients, partially counteracting DP. Furthermore, exercise significantly reduced blood glucose fluctuations and improved blood glucose control throughout the day. We recommend that T2D patients with DP take moderate-intensity aerobic exercise before breakfast to improve DP and glycemic control.

Effects of Caffeine and Acute Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory and Caffeine Withdrawal

Studies show that a single bout of exercise confers cognitive benefits. However, many individuals use psychoactive substances such as caffeine to enhance cognitive performance. The effects of acute exercise in comparison to caffeine on cognition remain unknown. Furthermore, caffeine use is associated with withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. Whether acute exercise can reduce withdrawal symptoms also remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise to caffeine on working memory (WM) and caffeine withdrawal symptoms (CWS). In Phase I, non-caffeine (n = 29) and caffeine consumers (n = 30) completed a WM assessment, followed by acute exercise and caffeine. In Phase II, caffeine consumers (n = 25) from Phase I underwent the WM assessment and reported CWS following a 12-hour deprivation period. Acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise and caffeine (1.2 mg/kg) significantly improved WM accuracy and reduced CWS comparably. WM performance was not reduced following caffeine deprivation.

The Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Subtypes: Free, Cued, Serial Recall and Recognition

The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the experimental effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on various episodic memory subtypes, including free, cued, serial recall and recognition. We employed a two-arm, between-subject randomized controlled experiment (Mage=20 y; N=20 per group), with participants engaging in a 15-minute moderate-intensity bout of aerobic exercise or engaged in a time-matched seated task. Free (including short- and long-term), cued, and recognition were assessed using the Buscheke Selective Reminding Task (BSRT), whereas serial recall was assessed using the Sentence Repetition Test (SRT). For immediate recall (5.95 vs. 6.00), total recall (11.68 vs. 11.57), number of trials to obtain 3 perfect trials from the BSRT (10.89 vs. 10.90), cued recall (9.16 vs. 10.05), recognition (12.0 vs. 12.0), delayed free recall (10.68 vs. 10.57) and serial recall (15.26 vs. 16.10), scores were not statistically significantly different (all P’s > .05) between the exercise and control groups. In this experiment we comprehensively evaluated the effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise on free, cued, serial recall and memory recognition. We did not observe any enhancement or detrimental effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function. Additional work is needed to disentangle the complex relationship between exercise and memory function, and in particular, evaluate potential moderators (e.g., sex, fitness level) of this paradigm.

Dose-Response Relationship between Exercise Duration and Executive Function in Older Adults.

This study aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between exercise duration and task switching in older adults. Acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 20 min resulted in shorter response times than control and 10-min sessions in the heterogeneous, non-switch, and switch conditions, but not in the homogeneous condition. Additionally, linear and cubic trends between exercise duration and global switching performance as well as local switching performance were revealed with faster times being predicted by longer duration exercise; however, the cubic relationship resulted in performance following the 45-min session being not significantly different from the other three sessions. Acute aerobic moderate intensity exercise for 20 min is an effective duration to improve task switching. Although a longer duration of exercise is not optimal for benefiting task switching, it does not harm task switching in older adults and hence may be of value for other health-related reasons.

Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Prospective Memory and False Memory.

Research demonstrates that acute exercise can enhance retrospective episodic memory performance. However, limited research has examined the effects of acute exercise on prospective memory, and no studies have examined the effects of exercise on false memory performance. This study examined the potential effects of acute exercise on prospective memory and false memory performance. A between-group randomized controlled trial was employed, with participants (college students; Mage = 20 years) randomized into an exercise group (15-minute acute bout of treadmill walking; N = 25) or a control group (15 minutes of sitting; N = 26). Prospective memory was assessed from two laboratory and two naturalistic assessments outside the lab. False memory was assessed using a word-list trial. There were no statistically significant differences in prospective memory based on group allocation (FGroup×Time = 1.17; P = 0.32; η2 = 0.06). However, the control group recalled more false words and had a higher rate of false memory recognition (FGroup×Time = 3.15; P = 0.01; η2 = 0.26). These findings indicate that acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is not associated with prospective memory performance but provides some suggestive evidence that acute exercise may reduce the rate of false memories.

The Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognition in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

The Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognition in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

Neural Basis of Working Memory Enhancement after Acute Aerobic Exercise: fMRI Study of Preadolescent Children.

Working memory lies at the core of cognitive function and plays a crucial role in children’s learning, reasoning, problem solving, and intellectual activity. Behavioral findings have suggested that acute aerobic exercise improves children’s working memory; however, there is still very little knowledge about whether a single session of aerobic exercise can alter working memory’s brain activation patterns, as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Therefore, we investigated the effect of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on working memory and its brain activation patterns in preadolescent children, and further explored the neural basis of acute aerobic exercise on working memory in these children. We used a within-subjects design with a counterbalanced order. Nine healthy, right-handed children were scanned with a Siemens MAGNETOM Trio 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner while they performed a working memory task (N-back task), following a baseline session and a 30-min, moderate-intensity exercise session. Compared with the baseline session, acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise benefitted performance in the N-back task, increasing brain activities of bilateral parietal cortices, left hippocampus, and the bilateral cerebellum. These data extend the current knowledge by indicating that acute aerobic exercise enhances children’s working memory, and the neural basis may be related to changes in the working memory’s brain activation patterns elicited by acute aerobic exercise.

Comparison of GFAP and HSP27 concentrations in acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of different duration

Background: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and heat shock protein -27 (HSP27) plasma can be used as the parameters of exercise-induced astrocyte reactivity. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends an exercise of 30 minutes or 10 minutes duration (each performing bout accumulated toward 30 minutes). The aim of this study was to compare GFAP and HSP27 plasma concentrations in young adults undergoing acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of different durations (10 minutes vs 30 minutes).Methods: An experimental study with pre-post design was conducted on 22 participants assigned to either 10 minutes or 30 minutes duration of single bout exercise. Blood sampling was performed before and after the exercise. GFAP and HSP27 plasma levels were measured with ELISA methods. Plasma GFAP and HSP27 levels before and after exercise were analyzed using paired t -test, while GFAP and HSP27 levels after exercise between the two groups were processed using unpaired t-test.Results: Plasma GFAP concentration decreased significantly (0,45 ng/mL) after 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (p&lt;0.05). Plasma HSP27 concentration decreased significantly (1,71 ng/mL) after 10 minutes of aerobic exercise (p&lt;0.05). No significant difference in plasma GFAP and HSP27 concentrations between 10 minutes (GFAP=0.49 ng/mL; HSP27=2.09 ng/mL) and 30 minutes duration of exercise (GFAP=0.45 ng/mL; HSP27=1,71 ng/mL).Conclusion: Acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with 10- and 30-minutes duration reduces the reactivity of astrocytes indication the increase of the synapse plasticity. The decrease in GFAP concentration occurred after 30 minutes of exercise and the decrease in HSP27 occurred after 10 minutes of exercise. These results showed that the body responds differently to different treatment duration in order to obtain the same effect on the body.

Post Exercise Blood Pressure Response In Individuals With Metabolic Syndrome

PURPOSE: The current study was designed to determine the effect of dividing a 30 min bout of exercise into two 15 min bouts on post exercise blood pressure (PEBP) responses in 7 male subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded for 50 min post exercise while subjects sat in a quiet room. SUBJECTS: The subjects (N = 7) included males, age 48.0 + 10.8yrs, with MetS (resting SBP 142.1 + 9.6 mmHg, resting DBP 79.4 + 9.1 mmHg, HDL 36.7 + 12.3mg/dl, glucose 110.3 + 13.4 mg/dl, triglycerides 167.7 + 95.97 mg/dl, and waist circumference 46.3 + 7.5 in) who were on a variety of medications. Subjects were sedentary, defined as not exercising more than 2 days per week. METHODS: Subjects exercised on 4 occasions at the same intensity, 50 - 60% of measured VO2 peak, on 3 separate days. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three exercise days; 1) a 15 min morning (AM) and a 15 min evening (PM) bout of exercise on the same day, 2) a 30 min AM bout of exercise; or 3) 30 min PM bout of exercise. Subjects' SBP, DBP and HR were measured using an automated sphygmomanometer for 50 min post exercise after all 4 exercise bouts. RESULTS: Data were collected over four testing conditions and results were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVAs. The overall mean change in SBP and DBP were compared to the subject's pre-exercise baseline. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in PEBP following 15 min of exercise in the AM (SBP -10.7 + 10.8 mmHg, DBP 1.6 + 7.5 mmHg), 15 min of exercise in the PM (SBP -8.6 + 9.2 mmHg, DBP.09 + 6.4 mmHg), 30 min of exercise in the AM (SBP -13.2 + 14.7 mmHg, DBP -4.0 + 9.5 mmHg), or 30 min of exercise in the PM (SBP -11.3 + 16.7 mmHg, DBP 1.6 + 6.7 mmHg). CONCLUSION: All four exercise conditions resulted in a post exercise hypotension (PEH) response on SBP. Even 15 min of acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise is effective in producing PEH in males with MetS. The exercise conditions in the AM had a similar PEBP response compared to the PM exercise conditions. Therefore, the time of day may not significantly change the PEBP response. Dividing a 30 min exercise session into two 15 min exercise sessions of the same intensity may be more practical with no clinical detriment regarding PEBP responses in men with MetS.

Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin

Few studies have reported the response of high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin to acute aerobic exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of acute aerobic exercise on HMW adiponectin in healthy men. Eight healthy men (age, 24.9 +/- 1.8 yr; BMI, 21.9 +/- 0.5 kg x m) participated in this study. They performed two trials. Trial 1 [exercise trial (EX)] consisted of 60-min stationary cycle exercise (50% peak oxygen uptake) followed by 30-min rest. Trial 2 [control trial (CON)] was 90-min rest. Blood samples were drawn to assess hormones (catecholamine and insulin), metabolites (free fatty acid [FFA], glycerol, and glucose), and total and HMW adiponectin concentration. There were significant trial x group interactions in serum FFA and glycerol concentrations (P < 0.05). Serum FFA and glycerol concentrations were higher in EX than in CON (P < 0.05). There were significant trial x group interactions in plasma insulin and glucose concentration (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were lower in EX than in CON (P < 0.05). Total adiponectin, HMW adiponectin concentration, and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin concentration, however, were unchanged during aerobic exercise and postexercise. Also, those changes did not differ between EX and CON. Our results indicate that total adiponectin and HMW adiponectin concentrations are not regulated by the change of hormones or metabolites during acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and postexercise in healthy young men.